Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr.
Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
Experiment No.: 01
Aim : To determine the pH value of the following substances using pH paper or a universal
indicator:
• a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
• b) Dilute Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution
• c) Dilute Ethanoic Acid solution
• d) Lemon juice
• e) Water
• f) Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate solution
Apparatus:
• pH paper strips / Universal indicator solution
• White tile or ceramic plate
• Dropper
• Glass rods (for stirring)
• Test tubes and test tube stand
• Beakers containing:
a) Dil. HCl
b) Dil. NaOH solution
c) Dil. Ethanoic acid
d) Lemon juice
e) Water
f) Dil. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate solution
• Colour chart (for pH paper/universal indicator comparison)
Theory:
• pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. It ranges from 0 to
14.
o Acidic solutions: pH < 7
o Neutral solutions: pH = 7
o Basic solutions: pH > 7
• pH paper or universal indicator changes colour when dipped into a solution. The
colour is compared with a pH scale chart to determine the pH value.
Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr. Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
• Universal indicators are mixtures of several indicators and give a wide range of colour
changes depending on the pH.
Observations:
Colour Change with
S. No. Sample Approximate pH Nature
Indicator
Strong
a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Red ~1-2
Acid
Strong
b) Dilute NaOH solution Purple/Violet ~13-14
Base
Dilute Ethanoic Acid
c) Orange ~3-4 Weak Acid
solution
d) Lemon juice Orange ~2-3 Weak Acid
e) Water Green 7 Neutral
Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate Light green/Greenish
f) ~8 Weak Base
sol. yellow
Results:
• The pH of the samples varies according to their acidic or basic nature.
• Strong acids show pH values closer to 0.
• Strong bases show pH values closer to 14.
• Water, being neutral, has a pH of 7.
• Weak acids and bases have pH values closer to 7 but not exactly 7.
Precautions:
1. Use clean and dry dropper for each sample to avoid contamination.
2. Do not touch the pH paper with your fingers while testing.
3. Use separate strips of pH paper or fresh indicator for each sample.
4. Record the colour immediately after the change for accurate reading.
Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr. Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
5. Handle acids and bases carefully using droppers or test tubes.
6. Dispose of chemicals properly after the experiment.
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Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr. Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
Experiment No.: 02
Aim : To study the properties of acids (dilute HCl) and bases (dilute NaOH) by their reactions
with the following:
1. Litmus solution (red/blue)
2. Zinc metal
3. Solid sodium carbonate
Materials required:
• Test tube
• Test tube stand
• Cork
• Test tube holder
• Boiling tube
• Droppers
• Flat bottom flask
• Burner
• Matchbox
• Beaker
• Thistle funnel
• Litmus paper/solution
• Fresh lime water
• Glass rod
• Dilute HCl
• Dilute NaOH
• Zinc granules
• Solid sodium carbonate
Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr. Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
Theory:
Chemical species which donate protons or release H+ ions when dissolved
in water are called acid. They turn blue litmus solution to red colour.
• Hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc metal to produce zinc chloride and
hydrogen gas. The reaction is given below:
• Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
• Hydrochloric acid reacts with Na2CO3 to produce carbon dioxide and
turns the lime water milky as it forms calcium carbonate. The
milkiness formed disappears when more than necessary carbon
dioxide is passed through the solution. The reaction is as follows:
• Na2CO3(s/aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
• Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
• CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Observations:
Experimental Setup for Litmus Test Procedure:
Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr. Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
Experimental Setup for Reaction with Zinc metal:
Reaction:
2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2↑
Experimental Setup for Reaction with solid sodium carbonate:
Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr. Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
Precautions to be taken during the experiment:
• Conduct the experiment in clean test tubes.
• HCl is corrosive in nature and should be handled with great care.
• Take a small amount of chemicals to perform the experiments.
• While shaking the solution and reaction mixture do not spill.
• Whenever you conduct a test for hydrogen, conduct it with the least amount of gas.
• To get quick results for lime water test, pass carbon dioxide gas through the solution
and shake the test tube by placing your thumb on its mouth.
Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr. Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
Experiment No.: 03
Aim: To Determine Focal Length of a Given Concave Mirror.
Apparatus:
• A concave mirror
• A measuring scale
• A screen holder
• A mirror holder
• A mirror stand
Theory:
▪ A concave mirror is defined as the spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved
inwards and follows laws of reflection of light.
▪ The light rays coming from a distant object can be considered to be parallel to each
other.
▪ If the image formed is real, inverted and very small in size, then the parallel rays of
light meet the point in the front of the mirror.
▪ f is used to denote the difference between the principal axis P and the focus F of the
concave mirror.
Observations:
Experimental Setup
Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr. Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
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Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr. Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
Experiment No.: 04
Aim : To determine focal length of a convex lens.
Materials Required
• A wooden bench
• A convex lens
• A lens holder
• A screen fixed to a stand
• A measuring scale
Theory :
▪ The convex lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges and is also known as
the converging lens.
▪ The refracted rays from the parallel beam of light converge on the other side of the
convex lens.
▪ If the image is obtained at the focus of the lens, the image would be real, inverted
and very small.
▪ f is the focal length which is the difference between the optical centre of the lens and
the principal focus.
▪ The image can be obtained on the screen as the image formed by the lens is real.
Observations:
Experimental Setup
Class : X Science Practical (Phy+Chem) By: Vikash Kr. Pandey
(S J DAV P S, Chaibasa)
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