9
Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 7
Quadratic Functions
Mathematics – Grade 9
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Quarter 1 – Module 7: Quadratic Functions
First Edition, 2021
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Published by the Department of Education
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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Stephane Joy P. Tagayong
Raymart Q. Sevilla
Editors: Melita L. Maglajos, PhD
Arlan S. Coscos, PhD
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Schools Division Superintendent
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EPS, Mathematics
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EPS, LRMDS
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Mathematics 9
Quarter 1 Module 7
Learning Competency: Transforms the quadratic function defined by 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 into the form
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 (M9AL-Ih-1)
Lesson 1 Standard Form of a Quadratic Function
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
transform the quadratic function from 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 into the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘
2
What is it?
The general form of a quadratic function is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 and the standard form or vertex
form is 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘, where (ℎ, 𝑘) is the vertex. In this lesson, you will learn how to transform a
quadratic function from general form into standard or vertex form.
Example 1: Transform 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 into standard form.
Solution:
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) + 10 ← Group all terms containing x.
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + ___) + 10 − ___ ← Put a blank for the required terms. What is being
added to make the expression in the parenthesis a
perfect square trinomial should also be the same number
to be subtracted from the last term so that the right
expression of the given function will maintain its
original value.
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝟒) + 10 − ___ ← Compute the 3rd term inside the parenthesis by
𝑏 2
using the formula ( ) . Since 𝑏 = 4 and 𝑎 = 1,
2𝑎
𝑏 2 4 2 4 2
then ( ) = ( ) =( ) = 22 = 4.
2𝑎 2(1) 2
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝟒) + 10 − 𝟒 ← As previously instructed, since we added 4 in our
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝟒) + 6 expression, we also need to subtract 4 from our last
term to cancel out the change in our given function.
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2) + 6 ← Factor the perfect square trinomial, the
expression inside the parenthesis.
Recall: 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
Note: You may factor the perfect square trinomial by
getting the square root of the first term, and square
root of the last term. Express the values as the square of
a binomial, where you need to affix the plus (+) sign if
all terms of the trinomial are positive and minus (−)
sign if the second term of the trinomial is negative.
𝟐
𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝟔 ← Express the two factors as the square of a
binomial.
The quadratic function is now in standard form which is 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘. By mere
inspection, we can identify h by getting the additive inverse or opposite of the constant term inside
the parenthesis while k is the constant term outside the parenthesis. In 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 + 6, the
constant term inside the parenthesis is 2, the opposite is −2, thus, ℎ = −2. The constant term
outside the parenthesis is 6, thus, 𝑘 = 6. Therefore, the vertex (ℎ, 𝑘) is at (−2, 6).
Example 2: Transform y = 2x 2 − 12x − 2 into standard form.
Solution:
𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥) − 2 ← Group all terms containing x.
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) − 2 ← Factor out a. Here, 𝑎 = 2.
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + ___) − 2 − ____ ← Put a blank for the required terms to complete the
perfect square trinomial.
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝟗) − 2 − ____ ← Compute the 3rd term inside the parenthesis by using
𝑏 2
the formula ( ) . Since 𝑏 = −6 and 𝑎 = 1,
2𝑎
𝑏 2 −6 2 −6 2
then ( ) = ( ) = ( ) = (−3)2 = 9.
2𝑎 2(1) 2
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝟗) − 2 − 𝟏𝟖 ← Since we added 9 in the expression, we shall subtract
from the constant term outside the parenthesis the
product of 9 and the common monomial factor which is
2. So, 9(2) = 18.
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3) − 20 ← Factor the perfect square trinomial and simplify the
terms outside the parenthesis.
𝟐
𝐲 = 𝟐(𝐱 − 𝟑) − 𝟐𝟎 ← Express the two factors as the square of a binomial.
The quadratic function is now in standard form which is 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘. By mere
inspection, we can identify h by getting the additive inverse/opposite of the constant term inside
the parenthesis while k is the constant term outside the parenthesis. In 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 3)2 − 20, the
constant term inside the parenthesis is −3, the opposite is 3, thus, ℎ =3. The constant term outside
the parenthesis is −20, thus, 𝑘 = −20. Therefore, the vertex (ℎ, 𝑘) is at (3, −20).
What’s More?
Directions: Transform these quadratic functions into standard form and give the values of ℎ and k..
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 29 2. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 15
Solution for Item No. 1 Steps Solution for Item No. 2
Write the given quadratic
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 29 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 15
function.
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥) + 29 Group all terms containing x. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥) + 15
Factor out the common monomial
*not applicable* 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) + 15
factor (or a).
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + __) + 29
Put blanks for the required terms. 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + __) + 15 − __
− __
Complete the perfect square
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + __) + 29 trinomial inside the parenthesis by 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + __) + 15 − __
− __ 𝑏 2
using the formula ( ) .
2𝑎
Subtract from the constant term
outside the parenthesis the product
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + __) + 29 of the common monomial factor
𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + __) + 15 − __
− __ (if theres none, use 1) and the
number you added inside the
parenthesis.
Factor the perfect square trinomial
𝑦 = (_______)(_______) + ___ inside the parenthesis and simplify 𝑦 = 3(_______)(_______) + ___
the terms outside the parenthesis.
Express the two factors as the
𝑦 = (_______)2 + ___ 𝑦 = 3(_______)2 + ___
square of a binomial.
Learning Competencies: Graphs a quadratic function: (a) domain; (b) range; (c) intercepts;
(d) axis of symmetry; (e) vertex; (f) direction of opening of the parabola (M9AL-Ig-h-i-1)
Lesson 2 Graph of a Quadratic Function
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
sketch the graph of a quadratic function using the vertex, axis of symmetry and selected points
on both sides of the axis of symmetry.
What is it?
Here are some important concepts you need to understand when graphing quaratic functions.
Parabola - the graph of a quadratic function.
Vertex - the turning point of a parabola, which can either be the highest or lowest point of the
graph. The coordinates of the vertex are (ℎ, 𝑘) which can be identified by transforming the
−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
quadratic function into standard form or by using the formulas ℎ = and 𝑘 = .
2𝑎 4𝑎
Axis of Symmetry – the line that divides the parabola into two
identical parts and has an equation 𝑥 = ℎ.
Opening of the Graph – either upward or downward. If 𝑎 > 0,
the graph opens upward. If 𝑎 < 0, the graph opens downward.
Domain – the domain of the graph of a quadratic function is the
set of all real numbers.
Range – the range of the graph of a quadratic function that opens
upward is the set of real numbers from k and up. If the graph opens
downward, the range is the set of all real numbers from k and
down.
X-intercepts – the point/s where the graph intersects the x-axis
and are determined by setting y to 0 then solving for x.
Y-intercept – the point where the graph intersects the y-axis and
is equivalent to c.
Minimum/Maximum Value – the value of k. If the parabola opens upward, k is a minimum value. If
the parabola opens downward, k is a maximum value.
Steps in Graphing a Quadratic Function:
1. Find the vertex and axis of symmetry by transforming the function into standard form or by using the
−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
formulas ℎ = and 𝑘 = . Remember, the axis of symmetry is the line 𝑥 = ℎ.
2𝑎 4𝑎
2. On the left side of the axis of symmetry, choose at least one value of x and compute the corresponding
value of y.
3. Similarly, choose at least one value of x on the right side of the axis of symmetry and compute the
corresponding value of y.
4. Plot the points and connect them using a smooth curve.
Example: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1.
Solution: From the given quadratic function, we have 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, and 𝑐 = 1.
Step 1: Vertex and Axis of Symmetry Step 4: Plotting of Points
−𝑏 −(−4) 4
ℎ= = = =2 Vertex : (2, −3)
2𝑎 2(1) 2
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2 4(1)(1)−(−4)2 4−16 −12
𝑘= = = = = −3 Left Point: (0,1)
4𝑎 4(1) 4 4
Right Point: (4,1)
Therefore, the vertex is at (𝟐, −𝟑). Since ℎ = 2,
the axis of symmetry is the line 𝒙 = 𝟐.
Step 2: Left Point
On the left of 𝑥 = 2 is 𝑥 = 0. If 𝑥 = 0, then
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = 02 − 4(0) + 1
𝑦=1
Therefore, we have a point (𝟎, 𝟏) on the left of the
axis of symmetry.
Step 2: Right Point
On the right of 𝑥 = 2 is 𝑥 = 4. If 𝑥 = 4, then
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = 42 − 4(4) + 1
𝑦=1
Therefore, we have a point (𝟒, 𝟏) on the right of
the axis of symmetry.
This is the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1.
What’s More?
Directions: Sketch the graph of the following quadratic functions by following the given steps.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2
Steps Solution
1. Identify the values of a, b, and c. 𝑎 = ___, 𝑏 = ___, 𝑐 = ___
−𝑏 −(___)
ℎ= = = = ____
2𝑎 2(___)
1. Find the vertex. 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 4(___)(___) − ___2 −8 − 16
𝑘= = = = = ____
4𝑎 4(___) 4
Therefore, the vertex is at (___, ___).
2. Find the axis of symmetry. Since ℎ = ___, then the axis of symmetry is the line 𝑥 = ___.
If 𝑥 = −1, then
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = (___)2 − 2(___) − 2
3. Find a left point. Use 𝑥 = −1. 𝑦 = ___ + ___ − 2
𝑦 = ___
Therefore, we have a point (___, ___) on the left of the axis
of symmetry.
If 𝑥 = 3, then
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = (___)2 − 2(___) − 2
4. Find a right point. Use 𝑥 = 3. 𝑦 = ___ − ___ − 2
𝑦 = ___
Therefore, we have a point (___, ___) on the right of the axis
of symmetry.
Vertex (___, ___) Left Point (___, ___) Right Point (___, ___)
5. Plot the points and connect them
using a smooth curve.
Learning Competency: Graphs a quadratic function: (a) domain; (b) range; (c) intercepts;
(d) axis of symmetry; (e) vertex; (f) direction of opening of the parabola (M9AL-Ig-h-i-1)
Set Notation of the Domain and Range
Lesson 3
of Quadratic Functions
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
use the set notation to write the domain and range of a quadratic function.
What is it?
Set Notation - another way to write the domain and range of the graph of a quadratic function.
Domain: The domain of the graph of a quadratic function is the set of all real numbers. This is
true for all quadratic functions. In set notation, this can be written as {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ ℝ}. This is
read as “set of 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is a real number”.
Range: The range of the graph of a quadratic function is dependent on the direction of the
opening of the parabola and the value of 𝑘.
If the parabola opens upward, the range is the set of all real numbers from 𝑘 and up. In set
notation, this can be written as {𝒚: 𝒚 ≥ 𝒌}. This is read as “set of 𝑦 such that 𝑦 is greater
than or equal to 𝑘”.
If the parabola opens downward, the range is the set of all real numbers from 𝑘 and down.
In set notation, this can be written as {𝒚: 𝒚 ≤ 𝒌}. This is read as “set of 𝑦 such that 𝑦 is
less than or equal to 𝑘”.
Example: In the quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5, the domain and range are:
Solution:
Domain: {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ ℝ}
Range: Solve for 𝑘 first. From the given quadratic function, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −4, and 𝑐 = 4.
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 4(1)(5) − (−4)2 20 − 16 4
𝑘= = = = =1
4𝑎 4(1) 4 4
Since 𝑎 > 0, the parabola opens upward. Thus, the range is {𝒚: 𝒚 ≥ 𝟏}.
What’s More?
Directions: Identify the domain and range of the following quadratic functions:
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 5 2. 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 3
Solution for Item No. 1 Steps Solution for Item No. 2
State the domain.
𝑎 = ___, 𝑏 = ___, 𝑐 = ___ Identify the values of a, b, and c. 𝑎 = ___, 𝑏 = ___, 𝑐 = ___
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
𝑘= 𝑘=
4𝑎 4𝑎
4(___)(___) − (___)2 4(___)(___) − (___)2
= =
4(___) 4(___)
___ − ___ Solve for k. ___ − ___
= =
___ ___
= =
= ___ = ___
State the range.
Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully then write on your answer sheet the letter that
corresponds to your answer.
1. Which of the following is the correct standard form of a quadratic function with vertex at (ℎ, 𝑘)?
a. 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 c. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2
2
b. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 d. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑘
2. The graph of a quadratic function is called _________.
a. parabola b. hyperbola c. straight line d. ellipse
3. It is the turning point of the parabola.
a. axis of symmetry b. vertex c. intercept d. domain
4. It is the line that divides the parabola into two identical parts.
a. axis of symmetry b. vertex c. intercept d. domain
2
5. The quadratic function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 6 when written in standard form becomes ___________.
a. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 10 c. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 2
2
b. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) + 10 d. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 +2
2
6. What is the range of the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2) − 10?
a. {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 2} b. {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 10} c. {𝑦: 𝑦 ≤ 2} d. {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ −10}
7. What is the domain of the graph of a quadratic function?
a. set of all real numbers c. set of positive integers
b. set of rational numbers d. set of irrational numbers
8. These are points where the graph intersects the axes.
a. vertex b. intercepts c. axis of symmetry d. domain
9. Transform 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 into standard form.
a. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 4 b. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4 c. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 d. 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 3
2
10. What is the axis of symmetry of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 8?
a. 𝑥 = 1 b. 𝑥 = −1 c. 𝑥 = 4 d. 𝑥 = −4
References
Bryant, M., et. al. Math 9 Learner's Material. Pasig City: Vibal Group, Inc. 2014.
Bryant, M., et. al. Math 9 Teacher’s Guide. Pasig City: Vibal Group, Inc. 2014.
Answer Sheet
Name : ____________________________________ Date : _________________________
Grade & Sec : ____________________________________ Score : _________________________
Quarter 1 – Module 7
Lesson 1
What’s More
Solution for Item No. 1 Steps Solution for Item No. 2
Write the given quadratic
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 29 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 15
function.
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥) + 29 Group all terms containing x. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥) + 15
Factor out the common monomial
*not applicable* 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) + 15
factor (or a).
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + __) + 29
Put blanks for the required terms. 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + __) + 15 − __
− __
Complete the perfect square
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + __) + 29 trinomial inside the parenthesis by 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + __) + 15 − __
− __ 𝑏 2
using the formula ( ) .
2𝑎
Subtract from the constant term
outside the parenthesis the product
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + __) + 29 of the common monomial factor
𝑦 = 3(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + __) + 15 − __
− __ (if theres none, use 1) and the
number you added inside the
parenthesis.
Factor the perfect square trinomial
𝑦 = (_______)(_______) + ___ inside the parenthesis and simplify 𝑦 = 3(_______)(_______) + ___
the terms outside the parenthesis.
Express the two factors as the
𝑦 = (_______)2 + ___ 𝑦 = 3(_______)2 + ___
square of a binomial.
Lesson 2
What’s More
Steps Solution
1. Identify the values of a, b, and c. 𝑎 = ___, 𝑏 = ___, 𝑐 = ___
−𝑏 −(___)
ℎ= = = = ____
2𝑎 2(___)
1. Find the vertex. 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 4(___)(___) − ___2 −8 − 16
𝑘= = = = = ____
4𝑎 4(___) 4
Therefore, the vertex is at (___, ___).
2. Find the axis of symmetry. Since ℎ = ___, then the axis of symmetry is the line 𝑥 = ___.
If 𝑥 = −1, then
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = (___)2 − 2(___) − 2
3. Find a left point. Use 𝑥 = −1. 𝑦 = ___ + ___ − 2
𝑦 = ___
Therefore, we have a point (___, ___) on the left of the axis
of symmetry.
If 𝑥 = 3, then
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = (___)2 − 2(___) − 2
4. Find a right point. Use 𝑥 = 3. 𝑦 = ___ − ___ − 2
𝑦 = ___
Therefore, we have a point (___, ___) on the left of the axis
of symmetry.
5. Plot the points and connect them
Vertex (___, ___) Left Point (___, ___) Right Point (___, ___)
using a smooth curve.
Lesson 3
What’s More
Solution for Item No. 1 Steps Solution for Item No. 2
State the domain.
𝑎 = ___, 𝑏 = ___, 𝑐 = ___ Identify the values of a, b, and c. 𝑎 = ___, 𝑏 = ___, 𝑐 = ___
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
𝑘= 𝑘=
4𝑎 4𝑎
4(___)(___) − (___)2 4(___)(___) − (___)2
= =
4(___) 4(___)
___ − ___ Solve for k. ___ − ___
= =
___ ___
= =
= ___ = ___
State the range.
Assessment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.