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Module 4 - EHT

The document discusses nanogenerators, focusing on piezoelectric and triboelectric effects that generate electric charge through mechanical stress and heat flow, respectively. It explains the principles of normal and shear stress, the piezoelectric effect, and the performance analysis of thermoelectric devices using finite element methods. Additionally, it covers hybridization in energy harvesting and the integration of energy harvesters with storage devices.

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Teja swaroop
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6 views76 pages

Module 4 - EHT

The document discusses nanogenerators, focusing on piezoelectric and triboelectric effects that generate electric charge through mechanical stress and heat flow, respectively. It explains the principles of normal and shear stress, the piezoelectric effect, and the performance analysis of thermoelectric devices using finite element methods. Additionally, it covers hybridization in energy harvesting and the integration of energy harvesters with storage devices.

Uploaded by

Teja swaroop
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Nanogenerators: Introduction & Piezoelectric Nanogenerator

Before: What you should know?


a) Normal Stress
Normal stress noted, ρ, acts perpendicular to the surface: the Force F is the
elementary normal force acting on the surface area dA. ρ = Fn/A
There are 2 types of normal stress: Tensile stress or compressive stress
Tensile stress(positive strain) or the body is under tension is when the force is
directed outwards from the surface.
Compression stress(negative strain) or the body is under tension is when the force
is directed towards the surface.
b) Shear stress
A shear stress is stress parallel to the plane or to surface of the material.
τ = Fp/A

27
Piezoelectric effect
Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials to generate an electric charge in response
to applied mechanical stress

The piezoelectric effect is reversible:

• direct piezoelectric effect: charge separation due to stress


• converse piezoelectric effect: occurs of stress and strain when electric field is applied

28
Piezoelectric effect
29
Piezoelectric effect
30
Piezoelectric effect
• d33 - means induced polarization in direction z axis per unit stress applied in z axis.
• d31 - means induced polarization in z axis per unit stress applied in x axis
• d15 - means induced polarization in x axis per unit shear stress applied about y axis.
• d36 - means induced polarization in y axis per unit shear stress applied about z axis

31
Piezoelectric effect
Nanogenerators: Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Generation of electric change by a crystalline material when subjected to a heat flow.

56
Pyroelectric effect
57
Thermoelectric effect
• The Thermoelectric Device (TED) performance is analyzed in COMSOL multiphysics using the finite element method. The electric
potential is expressed by [68]
VOC = 𝑛𝑆 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑐 (1)
′𝑇𝐻 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ′𝑇𝑐′ hot side and cold side temperature (K)
‘S’ is the Seebeck coefficient (μV/K)
• The TED module's current is represented by

𝑉
𝑂𝐶
𝐼 = 𝑅+𝑅 (2)
𝐿

and the power generated from the TED is given by


𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 + 𝑅𝐿 (3)

• When internal resistance is equal to a load resistance, the maximum power delivered from the WTED
𝑆 2 𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝑐 2
Pmax = (4)
4𝑅

• The internal resistance (R) is expressed by

𝜌𝑝 𝐿𝑝 𝜌𝑛 𝐿𝑛
𝑅=𝑛[ + ] (5)
𝐴𝑝 𝐴𝑛

‘ρp’, ‘ρn’ is the Electrical resistivity of p, n-type TE element (Ωm),


‘n’ is the Amount of Thermopile,
‘Ap’, ‘An’ is the Leg cross-sectional area (mm2),
‘lp’, ‘ln’ is the leg length (mm)
Matched Thermal Resistance
Matching Thermoelectrics to Heat Exchangers
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 7983–7999
75
Hybridization of energy harvesting
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 7983–7999
76
Hybridization of energy harvesting
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 7983–7999

77
Hybridization of energy harvesting
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 7983–7999
78
Hybridization of energy harvesting
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 7983–7999
79
Hybrid structure of energy harvester and storage device
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 14963–14970
80
Hybrid structure of energy harvester and storage device

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