Energy:
Forms and Changes
What is energy
• Energy is the power to change things. It is the ability
to do work.
• Energy lights our cities, powers our vehicles, and
runs machinery in factories. It warms and cools our
homes, cooks our food, plays our music, and gives
us pictures on television.
• Joule - A unit of energy. One joule equals 0.2388
calories
Nature of Energy
• Energy is all around you!
• You can hear energy as sound.
• You can see energy as light.
• And you can feel it as wind.
Nature of energy
• You use energy when you:
• hit a softball.
• lift your book bag.
-…………...
Living organisms need energy for growth
and movement
Nature of energy
• What is energy that it can be involved in so many
different activities?
• Energy can be defined as the ability to do
work.
• If an object or organism does work (exerts a
force over a distance to move an object) the
object or organism uses energy.
Energy and Work
• Because of the direct connection
between energy and work, energy is
measured in the same unit as work:
joules (J).
• In addition to using energy to do work,
objects gain energy because work is
being done on them.
Heat and Work
Heat and Work Are Not Properties
Mechanics teaches that work can change the kinetic energy
of mass and can change the elevation or potential energy of
mass in a gravitational field. Thus work performed by an
outside agent on the system boundary can change the
energy associated with the particles that make up the
system. Likewise, heat is energy crossing the boundary of a
system, increasing or decreasing the energy of the
molecules within.
Thus heat and work are not properties of state but
forms of energy that are transported across system
boundaries to or from the environment. They are
sometimes referred to as energy in transit. Energy
conversion engineering is vitally concerned with
devices that use and create energy in transit.
Heat is not energy
2 kJ
thermal energy
2 kJ
heat
2 kJ
thermal energy
Heat and Work
• In addition to using energy to do work,
objects gain energy because work is
being done on them.
• Because of the direct connection
between energy and work, energy is
measured in the same unit as work:
joules (J).
Energy forms
The five main forms of energy are:
• Heat
• Chemical
• Electromagnetic
• Nuclear
• Mechanical
Heat Energy- (internal energy)
• The internal motion of the atoms is called heat
energy, because moving particles produce heat.
• Heat energy can be produced by friction.
• Heat energy causes changes in temperature and
phase of any form of matter.
Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy is required to bond atoms together.
• And when bonds are broken, energy is released.
• Fuel and food are forms of stored chemical energy.
Electromagnetic Energy
• Power lines carry electromagnetic energy into your home
in the form of electricity.
• Electromagnetic Energy
• Light is a form of electromagnetic energy.
• Each color of light (Roy G Bv) represents a different
amount of electromagnetic energy.
• Electromagnetic Energy is also carried by X-rays, radio
waves, and laser light.
Non-Ionising Radiation Ionising Radiation
Mechanical Energy
• When work is done to an object, it acquires energy.
The energy it acquires is known as mechanical
energy.
• When you kick a football, you give mechanical
energy to the football to make it move
Energy Conversion
• Energy can be changed from one form to another.
Changes in the form of energy are called energy
conversions.
Conversion
All forms of energy can be converted into other forms.
• The sun’s energy through solar cells can be converted directly into
electricity.
• Green plants convert the sun’s energy (electromagnetic) into
starches and sugars (chemical energy).
• In an automobile engine, fuel is burned to convert chemical energy
into heat energy. The heat energy is then changed into mechanical
energy.
Chemical → Heat →Mechanical
Other energy conversions
• In an electric motor, electromagnetic energy is
converted to mechanical energy.
• In a battery, chemical energy is converted into
electromagnetic energy.
• The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted to
electrical energy in a generator.
States of Energy
• The most common energy conversion is the
conversion between potential and kinetic energy.
• All forms of energy can be in either of two states:
• Potential
• Kinetic
States of Energy
Kinetic and Potential Energy:
• Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion.
• Potential Energy is stored energy.
The energy of motion, when energy is being
1. Kinetic - transferred.
The faster the motion, the more kinetic energy it has. The bigger the
mass, the more Kinetic energy it has.
Depends on mass and velocity
Increase Mass Increase K.E.
Increase Velocity Increase K.E.
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States of Energy
Stored Energy or energy that is waiting
2. Potential -
to be transferred.
-Object is not moving or doing work. BUT… the
shape or position of the object can change the
amount of potential energy.
-When work is done on an object, potential energy
is stored.
-Has the ability to turn into kinetic energy.
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States of Energy
What type of energy does each Picture demonstrate?
A D
B C
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Review
Describe the energy conversions that occur when a ball is
dropped and bounces back up. Why do you think the ball
bounces a little lower each time?
As it falls, potential energy changes to kinetic energy. As it bounces
back up, kinetic energy is converted to potential energy. The ball does
not bounce a high because some energy escapes as thermal energy or
sound when the ball hits the ground.
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Review
• Energy Output = Energy Input (1st Law)
• electric toy automobile (which converts electricity into mechanical energy)
• Useful Energy Output = Energy Input (2nd Law)
• automobile engine (which converts the chemical energy of gasoline into mechanical)
Direct conversion of Energy
• Flashlight battery supplies electricity without moving mechanical parts
• It converts the chemical energy of its contents directly into electrical energy
Dynamic conversion of Energy
• Better and more efficient ways of transforming the energy
• Energy transformed by rotating or reciprocating machines
Law of Conservation
• States that when one form of energy is
converted to another, no energy is
destroyed in the process.
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
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Series of Energy Conversions
The first law of thermodynamics defines the internal energy (E) as equal to the
difference of the heat transfer (Q) into a system and the work (W) done by the
system.
E2 - E1 = Q - W
An electric motor consumes 100 watts (W) of electricity to obtain 90 watts of mechanical
power. Determine its efficiency (E).
Therefore, the efficiency of this electric motor is:
• Instead we have to rely on the chemical energy of fossil fuels for most of our energy
needs.
• The problem with chemical energy is that it is a potential energy form; so it must be
converted to other forms before we can use it. (combustion)
• The concept of system efficiency
Calculate the efficiency of a power plant if the efficiencies of the boiler, turbine and generator
are 88, 40 and 98%, respectively.
Epower plant = [Eboiler] [Eturbine] [Egenerator] =
= (0.88) (0.40) (0.98) = 0.35 (35%)
Energy conversion devices convert between electrical, magnetic, kinetic, potential,
optical, chemical, nuclear, and other forms of energy
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Basic principles of energy conversion
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Basic principles of energy conversion