Python
Basic → Intermediate
INTRODUCTION AND SETUP
Aim - Get acquainted with Python and set up the development environment.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Write a Python program to print "Hello, World!"
Q 2: Calculate the sum of two numbers entered by the user.
Q 3: Convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit.
Practice Questions:
1 > Write a Python program to calculate the area of a rectangle given its length and width.
2 > Create a program that takes a user's name and age as input and prints a greeting message.
3 > Write a program to check if a number is even or odd.
4 > Given a list of numbers, find the maximum and minimum values.
5 > Create a Python function to check if a given string is a palindrome.
6 > Calculate the compound interest for a given principal amount, interest rate, and time period.
7 > Write a program that converts a given number of days into years, weeks, and days.
8 > Given a list of integers, find the sum of all positive numbers.
9 > Create a program that takes a sentence as input and counts the number of words in it.
10 > Implement a program that swaps the values of two variables.
VARIABLES AND DATA TYPES
Aim - Understand variables and different data types in Python.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Create variables for storing a person's name, age, and average test score.
Q 2: Concatenate two strings and print the result.
Q 3: Create a list of fruits and access elements using indexing.
Practice Questions:
1 > Given a list of numbers, find the sum and average.
2 > Create a program that takes a temperature in Celsius and converts it to Kelvin.
3 > Implement a program that checks if a given string is a palindrome
4 > Create a function to reverse a given string
5 > Given a list of names, concatenate them into a single string separated by spaces
6 > Write a Python program to check if a given string is a pangram (contains all letters of the
alphabet)
7 > Calculate the area and circumference of a circle given its radius
8 > Implement a program that converts a given number of minutes into hours and minutes
9 > Create a function to count the number of vowels in a given string
10 > Write a program to check if a number is prime.
CONTROL FLOW AND LOOPS
Aim - Learn about conditional statements and loops in Python.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Write a program that checks if a given number is positive, negative, or zero.
Q 2: Create a loop that prints the first 10 even numbers.
Q 3: Implement a program that finds the largest number in a list.
Practice Questions:
1 > Create a program that takes a year as input and checks if it is a leap year or not.
2 > Given a list of integers, find all the even numbers and store them in a new list.
3 > Write a Python program to check if a given number is a prime number.
4 > Create a program that generates the Fibonacci sequence up to a given number of terms.
5 > Given a list of names, print all names starting with the letter 'A'.
6 > Implement a program that prints the multiplication table of a given number.
7 > Write a program that calculates the factorial of a given number.
8 > Create a loop that prints all prime numbers between 1 and 50.
9 > Given a list of words, count the number of words with more than five characters.
10 > Calculate the sum of digits of a given number.
FUNCTIONS
Aim - Understand functions and how to define and call them.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Write a function to calculate the area of a circle given its radius.
Q 2: Create a function to check if a number is prime.
Q 3: Implement a function that reverses a given string.
Practice Questions:
1 > Given a list of numbers, create a function to find the sum of all positive numbers.
2 > Write a Python function to check if a given string is a palindrome.
3 > Implement a function that returns the factorial of a given number using recursion.
4 > Create a function to find the square of each element in a given list.
5 > Write a function to check if a number is even or odd and return "Even" or "Odd" accordingly.
6 > Calculate the area of a triangle given its base and height using a function.
7 > Create a function that takes a list of strings and returns the list sorted alphabetically.
8 > Write a function that takes two lists and returns their intersection (common elements).
9 > Implement a function to check if a given year is a leap year or not.
10 > Create a function that takes a number as input and prints its multiplication table.
STRING MANIPULATION
Aim - Learn about common string operations and formatting.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Create a program that checks if a given string is a palindrome.
Q 2: Write a function to count the number of vowels in a given string.
Q 3: Write a function to count the number of vowels in a given string.
Practice Questions:
1 > Given a list of words, concatenate them into a single string separated by spaces.
2 > Create a function to reverse a given string.
3 > Write a program that takes a sentence as input and counts the number of words in it.
4 > Implement a function that checks if a given string is a pangram (contains all letters of the
alphabet).
5 > Given a string, write a function to remove all vowels from it and return the modified string.
6 > Write a Python program to find the length of the longest word in a sentence.
7 > Create a function that takes a sentence as input and returns the sentence in reverse order.
8 > Given a list of names, count the number of names that start with a vowel.
9 > Write a function to remove all duplicate characters from a given string.
10 > Implement a program that takes a sentence and a word as input and checks if the word is
present in the sentence.
LISTS AND TUPLES
Aim - Understand lists and tuples in Python and their operations.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Given a list of numbers, find the sum and average using built-in functions.
Q 2: Create a list of fruits and add a new fruit to the list.
Q 3: Access elements in a tuple using indexing.
Practice Questions:
1 > Given two lists of numbers, concatenate them into a single list.
2 > Write a program that finds the largest and smallest elements in a list.
3 > Implement a function that takes a list of numbers and returns a new list with the squared values.
4 > Create a program that finds the common elements between two lists and stores them in a new
list.
5 > Given a list of words, find the word with the maximum length and its length.
6 > Write a Python program to count the occurrences of each element in a given list.
7 > Given a list of names, remove all duplicate names and print the unique names.
8 > Create a function that takes a list of strings and returns the list sorted by the length of the
strings.
9 > Write a program that checks if a given list is sorted in ascending order.
10 > Implement a function that takes two lists and returns their union (all unique elements from
both lists).
DICTIONARIES AND SETS
Aim - Understand dictionaries and sets in Python and their operations.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Create a dictionary to store information about a person (name, age, address).
Q 2: Add a new key-value pair to an existing dictionary.
Q 3: Create a set of unique numbers from a list of numbers.
Practice Questions:
1 > Given two dictionaries, merge them into a single dictionary.
2 > Write a program that finds the most frequent element in a list.
3 > Implement a function that removes a key-value pair from a dictionary.
4 > Create a program that checks if two sets have any elements in common.
5 > Given a list of dictionaries, find the dictionary with the highest value for a specific key.
6 > Write a Python program that counts the number of occurrences of each character in a given
string using a dictionary.
7 > Given two sets, find the union, intersection, and difference between them.
8 > Create a function that takes a list of dictionaries and sorts them based on a specified key.
9 > Write a program that finds the average value of all the elements in a list of dictionaries.
10 > Implement a function that takes a list of strings and returns a set of unique characters present
in all strings.
FILE HANDLING
Aim - Learn about reading and writing files in Python.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Write a program that reads a text file and prints its contents.
Q 2: Create a new text file and write some content into it.
Q 3: Read a CSV file and process its data.
Practice Questions:
1 > Write a Python program to copy the contents of one text file into another.
2 > Given a CSV file with student names and scores, find the student with the highest score.
3 > Implement a program that reads a text file and counts the number of words and lines in it.
4 > Create a function that takes a list of sentences and writes them to a new text file, each on a new
line.
5 > Given a CSV file with employee details (name, age, salary), calculate the average salary of all
employees.
6 > Write a program that reads a CSV file and finds the total sales revenue for a specific product.
7 > Given a text file with a list of numbers, write a function that finds the sum of all numbers in the
file.
8 > Implement a program that reads a CSV file and generates a bar chart to represent the data using
Matplotlib.
9 > Write a function that reads a JSON file and extracts specific information from it
10 > Given a CSV file with temperature data for each day of the week, find the average temperature
for each day.
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)
Aim - Introduce Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts in Python.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Create a class to represent a basic calculator with add, subtract, multiply, and divide methods.
Q 2: Create a class to represent a book with attributes like title, author, and publication year.
Q 3: Define a class for a Circle with methods to calculate its area and circumference.
Practice Questions:
1 > Create a class to represent a Student with attributes like name, age, and grades.
2 > Given a CSV file with employee details (name, position, salary), create a class to represent an
Employee.
3 > Implement a program that simulates a basic bank account using a Bank Account class.
4 > Write a Python program that uses a Rectangle class to calculate the area and perimeter of a
rectangle.
5 > Create a class to represent a Car with attributes like make, model, and year.
6 > Given a JSON file with customer data, create a Customer class to store and manipulate the data.
7 > Write a program that uses a Person class to keep track of a person's name, age, and address.
8 > Implement a program that uses a Circle class to calculate the area and circumference of multiple
circles.
9 > Given a CSV file with product details (name, price, quantity), create a Product class to manage
the data.
10 > Create a class to represent a Movie with attributes like title, director, and rating.
INHERITANCE AND ENCAPSULATIONS
Aim - Understand inheritance and encapsulation in Object-Oriented Programming.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Create a base class Animal with a method sound() and create derived classes Dog and Cat with
their own sound().
Q 2: Implement a class hierarchy to represent different types of vehicles (Car, Bike) with their own
attributes and methods.
Q 3: Create a class Person with private attributes and define methods to get and set the values of
those attributes.
Practice Questions:
1 > Create a base class Shape with methods to calculate area and perimeter, and derive classes
Circle and Square.
2 > Implement a class hierarchy to represent different types of employees (Manager, Engineer) with
their attributes.
3 > Write a Python program that uses inheritance to represent a hierarchy of shapes (Triangle,
Rectangle, etc.).
4 > Create a class hierarchy to represent different types of animals (Bird, Fish) with their own
attributes and methods.
5 > Given a JSON file with product details (name, price, quantity), create a Product class with
encapsulated attributes.
6 > Implement a program that uses inheritance to represent a hierarchy of vehicles (Car, Bike, Truck,
etc.).
7 > Write a Python program that uses encapsulation to protect sensitive information in a User class.
8 > Create a class hierarchy to represent different types of electronics (Phone, Laptop) with their
attributes.
9 > Given a CSV file with employee details (name, position, salary), create an Employee class with
private attributes.
10 > Implement a program that uses inheritance to represent a hierarchy of shapes (Circle, Triangle,
Rectangle, etc.).
NUMPY
Aim - Introduction to NumPy for numerical computing in Python.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Create a NumPy array from a Python list and perform basic operations like addition,
multiplication, etc.
Q 2: Generate a NumPy array of random numbers and calculate its mean, median, and standard
deviation.
Q 3: Create a NumPy array and reshape it into a different shape.
Practice Questions:
1 > Given a list of numbers, create a NumPy array and find the sum and product of its elements.
2 > Implement a program that generates a NumPy array with numbers from 0 to 9 and reshapes it
into a 3x3 matrix.
3 > Write a Python program that uses NumPy to find the mean, median, and standard deviation of a
dataset.
4 > Create a function that takes a list of numbers and returns the NumPy array sorted in ascending
order.
5 > Given a list of lists, create a 2D NumPy array and find the sum of elements in each row and
column.
6 > Implement a program that generates a random NumPy array and finds the maximum and
minimum values.
7 > Write a function that takes a NumPy array and returns a new array with all elements squared.
8 > Given a NumPy array, calculate the dot product of the array with itself.
9 > Create a program that uses NumPy to calculate the inverse of a 2x2 matrix.
10 > Implement a function that takes a NumPy array and returns the transpose of the array.
PANDAS
Aim - Introduction to Pandas for data manipulation and analysis in Python.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Create a Pandas Series from a Python list and perform basic operations like filtering, sorting,
etc.
Q 2: Read a CSV file into a Pandas DataFrame and perform basic data manipulation operations.
Q 3: Create a Pandas DataFrame from a dictionary and perform filtering and grouping operations.
Practice Questions:
1 > Given a CSV file with student details, read it into a Pandas DataFrame and find the average age
of students.
2 > Implement a program that generates a Pandas Series with dates and filter it to get dates in a
specific range.
3 > Write a Python program that uses Pandas to read a CSV file and find the maximum and
minimum values in each column.
4 > Create a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and returns a new DataFrame with rows sorted
in ascending order.
5 > Given a Pandas DataFrame, filter the rows to include only the rows where a specific column
meets a condition.
6 > Implement a program that reads a CSV file into a Pandas DataFrame and calculates the sum of a
specific column.
7 > Write a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and adds a new calculated column to the
DataFrame.
8 > Given a Pandas DataFrame, group the data by a specific column and calculate the mean of
another column.
9 > Create a program that reads a JSON file into a Pandas DataFrame and extracts specific
information from it.
10 > Implement a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and returns the transpose of the
DataFrame.
DATA VISUALIZATION WITH MATPLOTLIB AND SEABORN
Aim - Learn how to create data visualizations using Matplotlib and Seaborn in Python.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Create a simple line plot using Matplotlib to visualize a series of data points.
Q 2: Generate a scatter plot using Matplotlib to visualize the relationship between two variables.
Q 3: Create a bar plot using Seaborn to compare the categories in a dataset.
Practice Questions:
1 > Given a Pandas DataFrame, create a line plot to visualize the trend of a specific column over
time.
2 > Implement a program that generates a histogram using Matplotlib to visualize the distribution of
data.
3 > Write a Python program that uses Seaborn to create a scatter plot matrix for multiple variables
in a DataFrame.
4 > Create a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and generates a box plot to visualize the
distribution of data.
5 > Given a CSV file with sales data, use Matplotlib to create a bar plot to compare the sales of
different products.
6 > Implement a program that reads a JSON file into a Pandas DataFrame and uses Seaborn to
create a violin plot.
7 > Write a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and generates a pair plot to visualize the
relationships between variables.
8 > Given a Pandas DataFrame, create a pie chart using Matplotlib to visualize the distribution of
data in a specific column
9 > Create a program that reads a CSV file into a Pandas DataFrame and uses Seaborn to create a
swarm plot for data visualization.
10 > Implement a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and generates a heatmap using Seaborn
to visualize the correlation between variables.
DATA CLEANING AND PREPROCESSING
Aim - Learn how to clean and preprocess data for analysis in Python.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Remove missing values from a Pandas DataFrame.
Q 2: Convert categorical variables into numerical values using Label Encoding.
Q 3: Scale numerical features using Min-Max Scaling.
Practice Questions:
1 > Given a Pandas DataFrame, remove duplicate rows and reset the index of the DataFrame.
2 > Implement a program that reads a CSV file into a Pandas DataFrame and handles missing values
using Imputation.
3 > Create a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and converts text data into numerical values
using One-Hot Encoding.
4 > Given a Pandas DataFrame, normalize the numerical features using Z-Score Normalization.
5 > Write a Python program that uses Scikit-Learn to perform data standardization on a dataset.
6 > Implement a program that reads a JSON file into a Pandas DataFrame and handles outliers using
Winsorization.
7 > Create a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and removes irrelevant features using Feature
Selection techniques.
8 > Given a CSV file with customer details, preprocess the data for further analysis (e.g., handle
missing values, scale features).
9 > Write a Python program that uses Scikit-Learn to perform data transformation using PCA
(Principal Component Analysis).
10 > Implement a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and performs data discretization on a
numerical feature.
MACHINE LEARNING BASICS
Aim - Introduction to the basics of Machine Learning in Python.
Example Questions:
Q 1: Split data into training and testing sets using Scikit-Learn.
Q 2: Train a Linear Regression model using Scikit-Learn.
Q 3: Evaluate the performance of a model using accuracy score.
Practice Questions:
1 > Given a CSV file with data about customers (features) and their churn status (target), split the
data into training and testing sets.
2 > Implement a program that uses Scikit-Learn to train a Decision Tree classifier on a dataset.
3 > Write a Python program that uses Scikit-Learn to perform k-fold cross-validation on a dataset.
4 > Create a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and trains a Random Forest classifier on the
data.
5 > Given a CSV file with data about student scores (features) and their grades (target), split the
data into training and testing sets.
6 > Implement a program that uses Scikit-Learn to train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier
on a dataset.
7 > Write a Python program that uses Scikit-Learn to perform hyper parameter tuning using Grid
Search on a dataset.
8 > Create a function that takes a Pandas DataFrame and trains a k-nearest neighbors (KNN)
classifier on the data.
9 > Given a CSV file with data about housing prices (features) and their labels (target), split the data
into training and testing sets.
10 > Implement a program that uses Scikit-Learn to train a Naive Bayes classifier on a dataset.