THEME: CONCEPT
TOPICS KEYWORDS + EXPLANATION
Bias Bias
Refers to systematic errors in thinking research, and practice
that can affect the validity and reliability of psychological
findings.
Participants Bias
Is when people in a study change their behavior because
they know they are being studies, not because of the
independent variable.
Why it matters?
- It distorts results
- The behavior you measure is no longer, so your
conclusions get weaker.
Expectancy Bias
Is when a person’s expectations about the outcome of a
study influence behavior or interpretation, making the result
biased.
Social Desirability Bias
The tendency for participants to respond in ways they believe
will be viewed favorably by others rather than truthfully.
Researcher Bias
Occurs when a researcher’s beliefs or expectations influence
the design of the study, data collection, or interpretations of
results.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, or remember
information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs or
hypotheses.
Interviewer Bias
Occurs when an interviewer’s behavior, tone, or body
language influences a participant’s responses.
Sampling (selection) Bias
Occurs when the sample is not representative of the target
population, limiting the generalizability of the findings.
Attrition Bias
Occurs when participants drop out of a study over time in a
non-random way, affecting the validity of the results.
Cultural Bias
The tendency to interpret and judge behavior through the
lens of one’s own culture, leading to misinterpretation of other
cultures.
Ecological Fallacy
The assumption that individuals possess the same
characteristics as the cultural group to which they belong.
Weird Sample Bias
Bias resulting from over-reliance on samples from Western,
educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic societies,
limiting generalizability.
Gender Bias
The tendency to judge behavior or phenomena based on
gender stereotypes, leading to inaccurate conclusions.
Alpha Bias
The exaggeration of differences between males and females.
Beta Bias
The minimization or ignoring of differences between males
and females.
Publication Bias
The tendency for journals to publish studies with positive or
significant results more often than null or negative findings.
P-hacking
The manipulation of data analysis or statistical methods to
obtain statistically significant results.
Recall Bias
Occurs when participants in a research study do not
accurately remember a past event or experience or leave out
details.
Optimism Bias
People believe they are healthier, safer, or better behaved
than they actually are compared to others.
The Peak End Rule Bias
Is a cognitive bias where people judge an experience largely
based on two moments: the most intense point (peak) and
the final part (end), rather the overall experience.
Measurement
Responsibiltiy