UNIT 2 Molecular and Ionic
Compound Structure and
Properties
Intramolecular Force and
2.2 Potential Energy
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◇ Learning objectives
Represent the relationship between potential energy and
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distance between atoms, based on factors that influence the
interaction strength.
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◇ Starter Question
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◇ What are the three types of bonds that
would form by atoms?
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◇ What do you know about covalent bonds?
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Covalent Bonds
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Covalent Bonds
◇ Covalent bonds “share” valence electrons between nuclei
◇ Can be Nonpolar (shared equally) or Polar (shared unequally)
◇ Can be classified as single, double, triple bonds, or an average of those if
there are resonance structures (Topic 2.6)
◇ Goal is LOW energy
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Critical Thinking Question
◇ What determines the stability of a covalent compound?
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Bond Strength
◇ The stability of a molecule is a function of the strength of the covalent
bonds holding the atoms together
◇ Bond Length - the distance between the nuclei of the atoms
￭ Larger atomic radii increase bond length
￭ Longer bond length decreases the bond energy
◇ Bond Energy - the energy required to “break” the bond
￭ Also known as Bond Enthalpy
￭ Given as energy per mole
￭ positive, because bond breaking is an endothermic process
￭ These are averages over many compounds; not every bond for a pair
of atoms has the same bond energy
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Bond Strength
◇ The Strength of Covalent Bonds Depends on the Overlap between the Valence
Orbitals of the Bonded Atoms
◇ 4 Trends
￭ Bonds between hydrogen and atoms in the same column of the periodic
table decrease in strength as we go down the column. H–F > H–
I H–C > H–Si
￭ Bonds between like atoms usually become weaker as we go down a column.
C–C > Si–Si > Ge–Ge (some exceptions)
￭ Elements in periods 3 and 4 rarely form multiple bonds with themselves
￭ Multiple bonds between carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen and a period 3 element
such as phosphorus or sulfur tend to be unusually strong
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
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How does the molecule of
hydrogen form?
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Graphs! ◇ The “lowest” part of the curve shows
the energy (y-axis) that would be
necessary to break the bond between
atoms as well as the ideal bond length
(x-axis)
◇ At this point, the attractive and
repulsive forces are balanced
◇ Also this will be the most stable position
◇ The approximate energy of the system
when the two atoms are very far apart
is E = 0
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Graphs!
◇ Y-Axis - potential energy
◇ X-Axis - distance between nuclei
◇ + Energy = repulsion
◇ - Energy = attraction
◇ Coulomb's Law
◇ Goldilocks zone
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Bond Order Activity
◇ Draw the molecules, then find the number of bonding pairs of electrons and
the type of bond
Cl2 O2 N2
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oxygen molecule
nitrogen molecule
Chlorine molecule
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Bond Order
◇ Bond order is the number of bonding pairs of electrons between two
atoms. In a covalent bond between two atoms, a single bond has a bond
order of one, a double bond has a bond order of two, a triple bond has a
bond order of three
◇ Higher bond order = more stable
Bond Type Single Double Triple
# of e- 2 4 6
Notation
Bond Order 1 2 3
Bond Strength Weakest Middle Strongest
Bond Length Longest Middle Shortest
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Ionic Bonds
◇ Electrostatic attraction between cation and anion
◇ Explained with Coulomb’s Law
◇ Larger ion charge → Larger force of attraction
◇ Greater distance between charges → Smaller Force of attraction
◇ Bond Energy (strength) can be used to predict physical properties
￭ Stronger force of attraction = Higher Melting Point
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Example 1
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Example 1
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Critical Thinking Question
◇ One way to identify an unknown substance is to measure the bond energy.
HX, HY and HZ were analyzed and the following graph was created. It was
known that HI, HCl and HBr were tested. Use the graph to match the
unknowns with the knowns.
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Critical Thinking Question
◇ One way to identify an unknown substance is to measure the bond energy.
HX, HY and HZ were analyzed and the following graph was created. It was
known that HI, HCl and HBr were tested. Use the graph to match the
unknowns with the knowns.
HI - HZ
HBr - HY
HCl - HX
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Practice Problem 1
◇ The potential energy of a system of two atoms
as a function of their internuclear distance is
shown in the diagram above. Which of the
following is true regarding the forces between
the atoms when their internuclear distance is
x?
A) The attractive and repulsive forces are balanced, so the atoms will maintain an average internuclear distance
x.
B) There is a net repulsive force pushing the atoms apart, so the atoms will move further apart.
C) There is a net attractive force pulling the atoms together, so the atoms will move closer together.
D) It cannot be determined whether the forces between atoms are balanced, attractive, or repulsive, because the
diagram shows only the potential energy
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Practice Problem 1
◇ The potential energy of a system of two atoms
as a function of their internuclear distance is
shown in the diagram above. Which of the
following is true regarding the forces between
the atoms when their internuclear distance is
x?
A) The attractive and repulsive forces are balanced, so the atoms will maintain an average internuclear distance
x.
B) There is a net repulsive force pushing the atoms apart, so the atoms will move further apart.
C) There is a net attractive force pulling the atoms together, so the atoms will move closer together.
D) It cannot be determined whether the forces between atoms are balanced, attractive, or repulsive, because the
diagram shows only the potential energy
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Practice Problem 2
◇ The melting point of MgO is higher than that of NaF. Explanations for this
observation include which of the following?
I. Mg2+ is more positively charged than Na+.
II. O2- is more negatively charged than F-.
III. The O2- ion is smaller than the F- ion.
A) II only
B) I and II only
C) I and III only
D) II and III only
E) I, II, and III
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Practice Problem 2
◇ The melting point of MgO is higher than that of NaF. Explanations for this
observation include which of the following?
I. Mg2+ is more positively charged than Na+.
II. O2- is more negatively charged than F-.
III. The O2- ion is smaller than the F- ion.
A) II only
B) I and II only
C) I and III only
D) II and III only
E) I, II, and III
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Practice FRQ Problem
A. What type of chemical bond is present in the Cl2 molecule?
A. Cl2 reacts with the element Sr to form an ionic compound. Based on
periodic properties, identify a molecule, X2 , that is likely to to react with Sr
in a way similar to how Cl2 reacts with Sr . Justify your choice.
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Practice FRQ Problem
A. What type of chemical bond is present in the Cl2 molecule?
(1pt) The response indicates that the bond is covalent. (No explanation is required,
however, the Cl−Cl bond is covalent because the two Cl atoms have the same
electronegativity and will form a nonpolar covalent bond.)
A. Cl2 reacts with the element Sr to form an ionic compound. Based on
periodic properties, identify a molecule, X2 , that is likely to to react with Sr
in a way similar to how Cl2 reacts with Sr . Justify your choice.
(2pt) The response meets both of the criteria below:
● F2, Br2, I2, or At2 is written.
● the element chosen is in the same group or family as Cl (or Cl2)
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Practice FRQ Problem
C. A graph of potential energy versus internuclear distance for two Cl atoms is
given below. On the same graph, carefully sketch a curve that corresponds to
potential energy versus internuclear distance for two Br atoms.
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Practice FRQ Problem
C. A graph of potential energy versus internuclear distance for two Cl atoms is
given below. On the same graph, carefully sketch a curve that corresponds to
potential energy versus internuclear distance for two Br atoms.
(2pt) The sketched curve meets both of the criteria below: (Note: Only the sketched curve is scored;
parenthetical explanations are not scored.)
● The curve has its minimum value to the right of where the given curve has its minimum value
(because the length of the Br−Br bond is greater than that of the Cl−Cl bond).
● The minimum value of the curve is higher than (i.e., above) the minimum value of the given
curve (because the strength of the Br−Br bond is less than that of the Cl−Cl bond).
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Refer to this video link
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Refer to this video link
◇ [Link]
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AP Daily Videos Topic 2.2
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Review Videos
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