​ ​ ​ GRAVITY

Q. What is gravity?
Gravity is the natural force of attraction between any two bodies (masses) in the universe.

Q. State and explain Newton's law of gravitation.

Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation states that every particle in the universe attracts every
other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.
Mathematically:
F = G (m₁ m₂) / r²
where G is the universal gravitational constant, and the force is attractive and acts along the line
joining the centres. It is a vector quantity (directed towards each other).

Q. Write Newton's law of gravitation in vector form.

F₁₂ = – G (m₁ m₂ / r²) r̂
(where r̂ is the unit vector from m₁ to m₂, negative sign shows attraction).

Q. Define gravitational constant (G).

Gravitational constant (G) is the universal constant of proportionality in Newton's law of
gravitation. Its value is 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N m² kg⁻². It is a scalar, same everywhere in the universe.

Q. Why is G known as universal constant / gravitational constant known as universal constant of

gravitation?
G is universal because its value is the same everywhere in the universe and does not depend
on the medium or interacting masses. It is a fundamental constant like the speed of light.

Q. Derive the relation between g and G (gravitational constant).

For a body on Earth's surface: Gravitational force = weight
G M m / R² = m g
⇒ g = G M / R²
(where M = mass of Earth, R = radius of Earth).

Q. Why is g called acceleration due to gravity?

g is the acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to Earth's gravitational pull near its
surface. It is directed towards Earth's centre.

Q. Obtain/explain the relation between g with gravity and the gravitational constant (G).
(Answered above: g = G M / R²)

Q. Obtain the relation between g with altitude/height and derive the acceleration due to gravity
with altitude.
At height h above Earth's surface:
g' = G M / (R + h)²
For small h (h << R):
g' = g (1 – 2h / R)
Thus, g decreases with altitude/height.

Q. Obtain the relation between g with depth and explain the variation of acceleration due to
gravity with depth.
At depth d below Earth's surface (assuming uniform density):
g' = G M' / r² where M' is mass inside radius r = R – d
g' = g (1 – d / R)
Thus, g decreases linearly with depth and becomes zero at Earth's centre.

Q. Explain how does the acceleration due to gravity change with altitude or height.
(As above: decreases as g' ≈ g (1 – 2h/R))

Q. Explain the variation of g with altitude/height.

(Same as above)

Q. Explain the variation of g with gravity/altitude due to gravity with altitude.

(Same)

Q. How does acceleration due to gravity change with altitude.

Decreases (as derived above).

Q. Explain the variation of acceleration due to gravity due to gravity with depth.
Decreases linearly (as derived above).

Q. What is the variation of the value of the weight of the body become zero at gravity at earth's
centre.
At Earth's centre, g' = 0, so weight (mg') = 0. The body becomes weightless.

Q. What is the mass of the given body on satellite? What is its weight at earth's surface / on the
earth's centre? Mass of the body is 10 kg.
Mass is always 10 kg (constant, does not change).
Weight at Earth's surface = m g ≈ 10 × 9.8 = 98 N.
Weight at Earth's centre = 0 (since g = 0).

Q. Write a note on satellite.

A satellite is a body that revolves continuously around a much larger body (like Earth) in a
closed orbit under gravitational force alone.

Q. What are the two types of artificial satellites?

Geostationary (geosynchronous) satellites

Polar satellites (or sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellites)
Q. What is a geo-stationary satellite?
A geostationary satellite has time period = 24 hours, revolves in equatorial orbit from west to
east at height ≈ 36,000 km above Earth's surface. It appears stationary relative to a point on
Earth.

Q. Mention the characteristics of the geo-stationary satellites.

Time period = 24 hours
Orbit: Circular, equatorial
Height ≈ 36,000 km
Orbital velocity ≈ 3.1 km/s
Appears fixed in sky
Used for communication, TV broadcasting, meteorology (e.g., INSAT series in India)

Q. What are polar satellites? Mention the characteristics of the polar satellites.
Polar satellites revolve in polar orbits (nearly 90° inclination to equatorial plane, passing over
poles).
Characteristics:

Height ≈ 500–800 km
Time period ≈ 84–100 min
Orbital velocity ≈ 8 km/s
Used for remote sensing, weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, mapping (e.g., IRS
series in India)

Q. Mention the characteristics of IRS (Indian Remote Sensing satellite) and communication
satellites.
IRS satellites are polar remote sensing satellites launched by ISRO for Earth observation
(agriculture, forestry, disaster management, etc.). They operate in sun-synchronous polar orbits
with high-resolution imaging sensors.

Q. Write a note on IRS (Indian Remote Sensing satellites).

IRS series are India's operational remote sensing satellites in polar sun-synchronous orbits.
They provide data for resource monitoring, land use, agriculture, disaster assessment, etc. (e.g.,
Resourcesat, Cartosat).

Q. What is orbital velocity of a satellite?

Orbital velocity is the minimum velocity required for a satellite to revolve in a circular orbit
around Earth.
v₀ = √(G M / r) = √(g R² / r)
Near Earth's surface: v₀ ≈ √(g R) ≈ 7.9 km/s

Q. Give an expression for orbital velocity of orbiting satellite.

v₀ = √(G M / r) or v₀ = √(g R² / (R + h))

Q. Give an expression for total energy of orbiting satellite and explain the terms. (Model paper)
Total energy (E) of a satellite in circular orbit = Kinetic energy + Potential energy
E = (1/2) m v₀² + (– G M m / r)
Since v₀² = G M / r,
E = (1/2) (G M m / r) – (G M m / r) = – (G M m / 2 r)
(or E = – (G M m / 2 r))
Negative total energy means the satellite is bound in orbit.

Q. Give an expression for period of a satellite.

Time period T = 2π √(r³ / G M)
(or T = 2π √((R + h)³ / g R²) for near-Earth orbits)

PG@2

Q. What is escape speed of a body? Mention the expression for escape speed of a body.
OR Arrive at the expression for the escape speed of the body from the surface of the earth.
Escape speed (or escape velocity) is the minimum initial speed required by a body to escape
from the gravitational field of a planet (or any massive body) to infinity, without any further
propulsion. At infinity, its kinetic energy becomes zero, and total energy is zero.
Derivation using conservation of energy (from Earth's surface):
Initial total energy = Kinetic energy + Gravitational potential energy
½ m vₑ² + (– G M m / R) = 0 (at infinity, KE = 0, PE = 0)
⇒ ½ vₑ² = G M / R
⇒ vₑ = √(2 G M / R)
Alternatively, since g = G M / R²,
vₑ = √(2 g R)
(where M = mass of Earth, R = radius of Earth, g = acceleration due to gravity at surface)

Q. Obtain an expression for escape speed on the basis of conservation of energy.

(As derived above: vₑ = √(2 G M / R) or vₑ = √(2 g R))

Q. Does the escape speed depend upon the mass of the body?
No. Escape speed is independent of the mass of the escaping body (m cancels out in the
derivation). It depends only on the mass and radius of the planet (or central body).

Q. Does the escape speed depend upon the angle of projection of the body or direction of
projection? (Model paper)
No. The escape speed is the same regardless of the direction or angle of projection. It is the
minimum speed needed to reach infinity; direction only affects the path, not the required
magnitude (assuming no atmosphere).
Q. Write the relation between escape speed and orbital speed of a satellite revolving close to
earth’s surface.
For a satellite in circular orbit near Earth's surface:
Orbital velocity v₀ = √(G M / R) = √(g R)
Escape velocity vₑ = √(2 G M / R) = √(2 g R)
Relation: vₑ = √2 × v₀
(escape speed is √2 times the orbital speed near surface)

Q. What is value of escape speed from earth’s surface?

Approximately 11.2 km/s (or 11.186 km/s more precisely; standard Class 11 value is 11.2 km/s).

Q. How does the escape speed of a body from the earth depend on height of location from
where the body is launched?
Escape speed decreases with height (or altitude) because gravitational pull weakens.
At height h above surface (distance from centre = R + h):
vₑ' = √(2 G M / (R + h))
It is less than the surface value (√(2 g R)).

Q. What is meant by gravitational field?

Gravitational field at a point is the gravitational force experienced per unit mass placed at that
point.
It is a vector quantity, intensity = g near surface.
E = G M / r² (directed towards centre).

Q. State and explain Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.

Kepler's three laws (for planets orbiting the Sun):
Law of Orbits (First Law): All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun situated at one of the
two foci of the ellipse.
Law of Areas (Second Law): The line (radius vector) joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out
equal areas in equal intervals of time. (This means planets move faster when closer to the Sun
and slower when farther away.)
Law of Periods (Third Law): The square of the time period of revolution of a planet around the
Sun is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its elliptical orbit.
T² ∝ a³ or T² / a³ = constant (same for all planets).

Q. Derive an expression for gravitational potential energy.

Gravitational potential energy of a mass m at distance r from mass M (from infinity where PE =
0):
Work done to bring m from infinity to r = change in PE.
dW = – F dr = – (G M m / r²) dr
Integrating from ∞ to r:
U = – G M m ∫(dr / r²) from ∞ to r = – G M m / r
(negative sign shows attractive nature; PE is zero at infinity and negative closer).
Q. Distinguish between inertial mass and gravitational mass.
Inertial mass (mᵢ): Measure of opposition to acceleration (F = mᵢ a). It appears in Newton's
second law.
Gravitational mass (m_g): Measure of gravitational attraction (F = G M m_g / r²). It appears in
Newton's law of gravitation.

Experimentally, mᵢ = m_g (equivalence principle), so they are considered equal.

Q. A body weighs 63 N on the surface of the earth. What is the gravitational force on it due to
earth at a height equal to half the radius of the earth? Given: radius of the earth = 6400 km.
Weight on surface = m g = 63 N ⇒ m = 63 / g
At height h = R/2, distance from centre = R + h = 3R/2
g' = G M / (3R/2)² = g × (R² / (9R²/4)) = g × (4/9)
Gravitational force = m g' = (63 / g) × (4g / 9) = 28 N

Q. If the mass of the earth is 100 times that of the moon and its diameter 5 times that of moon,
compare the weight of a body on the surface of the moon with its weight on the surface of the
earth.
Let Mₑ = 100 M , Rₑ = 5 R / 2? Wait, diameter 5 times ⇒ Rₑ = 5/2 R ? No: diameter 5 times
⇒ Rₑ = (5/2) R ? Standard problem usually Rₑ ≈ 4 R approx, but let's follow given.
g ∝ M / R²
g / gₑ = (M / Mₑ) × (Rₑ² / R ²) = (1/100) × (Rₑ / R )²
Since diameter 5 times, Rₑ / R = 5/2 = 2.5
(Rₑ / R )² = 6.25
g / gₑ = (1/100) × 6.25 = 0.0625
Weight on Moon = 0.0625 × weight on Earth (i.e., 1/16 times).

Q. The period of Venus is 225 days (0.615 yrs). Determine its distance from the sun, given the
earth’s distance from the sun to be 1.5 × 10¹¹ m (Time period of earth = 1 year).
Kepler's third law: T² ∝ a³
T_v / T_e = 0.615 / 1
a_v³ / a_e³ = (0.615)²
a_v = a_e × (0.615)^{2/3}
Calculate (0.615)^{2/3} ≈ 0.723
a_v ≈ 1.5 × 10¹¹ × 0.723 ≈ 1.085 × 10¹¹ m

Q. Earth's mass is 80 times that of the moon and their diameters are 12800 km and 3200 km
respectively. What is the value of g on the moon? (g on earth = 9.8 m/s²)
Rₑ = 6400 km (12800/2), R = 1600 km (3200/2)
Rₑ / R = 4
g ∝ M / R²
g = gₑ × (M / Mₑ) × (Rₑ / R )² = 9.8 × (1/80) × 16 = 1.96 m/s² (approx 1/5 of gₑ)

Q. A satellite revolves round the earth in a circular orbit once in 90 minutes. If the radius of earth
is 6400 km, how high is the satellite above the earth? (g = 9.8 m/s²)
Time period T = 90 min = 5400 s
For circular orbit: T = 2π √(r³ / G M)
But G M = g R²
r³ = (T / 2π)² × g R²
r = [ (T² g R²) / (4π²) ]^{1/3}
Plug values: r ≈ 6400 + h
Standard calculation gives h ≈ 280 km (approx; exact calc: r ≈ 6680 km, h ≈ 280 km)

Q. What will be the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon if its radius is 1/4 th the
radius of the earth and its mass is 1/80 th the mass of earth. (g = 9.8 m/s²)
g = gₑ × (M / Mₑ) × (Rₑ / R )² = 9.8 × (1/80) × (4)² = 9.8 × (1/80) × 16 = 1.96 m/s²

PG@3

1. Calculate the mass and density of the Earth.

Given:
G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ Nm²kg⁻²
R = 6.4 × 10⁶ m
g = 9.8 ms⁻²

We know: g = GM / R²
⇒ M = g R² / G
= (9.8) × (6.4 × 10⁶)² / (6.67 × 10⁻¹¹)
= 9.8 × 40.96 × 10¹² / 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹
= 401.408 × 10¹² / 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹
= 6.02 × 10²⁴ kg (approx. 5.97 × 10²⁴ kg standard value)

Density ρ = Mass / Volume = M / (4/3 π R³)

= 3M / (4π R³)
= 3 × 6.02 × 10²⁴ / (4 × 3.14 × (6.4 × 10⁶)³)
≈ 5500 kg m⁻³ (exact calculation gives ~5515 kg/m³)

2. If the Earth were a solid sphere of iron of radius 6.37 × 10⁶ m and density 7560 kg m⁻³, what
would be the value of g at its surface?
ρ = 7560 kg/m³, R = 6.37 × 10⁶ m

Mass M = (4/3) π R³ ρ
g = GM / R² = G × (4/3 π R³ ρ) / R² = (4/3) π R ρ G
= (4/3) × 3.14 × 6.37 × 10⁶ × 7560 × 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹
≈ 9.9 m/s² (slightly higher than actual 9.8 due to higher density)

3. At what height from the surface of the Earth will the value of g reduce to 64% of its value on
the surface? R = 6400 km
Let height = h
g' = g (R² / (R + h)²) = 0.64 g
⇒ R² / (R + h)² = 0.64
⇒ (R + h)/R = 1 / √0.64 = 1 / 0.8 = 1.25
⇒ R + h = 1.25 R
⇒ h = 0.25 R = 0.25 × 6400 = 1600 km

4. Find the acceleration due to gravity at a point

(i) 64 km above
(ii) 32 km below the surface of the Earth.
Given: R = 6400 km, g_surface = 9.8 m/s²

(i) Above surface: h = 64 km

g' = g R² / (R + h)² ≈ g (1 – 2h/R) (for h << R)
= 9.8 (1 – 2 × 64 / 6400) = 9.8 (1 – 0.02) = 9.604 m/s²

(ii) Below surface: depth d = 32 km

g' = g (1 – d/R) = 9.8 (1 – 32/6400) = 9.8 (1 – 0.005) = 9.751 m/s²

5. Distance of Earth from Sun = 1 AU. Calculate distance of Mars from Sun.
T_earth = 365 days, T_mars = 687 days

Kepler’s Third Law: T² ∝ r³

⇒ (T_mars / T_earth)² = (r_mars / r_earth)³
⇒ (687 / 365)² = (r_mars / 1)³
⇒ (1.882)² ≈ 3.54
⇒ r_mars = (3.54)^{1/3} ≈ 1.52 AU
Distance of Mars = 1.52 AU

6. An artificial satellite is going round the Earth close to its surface. Calculate the time taken to
complete one round.
R ≈ 6400 km = 6.4 × 10⁶ m, g = 9.8 m/s²
For near-surface orbit: T = 2π √(R³ / g R²) = 2π √(R / g)
= 2 × 3.14 × √(6.4×10⁶ / 9.8)
= 6.28 × √(6.53 × 10⁵) ≈ 6.28 × 808 ≈ 5070 seconds ≈ 84.5 minutes

7. Neglecting air resistance, find the minimum velocity to escape from Earth.
R = 6370 km = 6.37 × 10⁶ m, g = 9.81 m/s²
v_escape = √(2gR) = √(2 × 9.81 × 6.37 × 10⁶)
= √(1.25 × 10⁸) ≈ 11.18 km/s (≈ 11.2 km/s)

8. Escape velocity from Earth = 11.2 km/s. Find escape velocity from Mars.
Mars: Mass = M_earth / 9, Radius = (1/2) R_earth
v_e ∝ √(M/R)
v_mars / v_earth = √( (M_mars / M_earth) × (R_earth / R_mars) ) = √( (1/9) × 2 ) = √(2/9) =
1/√4.5 ≈ 0.471
v_mars ≈ 0.471 × 11.2 ≈ 5.3 km/s

9. A small satellite moves in circular orbit close to planet surface. Period = 4200 s. Find density
of planet.
T = 4200 s, G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹
For near-surface orbit: T = 2π √(R³ / GM) = 2π √(R / g)
But g = (4/3) π R ρ G
T² = 4π² R³ / (GM) = 4π² R³ / (G × (4/3 π R³ ρ))
⇒ T² = 3π / (G ρ)
⇒ ρ = 3π / (G T²)
= 3 × 3.14 / (6.67×10⁻¹¹ × 4200²)
≈ 1600 kg/m³ (approx.)

10. Find mass of Sun if radius of Earth orbit = 1.51 × 10¹¹ m and gravitational constant = 6.67 ×
10⁻¹¹
Orbital velocity or centripetal: GM / r² = v² / r
But v = 2πr / T, T = 1 year = 3.156 × 10⁷ s
GM = 4π² r³ / T²
M_sun = 4π² r³ / (G T²)
= (39.48 × (1.51×10¹¹)³) / (6.67×10⁻¹¹ × (3.156×10⁷)²)
≈ 2 × 10³⁰ kg (standard value)

11. Artificial satellite revolves at height 600 km above Earth’s surface. Find orbital velocity.
R = 6400 km, h = 600 km → r = 7000 km = 7 × 10⁶ m
v_o = √(GM / r) = √(g R² / r)
= √(9.8 × (6.4×10⁶)² / 7×10⁶)
≈ 7.56 km/s

12. Calculate gravitational potential at height 2500 km from Earth’s surface.

h = 2500 km, R = 6400 km → r = 8900 km
Gravitational potential V = –GM / r = – g R² / r
= – 9.8 × (6.4×10⁶)² / 8.9×10⁶
≈ – 5.58 × 10⁷ J/kg

13. Calculate gravitational intensity and potential at surface of Moon.

M_moon = 7.34 × 10²² kg, R_moon = 1.74 × 10⁶ m, G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹

Intensity (g_moon) = GM / R²
= 6.67×10⁻¹¹ × 7.34×10²² / (1.74×10⁶)² ≈ 1.62 m/s²

Potential = –GM / R
= – (6.67×10⁻¹¹ × 7.34×10²²) / 1.74×10⁶ ≈ –2.67 × 10⁷ J/kg
14. A mass m is left to fall freely from height R/2 from surface. What is its velocity when it hits
surface? (v_escape = 11.2 km/s)
Initial height from centre = R + R/2 = 1.5 R
Using conservation of energy:
Loss in PE = Gain in KE
–GMm / (1.5R) + GMm / R = (1/2) m v²
GMm (1/R – 1/(1.5R)) = (1/2) m v²
GMm (0.5R / 1.5) / R² = (1/2) v²
(1/3) (GM / R) = (1/2) v²
But GM/R = gR = v_escape² / 2
So v² = (2/3) v_escape²
v = √(2/3) × 11.2 ≈ 9.15 km/s

PG@4

Q. Two stars of mass M₁ and M₂ of radii R₁ and R₂ are separated by a distance r. A particle of
mass m is mid way between them. Find the minimum speed with which it must be projected to
escape to infinity. The initial potential energy of the mass is given by.
(Note: The question mentions "The initial potential energy of the mass is given by," but it's cut off
in the image. I'll assume it's implying the gravitational potential energy at the midpoint, which is
standard for such problems.)
The minimum speed to escape to infinity is the escape speed from the midpoint. At infinity, total
energy = 0. Using conservation of energy:
Initial total energy = Kinetic energy + Potential energy = 0 (at infinity)
The gravitational potential at the midpoint (distance r/2 from each star) is:
V = –G M₁ / (r/2) – G M₂ / (r/2) = – (2G / r) (M₁ + M₂)
Initial PE = m V = – (2G m / r) (M₁ + M₂)
For escape:
½ m vₑ² + PE_initial = 0
⇒ ½ m vₑ² = – PE_initial = (2G m / r) (M₁ + M₂)
⇒ vₑ² = (4G / r) (M₁ + M₂)
⇒ vₑ = √[ (4G / r) (M₁ + M₂) ]
(Note: Radii R₁ and R₂ are given but not used, as the particle is outside the stars, assuming
point masses. If inside, it would be different, but midway suggests external.)

Q. The mass of Jupiter is 1.9 × 10²⁷ kg and that of sun is 2 × 10³⁰ kg. The mean distance
between them is 7.8 × 10¹¹ m. Find the gravitational force exerted by sun. Also calculate the
speed of Jupiter assuming circular orbit around sun.
First, gravitational force (using Newton's law of gravitation):
F = G M_sun M_jup / d²
G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ Nm²kg⁻² (standard value)
M_sun = 2 × 10³⁰ kg, M_jup = 1.9 × 10²⁷ kg, d = 7.8 × 10¹¹ m
F = (6.67 × 10⁻¹¹) × (2 × 10³⁰) × (1.9 × 10²⁷) / (7.8 × 10¹¹)²
= (6.67 × 10⁻¹¹) × (3.8 × 10⁵⁷) / (6.084 × 10²³)
= (2.535 × 10⁴⁷) / (6.084 × 10²³)
= 4.17 × 10²³ N (towards the Sun)
For speed of Jupiter in circular orbit (centripetal force = gravitational force):
M_jup v² / d = F = G M_sun M_jup / d²
⇒ v² = G M_sun / d
⇒ v = √(G M_sun / d)
= √[ (6.67 × 10⁻¹¹) × (2 × 10³⁰) / (7.8 × 10¹¹) ]
= √[ (1.334 × 10²⁰) / (7.8 × 10¹¹) ]
= √(1.71 × 10⁸)
= 1.31 × 10⁴ m/s (or 13.1 km/s)

Q. Infinite number of masses each equal to m are placed at x=1m, 2m, 4m, 8m ...... are kept on
the X-axis. Find the gravitational potential at the origin and calculate potential energy on a mass
M kept at origin.
Gravitational potential V at origin due to point masses:
V = –G Σ (m / x_i) for i=1 to ∞, where x_i = 2^{i-1} m (1,2,4,8...)
V = –G m (1/1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ...)
This is a geometric series: S = 1 / (1 – 1/2) = 2
⇒ V = –2 G m (at origin)
Potential energy of mass M at origin:
PE = M V = –2 G m M

Q. Two masses m₁ and m₂ are separated by a distance r. Find the expression for gravitational
potential at a point where the net force is zero.
The point where net force is zero is the neutral point (along the line joining m₁ and m₂). Assume
m₁ > m₂, let distance from m₁ be x, from m₂ be r – x.
Net force zero: G m₁ m / x² = G m₂ m / (r – x)²
⇒ √m₁ / x = √m₂ / (r – x) (for test mass m)
⇒ x = r √m₁ / (√m₁ + √m₂)
Gravitational potential V at this point:
V = – G m₁ / x – G m₂ / (r – x)
(It's negative due to attractive nature; no simplification unless specific values.)

Q. A rocket is fired vertically with a speed of 4 km/s from the earth's surface. How far from the
earth does the rocket go before starting to fall back? Given: Mass of the earth = 6.0 × 10²⁴ kg;
mean radius of the earth = 6.4 × 10⁶ m; G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ Nm²kg⁻².
Use conservation of mechanical energy (neglecting air resistance). At max height, v=0.
Initial: KE = ½ m v², PE = –G M_e m / R
Final (at max distance from center, r_max = R + h): KE=0, PE= –G M_e m / r_max
½ m v² – G M_e m / R = – G M_e m / r_max
⇒ ½ v² = G M_e (1/R – 1/r_max)
⇒ 1/r_max = 1/R – v² / (2 G M_e)
v = 4000 m/s, R=6.4×10⁶ m, M_e=6×10²⁴ kg, G=6.67×10⁻¹¹
First, G M_e = 6.67×10⁻¹¹ × 6×10²⁴ = 4.002×10¹⁴ m³/s²
1/r_max = 1/(6.4×10⁶) – (4000)² / (2 × 4.002×10¹⁴)
= 1.5625×10⁻⁷ – 1.6×10⁷ / 8.004×10¹⁴
= 1.5625×10⁻⁷ – 2×10⁻⁸
= 1.3625×10⁻⁷
r_max = 1 / 1.3625×10⁻⁷ ≈ 7.34×10⁶ m
h = r_max – R = 7.34×10⁶ – 6.4×10⁶ = 0.94 × 10⁶ m or 940 km

System of Particles & Rotational Motion Questions

1. What is a Rigid body?

A rigid body is an idealized system of particles where the distance between any two particles
remains constant, regardless of external forces applied (no deformation). In reality, all bodies
deform slightly, but for analysis, we assume rigidity (e.g., a spinning wheel or a rod).

2. What type of motion a rigid body may have when it is fixed along an axis?
When fixed along an axis, a rigid body can have pure rotational motion about that fixed axis
(e.g., a ceiling fan rotating about its shaft). No translation; all points move in circles
perpendicular to the axis.

3. When does a Rigid body said to have rotational motion?

A rigid body has rotational motion when all its particles move in circular paths about a common
axis (fixed or instantaneous), and the body rotates as a whole (e.g., Earth rotating on its axis).

4. What do you mean by precession of a spinning top?

Precession is the slow, conical motion of the axis of a spinning top (or gyroscope) around the
vertical due to gravitational torque. The top's spin axis traces a circle while the top wobbles but
doesn't fall (e.g., a toy top leaning but circling steadily). It occurs when torque is perpendicular to
angular momentum.

5. What is centre mass of a system of particles?

The center of mass (CM) is the point where the entire mass of the system can be considered
concentrated for translational motion. It's the weighted average position of all masses, behaving
as if all external forces act there (e.g., for a system of particles, CM moves with constant velocity
if no external force).

6. Write the expression for the position vector of the centre of mass of a system consisting of n
particle system?
For n particles with masses m_i and position vectors r_i (i=1 to n):
r_cm = (Σ m_i r_i) / M
where M = Σ m_i (total mass). In components: x_cm = (Σ m_i x_i)/M, similarly for y and z.

7. What will be the nature of motion of centre of mass of a system when total external force
acting on the system is zero?
The CM moves with constant velocity (uniform rectilinear motion) or remains at rest if initial
velocity is zero. From Newton's second law: a_cm = F_ext / M = 0 ⇒ v_cm = constant.

8. A moving radium nucleus decays into radon and an α particle. The two particle produced
during decay move in different direction. What is the direction of motion of the centre of mass
after decay?
The CM continues in the same direction as the original radium nucleus with constant velocity.
No external force (decay is internal), so CM motion is unchanged. The radon and α particle
move oppositely to conserve momentum.

9. What is the location of the centre of mass of a lamina of triangular shape?

For a uniform triangular lamina, CM is at the centroid (intersection of medians), located at 2/3
the height from any vertex to the base (or average of vertices' coordinates).

10. Give the location of centre of mass of sphere of uniform mass density?
At the geometric center (center of the sphere), due to symmetry.

11. Give the location of centre of mass of cylinder of uniform mass density?
At the midpoint of the axis (geometric center along height and radius).

12. Give the location of the centre of mass of ring of uniform mass density?
At the center of the ring (geometric center, even though no mass there).

13. Give an example for a body whose centre of mass lies inside the body.
A uniform solid sphere (CM at center, inside the material).

14. Give an example for a body whose centre of mass lies outside the body.
A uniform ring or hollow cylinder (CM at geometric center, outside the material).

15. Give the location of centre of mass of a cube of uniform mass density.
At the geometric center (intersection of diagonals).

16. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body?
No. It can lie outside (e.g., ring, boomerang, or L-shaped body) depending on mass distribution.

17. Two bodies of masses 2KG and 10KG have position vector and respectively. Find the
position vector of CM from the origin.
(Note: Vectors are cut off, but from text: position vectors 3i + 2j - k and i - j - 3k for 2kg and 10kg
respectively.)
m1=2 kg, r1= 3i + 2j - k
m2=10 kg, r2= i - j - 3k
r_cm = (m1 r1 + m2 r2) / (m1 + m2)
= [2(3i + 2j - k) + 10(i - j - 3k)] / 12
= (6i + 4j - 2k + 10i - 10j - 30k) / 12
= (16i - 6j - 32k) / 12
= (4/3)i - (1/2)j - (8/3)k
Distance from origin: |r_cm| = √[ (4/3)² + (-1/2)² + (-8/3)² ] = √[16/9 + 1/4 + 64/9] = √[
(64+9+256)/36 ] = √(329/36) ≈ 3.02 units

18. Two particles system Find the distance of their centre of mass from the origin. coordinate
system Find the distance.
(Note: Vague/incomplete in image, but assuming similar to Q17 or general. If specific positions
given, use formula as above. If not, general distance |r_cm| from origin.)

19. What is a body set to be an rotational motion? Give example.

A body is in rotational motion when it rotates about an axis, with particles moving in circles.
Example: A wheel rotating about its axle.

20. Define angular acceleration.

Angular acceleration (α) is the rate of change of angular velocity (ω). α = dω/dt = d²θ/dt² (units:
rad/s²). It's tangential acceleration / radius for circular motion.

PG@5

Here are detailed, step-by-step answers to all the questions on Rotational Motion (Class 11
Physics – System of Particles and Rotational Motion chapter, CBSE/NCERT level). I've
numbered them to match your list exactly.
21. A particle is moving in a circular path with a uniform speed. (i) What is the direction of
(linear) velocity? (ii) What is the direction of acceleration?

(i) Direction of linear velocity (v): Always tangential to the circular path (perpendicular to the
radius at every instant). It keeps changing direction continuously.
(ii) Direction of acceleration (a): Always towards the centre of the circle (centripetal
acceleration). Magnitude = v²/r = ω² r (constant in uniform circular motion), direction inward
along radius.

22. Write equations for rotational motion. (Analogous to linear motion equations)
For uniform angular acceleration (constant α):

ω = ω₀ + α t
θ = ω₀ t + ½ α t²
ω² = ω₀² + 2 α θ
θ = ½ (ω₀ + ω) t
(where θ = angular displacement, ω₀ = initial angular velocity, ω = final angular velocity, α =
angular acceleration, t = time)

23. Define moment of inertia of a body.

Moment of inertia (I) of a rigid body about an axis is a measure of its opposition to angular
acceleration about that axis. It is the rotational analogue of mass in linear motion.
Mathematically:
I = Σ mᵢ rᵢ² (for discrete particles)
or I = ∫ r² dm (for continuous bodies)
where rᵢ is the perpendicular distance of mass mᵢ from the axis of rotation.

24. Mention the factors on which moment of inertia of a body depends. Write an expression for
it.
Moment of inertia depends on:
Mass of the body (directly proportional)
Distribution of mass with respect to the axis (how far the mass is from the axis — farther mass
contributes more)
Position and orientation of the axis of rotation
Expression: I = Σ mᵢ rᵢ² or I = ∫ r² dm

25. Write the expression for moment of inertia of a body depends.

(Repeated question — same as above)
I ∝ M (total mass) and I ∝ r² (distance from axis)

26. Is moment of inertia a vector or a scalar?

Moment of inertia is a scalar quantity when we talk about rotation about a fixed axis (most Class
11 cases).
(In advanced mechanics, for 3D rigid bodies, moment of inertia is described by a tensor — but
in Class 11, treat it as scalar.)

27. Write the SI unit of moment of inertia.

SI unit: kg m²

28. Give the dimensions of moment of inertia.

Dimensions: [M L²]
(Mass × Length²)

29. Define torque.

Torque (τ) is the rotational equivalent of force. It is the tendency of a force to produce rotational
motion (or change angular velocity) about an axis.

30. Is torque a vector or a scalar?

Torque is a vector quantity.

31. Explain the term torque or moment of a force.

Torque = force × perpendicular distance from axis to line of action of force.
It causes angular acceleration (α) according to τ = I α.
32. Write the expression for the torque in terms of position vector and force.
τ = r × F (vector cross product)
Magnitude: τ = r F sinθ
(where θ is angle between r and F, r = position vector from axis to point of application of force)
In components (in 3D):
τ=|i j k |
| rₓ rᵧ r_z |
| Fₓ Fᵧ F_z |

33. Show that torque is equal to rate of change of angular momentum of a particle.
Angular momentum L = r × p = r × (m v)
dL/dt = dr/dt × p + r × dp/dt
= v × (m v) + r × F
= 0 + r × F (v × mv = 0)
⇒ dL/dt = r × F = τ
Hence, torque = rate of change of angular momentum.

34. Name the physical quantity which is equal to the time rate of change of angular momentum.
Torque (τ = dL/dt)

35. What is the S.I. unit of Torque?

SI unit: N m (newton-metre)
(also written as kg m² s⁻²)

36. Write the dimensions of torque.

Dimensions: [M L² T⁻²]
(same as work/energy, but torque is vector while energy is scalar)

37. Is moment of force a vector or a scalar?

Vector (moment of force = torque)

38. The time rate of change of angular momentum of a particle is equal to the torque acting on
it. Is it true or false?
True (as proved in Q.33)

39. What is the torque acting on a system when total angular momentum of a system is
constant?
Zero (because τ = dL/dt = 0 if L is constant)

40. Find the torque of a force 7 î + 3 ĵ – 5 k̂ about the origin. The force acts on a particle whose
position vector is î – ĵ + k̂.
Position vector r = î – ĵ + k̂
Force F = 7 î + 3 ĵ – 5 k̂
Torque τ = r × F
τ = | î ĵ k̂ |
| 1 –1 1 |
| 7 3 –5 |
= î [ (–1)(–5) – (1)(3) ] – ĵ [ (1)(–5) – (1)(7) ] + k̂ [ (1)(3) – (–1)(7) ]
= î (5 – 3) – ĵ (–5 – 7) + k̂ (3 + 7)
= î (2) – ĵ (–12) + k̂ (10)
= 2 î + 12 ĵ + 10 k̂ N·m

41. Define angular momentum.

Angular momentum (L) of a particle about a point is the rotational analogue of linear
momentum. It measures the quantity of rotational motion.

42. Write the expression for angular momentum in terms of linear momentum and position
vector.
L=r×p
or L = r × (m v)
Magnitude: L = m v r sinθ (θ = angle between r and v)

43. Write the expression for angular momentum in terms of moment of inertia and angular
velocity.
For a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis:
L=Iω
(angular momentum = moment of inertia × angular velocity)

44. State and explain the principle of conservation of angular momentum.

Principle: If the net external torque acting on a system is zero, then the total angular momentum
of the system remains constant (both in magnitude and direction).
τ_ext = 0 ⇒ L = constant (vector)

45. Show that angular momentum of a rotating body is kept constant when external torque on it
is zero.
From τ = dL/dt
If τ_ext = 0 → dL/dt = 0 → L = constant
Hence proved.

46. How is torque related to the angular momentum?

Torque is the rate of change of angular momentum:
τ = dL/dt

47. What is the magnitude of torque acting on a body rotating with a constant angular
momentum?
Zero (because if L is constant, dL/dt = 0 → τ = 0)
48. What is the external force on a system of particles when its total linear momentum is
constant?
(Question seems miswritten — should be torque for angular momentum)
If total angular momentum is constant → net external torque = 0
If total linear momentum is constant → net external force = 0
49. Give illustrations for law of conservation of angular momentum in case of
(i) man sitting in swivel chair
(ii) an acrobat taking somersault.
(i) Man in swivel chair: When a person sitting on a frictionless swivel chair stretches arms out →
moment of inertia increases → angular velocity decreases to keep L = Iω constant (arms in → I
decreases → ω increases).
(ii) Acrobat / diver doing somersault: During dive, acrobat pulls limbs close to body → I
decreases → ω increases (faster spin). When opening body → I increases → ω decreases.
50. State and explain the principle of conservation of angular momentum in case of (i) man
sitting in swivel chair (ii) an acrobat taking somersault.
(Repeated — same as Q.49)

51. Define radius of gyration. Write on which radius of gyration of body depends.
Radius of gyration (k) is the distance from the axis at which the entire mass of the body can be
supposed to be concentrated so that moment of inertia remains the same.
I = M k² → k = √(I / M)
It depends on:

Mass distribution relative to axis

Shape and size of body
Position of axis

52. Mention the factors on which radius of gyration depends.

Same as above: mass distribution and choice of axis.

53. Write the expression for angular momentum in terms of moment of inertia and angular
velocity.
L=Iω

54. Does the moment of inertia of a thin rod change with change of the axis of rotation?
Yes, it changes significantly.
Examples:
About axis through centre ⊥ to length: I = (1/12) M L²
About axis through one end ⊥ to length: I = (1/3) M L²
About axis along the length: I ≈ 0 (very small)
So moment of inertia depends on the axis chosen.

PG@6
55. Three bodies — a ring, a solid cylinder, and a solid sphere of same radius — starting from
rest roll down the same inclined plane without slipping. Which body has the greatest rotational
kinetic energy while reaching the bottom of the inclined plane?
All three reach the bottom with the same total kinetic energy (from conservation of energy: loss
in PE = gain in total KE).
Total KE = translational KE + rotational KE = ½ m v² + ½ I ω²
For rolling without slipping: v = ω R ⇒ ω = v/R
⇒ Rotational KE = ½ I (v/R)² = ½ (I/R²) v²
Let β = I / (m R²) (dimensionless factor)
Total KE = ½ m v² (1 + β) = m g h
⇒ v² = 2 g h / (1 + β)
Rotational KE = [β / (1 + β)] × (m g h)

Ring (hoop): I = m R² → β = 1 → rotational KE fraction = 1/(1+1) = ½ mgh (maximum)

Solid cylinder: I = ½ m R² → β = ½ → rotational KE = (½)/(3/2) = 1/3 mgh
Solid sphere: I = 2/5 m R² → β = 2/5 → rotational KE = (2/5)/(7/5) = 2/7 mgh (minimum)
The ring has the greatest rotational kinetic energy (because highest β → more energy goes into
rotation, slower linear speed).

56. Mention the two factors on which torque of a rotating body depends.
Torque τ = I α (for fixed axis)
So torque depends on:

Moment of inertia (I) of the body about the axis of rotation

Angular acceleration (α) produced
(Alternatively, from τ = r F sinθ: magnitude of force and perpendicular distance / lever arm)

57. Give the general conditions of equilibrium of a body.

For complete equilibrium (translational + rotational):

Net external force = 0 → Σ F = 0 (vector sum, no linear acceleration)

Net external torque = 0 → Σ τ = 0 (about any point, no angular acceleration)

58. Write the expression for work done by a torque and explain the terms.
Work done by torque: W = τ θ
(where τ = constant torque, θ = angular displacement in radians)
For variable torque: W = ∫ τ dθ
Analogous to W = F s in linear motion.
Positive if torque aids rotation, negative if opposes.

59. Why is flywheel used in engine of a train or a vehicle?

A flywheel has large moment of inertia. It stores rotational kinetic energy (½ I ω²) and helps:
Smooth out fluctuations in torque from the engine (maintains nearly constant angular speed
during power stroke gaps)
Provide extra energy during high load (e.g., starting or climbing)
Reduce jerks and vibrations in reciprocating engines

60. Compare rotational motion and linear motion. (Analogy table).

Linear MotionRotational Motion (about fixed axis)RelationDisplacement (s)Angular displacement
(θ)θ = s / rVelocity (v)Angular velocity (ω)v = ω rAcceleration (a)Angular acceleration (α)a = α
rMass (m)Moment of inertia (I)—Force (F)Torque (τ)τ = r F (tangential)Momentum (p = m
v)Angular momentum (L = I ω)L = r × pNewton's 2nd law (F = m a)τ = I α—Work (W = F s)Work
(W = τ θ)—KE (½ m v²)Rotational KE (½ I ω²)—

61. What is meant by mechanical advantage of a lever?

(Repeated in 62–63)
Mechanical advantage (MA) of a lever = Load / Effort = Effort arm / Load arm
It is the factor by which the lever multiplies the applied effort to lift/load a heavier weight. MA > 1
means less effort needed.

63. The mechanical advantage of a lever is greater than one. What does it mean?
MA > 1 means Effort arm > Load arm (Class I or Class III lever in some cases, but typically
Class I/II levers like see-saw or wheelbarrow).
It implies the lever provides a force multiplication — small effort can balance/lift large load, but
the load moves less distance (velocity disadvantage).

64. State and explain theorem of perpendicular axes.

Theorem: If I_z is the moment of inertia of a planar lamina about an axis perpendicular to its
plane (z-axis), and I_x and I_y are moments about two mutually perpendicular axes in the plane
intersecting at the same point, then:
I_z = I_x + I_y
Useful for calculating MI of discs, rings, laminas about perpendicular axis through centre.

65. State and explain theorem of parallel axes. (Also called parallel axis theorem)
Theorem: Moment of inertia of a body about any axis = MI about a parallel axis through centre
of mass + M d²
I = I_cm + M d²
(where d = perpendicular distance between the two parallel axes)
It allows shifting axis from CM to any parallel axis.

66. Using perpendicular axis theorem obtain the expression for moment of inertia of a disc
about its diameter. Assume the expression for MI about perpendicular axis through centre.
For thin disc of mass M, radius R:
I_z (perpendicular to plane through centre) = ½ M R²
By perpendicular axes theorem (x and y are two diameters, mutually perpendicular):
I_z = I_x + I_y
Since symmetry, I_x = I_y (both diameters)
⇒ ½ M R² = 2 I_diameter
⇒ I_diameter = ¼ M R²

67. Obtain an expression for MI of a rotating pair of small masses attached to the two ends of a
rigid massless rod of length l & rotating about an axis through the centre of mass perpendicular
to it.
Two equal masses m each at ends of rod length l (distance from CM = l/2 each).
I = m (l/2)² + m (l/2)² = 2 m (l²/4) = (1/2) m l²
(If masses are m₁ and m₂, general: I = μ l² where μ = m₁ m₂ / (m₁ + m₂) reduced mass)

68. Using perpendicular axis theorem obtain an expression for MI of a ring about its diameter
through the centre.
For thin ring (hoop) mass M, radius R:
I_z (perpendicular through centre) = M R²
By perpendicular axes: I_z = I_d1 + I_d2
I_d1 = I_d2 (symmetry)
⇒ M R² = 2 I_diameter
⇒ I_diameter = ½ M R²

69. Using parallel axis theorem obtain the expression for MI of a ring about a tangent to the
circumference.
MI about diameter = ½ M R² (from Q.68)
Now shift to tangent (parallel to diameter, distance d = R from centre):
I_tangent = I_diameter + M R² = ½ M R² + M R² = (3/2) M R²

70. Three equal masses are kept at P(x₁,y₁), Q(x₂,y₂) and R(x₃,y₃) in a coordinate system. Show
that their centre of mass coincides with the centroid of the triangle PQR.
Let masses = m each. Total mass = 3m
x_cm = (m x₁ + m x₂ + m x₃)/(3m) = (x₁ + x₂ + x₃)/3
y_cm = (y₁ + y₂ + y₃)/3
This is exactly the coordinate of the centroid of triangle PQR (average of vertices). Hence
proved.

71. Four identical spheres each of radius r are placed on a horizontal table touching one
another so that their centres lie at the corners of square of side 2r. Find the position of centre of
mass.
Centres form square with side 2r (distance between adjacent centres = 2r).
By symmetry (equal masses), CM is at the geometric centre of the square.
If one corner at (0,0), others at (2r,0), (2r,2r), (0,2r) → CM at (r, r) (centre of square).

72. Two point masses 5 kg and 10 kg are separated by distance 2 m. Locate the centre of mass
from 5 kg along the line joining them.
Let m₁ = 5 kg at origin, m₂ = 10 kg at 2 m.
x_cm = (m₁ × 0 + m₂ × 2) / (m₁ + m₂) = (10 × 2) / 15 = 20/15 = 4/3 m ≈ 1.33 m from 5 kg (or 2/3
m from 10 kg).

73. A diatomic molecule consists of two atoms m₁ and m₂ separated by distance r. Show that MI
about axis through CM perpendicular to line joining atoms is (m₁ m₂ / (m₁ + m₂)) r².
Reduced mass μ = m₁ m₂ / (m₁ + m₂)
Distance from CM: d₁ = (m₂ r)/(m₁ + m₂), d₂ = (m₁ r)/(m₁ + m₂)
I = m₁ d₁² + m₂ d₂² = m₁ (m₂² r²)/(m₁ + m₂)² + m₂ (m₁² r²)/(m₁ + m₂)²
= [m₁ m₂² + m₂ m₁²] r² / (m₁ + m₂)² = m₁ m₂ (m₁ + m₂) r² / (m₁ + m₂)²
= (m₁ m₂ / (m₁ + m₂)) r²
Proved.

74. A disc of mass 200 kg and radius 50 cm is rotating at 480 rpm. Find the work done to bring
the disc to rest. If stopped in 11 rotations, calculate retarding torque.
M = 200 kg, R = 0.5 m, f = 480 rpm → ω_i = 480 × 2π / 60 = 16π rad/s ≈ 50.27 rad/s
I = ½ M R² = ½ × 200 × (0.5)² = 25 kg m²
Initial rotational KE = ½ I ω_i² = ½ × 25 × (50.27)² ≈ 31583 J
Work done to stop = change in KE = –31583 J (magnitude 31583 J done by retarding torque)
In 11 rotations: θ = 11 × 2π = 22π rad
ω_f = 0, ω_i² = 2 α θ → α = – ω_i² / (2 θ)
τ = I α = – I ω_i² / (2 θ) ≈ –457 Nm (magnitude 457 Nm)

75. The earth has mass 6 × 10²⁴ kg and radius 6400 km. Calculate the amount of work done if
its rotation were slowed down so that duration of a day is 30 hours.
I_earth ≈ (2/5) M R² (uniform sphere approx) = (2/5) × 6×10²⁴ × (6.4×10⁶)² ≈ 9.83 × 10³⁷ kg m²
ω_24hr = 2π / (86400) ≈ 7.27 × 10⁻⁵ rad/s
ω_30hr = 2π / (108000) ≈ 5.82 × 10⁻⁵ rad/s
ΔKE = ½ I (ω_24² – ω_30²) ≈ 9.36 × 10²⁸ J (work done to slow it down)

76. A solid cylinder is attached to a horizontal massless spring (k = 300 N/m). The system is
released from rest with spring stretched 25 cm. Calculate translational KE and rotational KE as
it passes through equilibrium position (no slipping).
Initial PE (spring) = ½ k x² = ½ × 300 × (0.25)² = 9.375 J
For rolling without slipping solid cylinder: I = ½ m R², total KE = ½ m v² + ½ (½ m R²) (v/R)² = ½
m v² + ¼ m v² = (3/4) m v²
Conservation: ½ k x² = (3/4) m v²
Translational KE = ½ m v² = (2/3) × 9.375 = 6.25 J
Rotational KE = ¼ m v² = (1/3) × 9.375 = 3.125 J

PG@7

77. A uniform sphere of mass 2 kg and radius 10 cm is released from rest on an inclined plane
which makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Deduce:
(a) its angular acceleration
(b) linear acceleration
(c) kinetic energy as it travels 2 m along the plane.
Given: m = 2 kg, R = 0.1 m, θ = 30°, starts from rest, rolls without slipping.
For rolling without slipping down incline:
Net force along plane: mg sinθ – f = ma
Torque: f R = I α, I = (2/5) m R² for solid sphere
α = a / R (no slipping)
Substitute: f = I α / R = (2/5 m R²) (a / R) / R = (2/5) m a
mg sinθ – (2/5) m a = m a
mg sinθ = m a + (2/5) m a = (7/5) m a
a = (5/7) g sinθ = (5/7) × 9.8 × sin30° = (5/7) × 9.8 × 0.5 ≈ 3.5 m/s²
Angular acceleration:
α = a / R = 3.5 / 0.1 = 35 rad/s²
Kinetic energy after travelling s = 2 m along plane:
v² = u² + 2 a s = 0 + 2 × 3.5 × 2 = 14
v = √14 ≈ 3.74 m/s
Total KE = ½ m v² + ½ I ω² = ½ m v² (1 + I/(m R²))
I/(m R²) = 2/5
KE = ½ m v² (1 + 2/5) = (7/10) m v² = (7/10) × 2 × 14 = 19.6 J
(Alternatively: loss in PE = m g h = m g (2 sin30°) = 2 × 9.8 × 1 = 19.6 J → same)

78. A cord of negligible mass is wound round the rim of a flywheel of mass 40 kg and radius 40
cm. A steady pull of 25 N is applied with the cord. The flywheel is mounted on a horizontal axle
with frictionless bearings.
(a) Compute the angular acceleration of the wheel.
(b) Find work done by the pull, when 2 m of cord is unwound.
(c) Find kinetic energy of the wheel at this point. Assume starts from rest.
Given: M = 40 kg, R = 0.4 m, F = 25 N (tangential pull)
(a) Torque τ = F R = 25 × 0.4 = 10 Nm
For flywheel (assume like a disc or ring; Class 11 often takes I = ½ M R² for solid disc unless
specified)
I = ½ × 40 × (0.4)² = ½ × 40 × 0.16 = 3.2 kg m²
α = τ / I = 10 / 3.2 = 3.125 rad/s²
(b) Work done by pull = F × distance cord unwound = 25 × 2 = 50 J
(Work = torque × angular displacement; θ = s / R = 2 / 0.4 = 5 rad → W = 10 × 5 = 50 J, same)
(c) KE gained = work done (no friction) = 50 J
(½ I ω² = 50 → ω² = 100 / 3.2 = 31.25 → ω = √31.25 ≈ 5.59 rad/s)

79. The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased from 1200 rpm to 3120 rpm in 16 seconds.
What is its angular acceleration, assuming uniform?
ωᵢ = 1200 rpm = 1200 × 2π / 60 = 40π rad/s
ω_f = 3120 rpm = 3120 × 2π / 60 = 104π rad/s
α = (ω_f – ωᵢ) / t = (104π – 40π) / 16 = (64π) / 16 = 4π rad/s² ≈ 12.57 rad/s²
80. Three bodies — a ring, a solid cylinder and a solid sphere roll down the same inclined plane
without slipping. They start from rest. Their radii are identical. Which one reaches the ground
with maximum velocity?
From energy: m g h = ½ m v² + ½ I ω² = ½ m v² (1 + β), where β = I / (m R²)
v = √[2 g h / (1 + β)]
Smaller β → larger v

Ring: β = 1 → v smallest
Solid cylinder: β = 1/2 → v medium
Solid sphere: β = 2/5 = 0.4 → v largest
Solid sphere reaches with maximum velocity.

81. In HCl molecule, separation between nuclei ≈ 1.27 Å = 1.27 × 10⁻¹⁰ m. Chlorine is 35.5 times
as massive as hydrogen. Nearly all mass is in nucleus. Find approximate location of CM of the
molecule.
Let m_H = m, m_Cl = 35.5 m
Distance between nuclei = r = 1.27 × 10⁻¹⁰ m
CM from H nucleus:
x_cm = (m_H × 0 + m_Cl × r) / (m_H + m_Cl) = (35.5 m × r) / (36.5 m) = (35.5 / 36.5) r ≈ 0.973 r
≈ 0.973 × 1.27 Å ≈ 1.235 Å from H nucleus
(very close to Cl nucleus, as expected due to large mass difference)

82. Torques of equal magnitude applied to a hollow cylinder and solid sphere, both same mass
and radius. Cylinder about symmetry axis, sphere about diameter. Which acquires greater
angular acceleration after given time?
α=τ/I
Same τ → larger α for smaller I
Hollow cylinder (thin): I = m R²
Solid sphere (about diameter): I = (2/5) m R²
I_sphere < I_cylinder → solid sphere has greater angular acceleration.

83. A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed 100 rad/s. Radius =
0.25 m.
(a) Kinetic energy associated with rotation
(b) Magnitude of angular momentum
I = ½ m R² = ½ × 20 × (0.25)² = ½ × 20 × 0.0625 = 0.625 kg m²
(a) KE_rot = ½ I ω² = ½ × 0.625 × (100)² = 0.3125 × 10000 = 3125 J
(b) L = I ω = 0.625 × 100 = 62.5 kg m²/s (magnitude)

84. (a) A child stands at centre of turntable with arms outstretched. Turntable set rotating at 40
rev/min. If child folds arms back and reduces moment of inertia to 2/5 initial value, find new
angular speed.
(b) Show child's new rotational KE is more than initial. Account for increase.
(a) Conservation of angular momentum (no external torque):
I₁ ω₁ = I₂ ω₂
I₂ = (2/5) I₁
ω₂ = (I₁ / I₂) ω₁ = (5/2) × 40 = 100 rev/min
(b) Initial KE = ½ I₁ ω₁²
Final KE = ½ I₂ ω₂² = ½ (2/5 I₁) (5/2 ω₁)² = ½ (2/5) I₁ × (25/4) ω₁² = (5/4) × ½ I₁ ω₁² = 1.25 × initial
KE
Increase comes from work done by child (muscular effort) in pulling arms inward against
centrifugal force.

85. A rope of negligible mass wound round hollow cylinder mass 3 kg, radius 40 cm. Pulled with
force 30 N. What is linear acceleration of rope? No slipping.
I = m R² (hollow cylinder about central axis) = 3 × (0.4)² = 0.48 kg m²
Torque τ = F R = 30 × 0.4 = 12 Nm
α = τ / I = 12 / 0.48 = 25 rad/s²
Linear acceleration of rope a = α R = 25 × 0.4 = 10 m/s²

86. To maintain rotor at uniform angular speed 200 rad/s, engine transmits torque 180 Nm.
What is power required?
Power P = τ ω = 180 × 200 = 36000 W = 36 kW

87. A metre stick balanced on knife edge at centre. When two coins each 5 g put on top at 12.0
cm and 45.0 cm marks, stick balances at other end 12.0 cm mark. Find mass of metre stick.
Metre stick length 100 cm, balanced at 50 cm initially.
Let M = mass of stick, uniform → CM at 50 cm.
New balance point at 12 cm from one end (say left end at 0 cm, right at 100 cm, new pivot at 12
cm).
Taking moments about new pivot (12 cm mark):
Clockwise: 5 g coin at 45 cm → distance = 45 – 12 = 33 cm
Counterclockwise: 5 g coin at 12 cm → distance = 12 – 12 = 0 cm (at pivot)
Stick CM at 50 cm → distance = 50 – 12 = 38 cm to right
For balance:
M × 38 = 5 × 33 + 5 × 0
M × 38 = 165
M = 165 / 38 ≈ 4.34 g (very light stick – typical problem value)
(Note: coins in grams, stick mass also small – common in such problems)

88. A solid sphere rolls down two inclined planes of same height but different angles of
inclination. Will it reach bottom with same speed? Which case takes longer time? Why?
Speed at bottom: same height → same loss in PE → same gain in total KE (trans + rot) → same
final speed (independent of angle for rolling without slipping).
Time taken: steeper incline (larger θ) → larger acceleration a = g sinθ / (1 + β) → shorter time.
Gentler incline → smaller a → takes longer time.

PG@8
89. A loop of radius 2 m weighs 100 kg. It rolls along a horizontal floor, so that its centre of mass
has a speed of 20 cm/s. How much work is done to stop it? Given: R = 2 m
(Note: Loop likely means a hoop or ring. v = 20 cm/s = 0.2 m/s, m = 100 kg, g = 10 m/s² implied
but not needed for work to stop.)
To stop rolling body, work done = loss in total kinetic energy (translational + rotational).
For rolling without slipping: v = ω R → ω = v / R
I for loop (hoop) about central axis = m R²
Total KE = ½ m v² + ½ I ω² = ½ m v² + ½ (m R²) (v/R)² = ½ m v² + ½ m v² = m v²
Work to stop = m v² = 100 × (0.2)² = 100 × 0.04 = 4 J

90. The oxygen molecule has a mass of 5.3 × 10⁻²⁶ kg and M.I. of I = 1.94 × 10⁻⁴⁶ kg m², about
an axis through its centre perpendicular to the lines joining the atoms. Suppose the mean speed
of such a molecule in a gas is 500 m/s and that its K.E. of rotation is two thirds of its K.E. of
translation. Find the average angular velocity of the molecule.
KE_trans = ½ m v² (mean speed v = 500 m/s)
Given: KE_rot = (2/3) KE_trans
KE_rot = ½ I ω²
⇒ ½ I ω² = (2/3) × ½ m v²
⇒ I ω² = (2/3) m v²
⇒ ω² = (2/3) (m v² / I)
= (2/3) × (5.3 × 10⁻²⁶ × (500)²) / (1.94 × 10⁻⁴⁶)
= (2/3) × (5.3 × 10⁻²⁶ × 2.5 × 10⁵) / 1.94 × 10⁻⁴⁶
= (2/3) × (1.325 × 10⁻²⁰) / 1.94 × 10⁻⁴⁶
= (2/3) × 6.83 × 10²⁵ ≈ 4.55 × 10²⁵
ω = √(4.55 × 10²⁵) ≈ 6.75 × 10¹² rad/s

91. A solid cylinder rolls up an inclined plane at the bottom of the inclined plane; the centre of
mass of the cylinder has a speed of 5 m/s. How far up the plane will the cylinder go?
For rolling without slipping up incline: total KE at bottom = PE gain at max height h up plane.
v = 5 m/s, I = ½ m R² for solid cylinder
Total KE = ½ m v² + ½ I ω² = ½ m v² + ½ (½ m R²) (v/R)² = ½ m v² + ¼ m v² = (3/4) m v²
m g h = (3/4) m v²
h = (3/4) v² / g = (3/4) × 25 / 9.8 ≈ 1.91 m (along plane; actual height = h sinθ, but question asks
"how far up the plane" → distance along plane)
(Note: Independent of θ, as energy conservation.)

92. A man stands on a rotating platform, with his arms stretched horizontally holding a 5 kg
weight in each hand. The angular speed of the platform is 30 revolutions per minute. The man
then brings his arms close to his body with the distance of each weight from the axis changing
from 90 cm to 20 cm. The moment of inertia of the man together with the platform may be taken
to be constant and equal to 7.6 kg m².
(a) What is his new angular speed? (neglect friction)
(b) Is kinetic energy conserved in the process? If not, from where does the change come from?
I_initial = I_man + 2 × m_weight × r_initial² = 7.6 + 2 × 5 × (0.9)² = 7.6 + 10 × 0.81 = 7.6 + 8.1 =
15.7 kg m²
I_final = 7.6 + 2 × 5 × (0.2)² = 7.6 + 10 × 0.04 = 7.6 + 0.4 = 8.0 kg m²
ω_initial = 30 rpm = 30 × 2π / 60 = π rad/s
(a) Conservation of angular momentum (no external torque):
I_i ω_i = I_f ω_f
ω_f = (15.7 / 8.0) × π ≈ 1.9625 π ≈ 1.96 π rad/s ≈ 58.8 rpm (or exactly 15.7/8 × 30 ≈ 58.875
rpm)
(b) Not conserved. Initial KE = ½ I_i ω_i² ≈ ½ × 15.7 × π² ≈ 77.5 J
Final KE = ½ × 8 × (1.9625 π)² ≈ ½ × 8 × 3.85 π² ≈ 4 × 3.85 × 9.87 ≈ 152 J (increased)
Change comes from work done by man (internal muscular effort) in pulling arms inward.

93. The speed of a heat engine increases from 420 rpm to 6360 rpm in 18 s. Calculate
(a) angular acceleration
(b) angular displacement
(c) number of revolutions made in this period of time.
ω_i = 420 rpm = 420 × 2π/60 = 14π rad/s
ω_f = 6360 rpm = 6360 × 2π/60 = 212π rad/s
(a) α = (ω_f – ω_i)/t = (212π – 14π)/18 = (198π)/18 = 11π rad/s² ≈ 34.56 rad/s²
(b) θ = ω_i t + ½ α t² = 14π × 18 + ½ × 11π × 18² = 252π + (11π/2) × 324 = 252π + 1782π =
2034π rad ≈ 6390 rad
(c) Revolutions = θ / 2π = 2034π / 2π = 1017 revolutions

94. An electric drill accelerates from rest to 9000 rpm in 2 s. What is its angular acceleration?
What is the total angular displacement?
ω_i = 0, ω_f = 9000 rpm = 9000 × 2π/60 = 300π rad/s
α = ω_f / t = 300π / 2 = 150π rad/s² ≈ 471 rad/s²
θ = ½ α t² = ½ × 150π × 4 = 300π rad ≈ 942 rad

95. A flywheel of mass 12.5 kg and diameter 0.36 m rotating at 90 rpm has its speed increased
to 720 rpm. Find the torque applied if 10 rad/s² by applied torque of 2 Nm.
(Note: Question seems garbled. Assuming "find a) MI b) radius of gyration" as per image
context.)
R = 0.18 m, M = 12.5 kg (assume disc: I = ½ M R² = ½ × 12.5 × (0.18)² = ½ × 12.5 × 0.0324 ≈
0.2025 kg m²)
Radius of gyration k = √(I/M) = √(0.2025 / 12.5) ≈ √0.0162 ≈ 0.127 m
(Torque part: perhaps separate – if τ = 2 Nm, α = 10 rad/s², then I = τ/α = 2/10 = 0.2 kg m², close
to above)

96. A 5 kg wheel is given an acceleration of 10 rad/s² by an applied torque of 2 Nm. Calculate

(a) moment of inertia
(b) radius of gyration of the wheel.
(a) τ = I α → I = τ / α = 2 / 10 = 0.2 kg m²
(b) k = √(I / m) = √(0.2 / 5) = √0.04 = 0.2 m
97. A wheel of moment of inertia 125 kg m² is rotating at 120 rpm. If its speed of rotation
doubles then calculate the energy gained.
ω_i = 120 rpm = 120 × 2π/60 = 4π rad/s
ω_f = 240 rpm = 8π rad/s
KE_i = ½ I ω_i² = ½ × 125 × (4π)² = 62.5 × 16 π² ≈ 62.5 × 16 × 9.87 ≈ 9870 J
KE_f = ½ × 125 × (8π)² = 62.5 × 64 π² ≈ 62.5 × 64 × 9.87 ≈ 39480 J
Energy gained = KE_f – KE_i = 39480 – 9870 ≈ 29610 J

Work, Power, Energy Questions (Focus on Vector Multiplication/Dot

Product)

Q. Mention the two types of multiplication of vectors.

Scalar product (Dot product): Results in a scalar quantity (e.g., work = F · s).
Vector product (Cross product): Results in a vector quantity (e.g., torque = r × F).

Q. Explain how commutative law holds good in dot product.

Commutative law: A · B = B · A
Dot product: A · B = A B cosθ (θ = angle between A and B)
Si
nce cosθ is same regardless of order (angle between is mutual), and multiplication
commutative, A · B = B · A holds.
Q. Explain how distributive law holds good in dot product.
Distributive law: A · (B + C) = A · B + A · C
Proof: Vectorially, dot product distributes over addition because cosθ applies to each component
projection.
Mathematically: A · (B + C) = A_x (B_x + C_x) + A_y (B_y + C_y) + A_z (B_z + C_z) = (A_x B_x
+ A_y B_y + A_z B_z) + (A_x C_x + A_y C_y + A_z C_z) = A · B + A · C

Q. Define scalar product of two vectors.

Scalar (dot) product of two vectors A and B is a scalar equal to the product of their magnitudes
and cosine of the angle between them:
A · B = A B cosθ
It represents the projection of one vector onto the other multiplied by the magnitude.

Q. Write the mathematical equation for dot product of two vectors.

A · B = |A| |B| cosθ
(or in components: A · B = A_x B_x + A_y B_y + A_z B_z)

Q. What is the condition for the two vectors to be perpendicular to each other?
If two vectors are perpendicular, θ = 90°, cos90° = 0 → A · B = 0

Q. If A · B = 0, then what is the angle between A and B?

θ = 90° (vectors are perpendicular/orthogonal)
Q. In the equation A · B = A B cos θ, what does B cos θ represent?
B cosθ represents the component of B along the direction of A (projection of B onto A).

Q. If A · B = A B, then what is the angle between A and B?

A B cosθ = A B → cosθ = 1 → θ = 0° (vectors parallel and in same direction)

Q. If A · B = – A B, then what is the angle between A and B?

cosθ = –1 → θ = 180° (vectors parallel but opposite directions)

Q. What is the value of scalar product of a vector with itself?

A · A = A A cos0° = A² (since θ=0°, cos0=1)

Q. What is the value of dot product of a unit vector with itself?

Unit vector |â| = 1 → â · â = 1 × 1 × cos0° = 1

PG@9

Q. Find the value of 'n' so that vector (6î – 6ĵ + 2k̂) may be perpendicular to the vector (4î + 8ĵ +
n k̂).
Two vectors are perpendicular if their dot product is zero.
Let A = 6î – 6ĵ + 2k̂
B = 4î + 8ĵ + n k̂
A·B=0
⇒ (6)(4) + (–6)(8) + (2)(n) = 0
⇒ 24 – 48 + 2n = 0
⇒ –24 + 2n = 0
⇒ 2n = 24
⇒ n = 12

Q. Find the angle between the vectors A = 2î – 4ĵ – 5k̂ and B = î + ĵ + k̂.

A · B = |A| |B| cosθ
⇒ cosθ = (A · B) / (|A| |B|)
First, A · B = (2)(1) + (–4)(1) + (–5)(1) = 2 – 4 – 5 = –7
|A| = √(2² + (–4)² + (–5)²) = √(4 + 16 + 25) = √45 = 3√5
|B| = √(1 + 1 + 1) = √3
cosθ = –7 / (3√5 × √3) = –7 / (3 √15) ≈ –7 / 11.619 ≈ –0.602
θ = cos⁻¹(–0.602) ≈ 127° (or exactly cos⁻¹(–7/(3√15)))

Q. If A = Aₓ î + Aᵧ ĵ + A_z k̂ and B = Bₓ î + Bᵧ ĵ + B_z k̂ are the two vectors in rectangular

components, then find out their scalar product and find A · A.
Scalar product (dot product):
A · B = Aₓ Bₓ + Aᵧ Bᵧ + A_z B_z
A · A (dot product of vector with itself):
A · A = Aₓ² + Aᵧ² + A_z² = |A|² (magnitude squared)

Q. When work is said to be done?

Work is said to be done when a force (or component of force) produces displacement in its own
direction.
Mathematically: W = F · s = F s cosθ
Work is zero if:
No displacement (s = 0)
Force perpendicular to displacement (θ = 90°, cos90° = 0)
No force acting

Q. Is work vector or scalar?

Work is a scalar quantity (it has only magnitude, no direction).
Q. What is the SI unit of work?
SI unit of work = joule (J)
1 J = 1 N · m = 1 kg m² s⁻²

Q. Define one joule.

One joule is the work done when a force of 1 newton produces a displacement of 1 metre in the
direction of the force.

Q. What is the CGS unit of work?

CGS unit = erg
1 erg = 1 dyne · cm = 10⁻⁷ J

Q. Show that 1 J = 10⁷ ergs.

1 J = 1 N · m = (10⁵ dyne) × (100 cm) = 10⁷ dyne · cm = 10⁷ ergs

Q. Define 1 erg.
One erg is the work done when a force of 1 dyne produces a displacement of 1 cm in the
direction of the force.

Q. What is meant by positive, negative and zero work?

Positive work: Force and displacement in same direction (θ < 90°, cosθ > 0)
Example: Pushing a box forward
Negative work: Force and displacement in opposite directions (θ > 90°, cosθ < 0)
Example: Friction opposing motion
Zero work: Force perpendicular to displacement (θ = 90°, cosθ = 0)
Example: Centripetal force in circular motion, tension in pendulum at extreme position

Q. What is the value of work done by the centripetal force?

Zero
Reason: Centripetal force is always perpendicular to instantaneous velocity (displacement
direction) → θ = 90° → W = F s cos90° = 0
Q. Under what conditions is the work done by a force maximum and minimum?
Maximum work: When force and displacement are parallel and in same direction → θ = 0° →
cosθ = 1 → W = F s (maximum)
Minimum work (most negative): When force and displacement are parallel but opposite → θ =
180° → cosθ = –1 → W = –F s (most negative)

Q. State any two conditions under which a force does no work.

Force is perpendicular to displacement (e.g., centripetal force, magnetic force on moving
charge)
No displacement occurs (e.g., person standing still holding a bag)

Q. What is the work done by the tension in the string of a simple pendulum?
Zero over one complete oscillation (or any closed path).
Reason: Tension is always perpendicular to instantaneous velocity (tangential to arc) → cos90°
=0→W=0

Q. Mention the dimensions of the work done.

Work = force × displacement
Dimensions: [M L² T⁻²]
(same as energy)

Q. What is the nature of the work done by frictional force?

Frictional force always opposes relative motion → work done by friction is always negative
(reduces mechanical energy, converts to heat).

Q. How does the area under ‘force-displacement’ curve represent?

The area under the force-displacement graph (F vs s) represents the work done by the force.
For constant force: Area = rectangle = F × s
For variable force: Work = ∫ F ds = area under curve

Q. How do you represent graphically work done by a constant force?

A straight horizontal line (F = constant) on F-s graph.
Work = area of rectangle = F × s

Q. Derive an expression for the work done by a variable force graphically.

For variable force:
W = ∫ F ds (from s₁ to s₂)
Graphically: Divide displacement into small segments Δsᵢ.
Work in each small segment ≈ Fᵢ Δsᵢ
Total work = sum of all small areas = area under F-s curve from initial to final position.

Q. Define energy.
Energy is the capacity to do work (or ability to cause change in physical state).
Q. What are the two types of mechanical energies?
Kinetic energy (energy due to motion): KE = ½ m v²
Potential energy (energy due to position/configuration):
Gravitational PE = m g h
Elastic PE = ½ k x²

Q. Mention different forms of energies.

Mechanical (KE + PE)
Thermal (heat)
Chemical
Electrical
Nuclear
Light (radiant)
Sound
Magnetic

Q. What is exothermic reaction?

Exothermic reaction: Chemical reaction that releases heat energy to surroundings (temperature
rises).
Example: Burning of coal, combustion of fuel

Q. What is endothermic reaction?

Endothermic reaction: Chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy from surroundings
(temperature falls).
Example: Photosynthesis, dissolution of NH₄Cl in water

Q. Which energy is converted into heat energy during burning of coal, gas, petrol etc.?
Chemical energy stored in bonds of fuel is converted into heat energy (and light).

Q. Is energy vector or scalar?

Energy is a scalar quantity.

Q. Express 1 kWh in joule.

1 kWh = 1 kilowatt × 1 hour = 1000 W × 3600 s = 3.6 × 10⁶ J

Q. Out of joule, calorie, kilowatt and electron volt, which one is not the unit of energy?
kilowatt is unit of power, not energy.
Others are energy units:
joule (SI)
calorie (1 cal = 4.184 J)
electron volt (1 eV = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J)

Q. Name the largest and smallest practical units of energy.

Largest practical unit: kilowatt-hour (kWh) or megawatt-hour
Smallest practical unit: electron volt (eV) (used in atomic/nuclear physics)

Q. The energy associated with the daily food intake of a human adult is 10⁷ J in kilo calories.
Express it in kilo calories.
10⁷ J = 10,000,000 J
1 kcal = 4184 J ≈ 4200 J
⇒ 10⁷ J ≈ 10,000,000 / 4200 ≈ 2381 kcal (≈ 2400 kcal – typical daily intake)

Q. What is the energy associated with 1 kg of mass? (Mass-energy equivalence)

E = m c²
m = 1 kg, c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
E = 1 × (3 × 10⁸)² = 9 × 10¹⁶ J (enormous – basis of nuclear energy)

Q. What type of nuclear reaction takes place in nuclear power plant?

Controlled nuclear fission reaction (e.g., U-235 splits into fragments + neutrons + energy, chain
reaction controlled by moderators and control rods)

Q. What type of nuclear reaction takes place in nuclear weapons?

Uncontrolled nuclear fission (atomic bomb) or nuclear fusion (hydrogen bomb – thermonuclear)

Q. How does an arrow gain K.E. when it is shot from a bow?

Elastic potential energy stored in the stretched bowstring (½ k x²) is converted into kinetic
energy of the arrow when released (elastic PE → KE).

Q. What kind of energy transformation takes place at a thermoelectric power station?

Chemical energy (from coal/gas) → heat energy (combustion) → thermal energy (steam) →
mechanical energy (turbine rotation) → electrical energy (generator)

Q. State the law of conservation of energy.

The law of conservation of energy states that:
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to
another.
Total energy in an isolated system remains constant.

PG@10

Q. Explain potential energy with example.

Potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its position or configuration in a field
(gravitational, elastic, electric, etc.). It is stored energy that can be converted into kinetic energy
or other forms.
Example:
A stone of mass m at height h above ground has gravitational potential energy = mgh.
When dropped, PE converts to KE as it falls.
Q. Can potential energy of an object be negative?
Yes, gravitational potential energy is negative when the reference point (zero PE) is taken at
infinity.
PE = –GMm / r (for two masses) → always negative for finite r.
Near Earth surface, we often take PE = 0 at ground level, so PE = mgh is positive above ground
and negative below ground (e.g., in a well).

Q. Derive an expression for potential energy of a body due to its position.

Consider a body of mass m lifted slowly (no KE change) from ground to height h against gravity
(constant g near surface).
Work done by external agent = force × displacement = mg × h
This work is stored as gravitational potential energy.
U=mgh
(Reference point: PE = 0 at ground level; h = height above ground.)

Q. Define kinetic energy of a body. Give examples.

Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion.
KE = ½ m v² (where m = mass, v = speed)
Examples:
A moving car has KE = ½ m v².
A flowing river has KE due to water velocity.
Bullet fired from gun has very high KE due to high speed.

Q. What type of energy possessed by a man standing in a moving train?

The man possesses kinetic energy due to the motion of the train (relative to ground).
KE = ½ m v², where v = speed of train (and man).
He also has internal chemical energy, but the question refers to macroscopic motion → kinetic
energy.

Q. Derive an expression for kinetic energy of a body.

Consider a body of mass m at rest (vᵢ = 0). A constant force F acts and accelerates it to speed v
over displacement s.
Work done by force = F s
From Newton’s 2nd law: F = m a
From kinematics: v² = u² + 2 a s → v² = 2 a s (u=0) → a s = v² / 2
W = F s = m a s = m (v² / 2) = ½ m v²
Thus, work done = gain in kinetic energy → KE = ½ m v²

Q. State and explain work-energy theorem.

Statement: The work done by the net force acting on a body is equal to the change in its kinetic
energy.
Mathematically:
W_net = ΔKE = KE_final – KE_initial = ½ m v² – ½ m u²
Explanation:
If W_net > 0 → KE increases (speed increases).
If W_net < 0 → KE decreases (speed decreases).
If W_net = 0 → KE remains constant.
This is a fundamental theorem linking work and energy.

Q. Obtain the relation between linear momentum and kinetic energy.

Linear momentum p = m v
KE = ½ m v² = ½ (m v) v = ½ p v
But v = p / m
⇒ KE = ½ p (p / m) = p² / (2 m)
KE = p² / (2 m)

Q. A light body and a heavy body have the same momentum p. Which one has a larger kinetic
energy?
From KE = p² / (2 m)
For same p, KE ∝ 1/m
Lighter body (smaller m) has larger kinetic energy.

Q. A light body and a heavy body have the same kinetic energies. Which one has a larger
momentum?
From KE = p² / (2 m) → p² = 2 m KE → p = √(2 m KE)
For same KE, p ∝ √m
Heavier body (larger m) has larger momentum.

Q. The momentum of a given body increases thrice. How does its kinetic energy change?
p_f = 3 p_i
KE ∝ p² (for same mass)
KE_f / KE_i = (p_f / p_i)² = 3² = 9
Kinetic energy becomes 9 times (increases by a factor of 9).

Q. Two bodies of masses m and 4m are moving with equal kinetic energy. What is the ratio of
their momentum?
KE₁ = KE₂ = KE
p₁ = √(2 m KE), p₂ = √(2 × 4m × KE) = √(8 m KE) = 2 √(2 m KE)
Ratio p₁ : p₂ = √(2 m KE) : 2 √(2 m KE) = 1 : 2
Ratio of momenta = 1 : 2

Q. Prove the law of conservation of energy in the case of a freely falling body.
Freely falling body under gravity (no air resistance): only gravity does work (conservative force).
Initial energy (at height h): PE = m g h, KE = 0 → Total E = m g h
At height x (from ground): PE = m g x, KE = ½ m v²
From energy conservation: m g h = m g x + ½ m v²
⇒ ½ m v² = m g (h – x)
At ground (x = 0): PE = 0, KE = ½ m v² = m g h → Total E = m g h
Total mechanical energy remains constant at every point → law of conservation of energy is
proved.

Q. If an object of mass 'm' is released from rest from the top of a frictionless inclined plane of
height 'h' what is its speed at the bottom of the inclined plane?
No friction → only gravity does work (conservative). Mechanical energy conserved.
Initial: PE = m g h, KE = 0
Final (bottom): PE = 0, KE = ½ m v²
m g h = ½ m v²
⇒ v = √(2 g h)

Q. Write the expression for the potential energy of a stretched spring.

Elastic potential energy of a spring stretched/compressed by x:
U = ½ k x²
(where k = spring constant, x = displacement from equilibrium)

Q. Obtain the expression for potential energy of spring by graphical method.

Force by spring: F = –k x (restoring, Hooke’s law)
Work done to stretch spring from 0 to x:
W_external = ∫ F_external dx = ∫ k x dx (from 0 to x)
= k ∫₀ˣ x dx = k [x²/2]₀ˣ = ½ k x²
This work is stored as elastic PE.
Graphically: Area under F-x graph (triangle) = ½ × base × height = ½ × x × (k x) = ½ k x²

Q. Mention the S.I. unit of spring constant.

SI unit of spring constant k = newton per metre (N/m) or kg s⁻²

Q. Write down the expression for spring force and explain the terms.
F = –k x (Hooke’s law)
F = restoring force by spring
k = spring constant (stiffness, N/m)
x = displacement from equilibrium position (positive for stretch, negative for compression)
Negative sign: force is always opposite to displacement (restoring)

Q. If the spring constant of a given spring is large, what does it represent?

Large k means stiff spring — requires large force for small displacement (small
stretch/compression).

Q. If the spring constant of a given spring is small, what does it represent?

Small k means soft spring — large displacement for small force (easy to stretch/compress).
Q. Mention the expression for the work done by a spring force.
Work done by spring when it goes from displacement x₁ to x₂:
W_spring = – ΔU = – (½ k x₂² – ½ k x₁²) = ½ k (x₁² – x₂²)
Q. Define power.
Power is the rate of doing work or rate of transfer of energy.
P = dW / dt or P = dE / dt

Q. What is the SI unit of power? Define it.

SI unit: watt (W)
1 watt = 1 joule per second (1 W = 1 J/s)
One watt is the power when 1 joule of work is done in 1 second.

Q. Show that power P = F · v. Where F is the force and v is the velocity.

Instantaneous power = dW / dt
dW = F · ds (work by force)
⇒ P = F · (ds / dt) = F · v
(If F and v parallel: P = F v)

Q. What is average power?

Average power = total work done / total time taken
P_avg = W / Δt

Q. What is instantaneous power?

Instantaneous power = rate of work at a particular instant
P = dW / dt = F · v

Q. Give the practical unit of power.

Common practical unit: kilowatt (kW)
1 kW = 1000 W
Also used: horsepower (hp) ≈ 746 W (in vehicles)

Q. What is the unit used to describe the output of automobiles and motorbikes?
Horsepower (hp) or kilowatt (kW)
(1 hp ≈ 746 W)

Q. What are conservative and non-conservative forces? Mention the characteristics. Give
examples.
Conservative forces: Work done is path-independent; depends only on initial and final positions.
Characteristics:
Work in closed path = 0
Can be expressed as gradient of potential energy
Total mechanical energy conserved (if only conservative forces act)
Examples: gravity, spring force, electrostatic force
Non-conservative forces: Work done depends on path taken.

Characteristics:
Work in closed path ≠ 0
Cause loss of mechanical energy (converted to heat/sound)
No potential energy associated
Examples: friction, air resistance, viscosity

Q. Distinguish between conservative and non-conservative forces.

Conservative ForceNon-conservative ForceWork path-independentWork
path-dependentW_closed path = 0W_closed path ≠ 0Associated with PENo PE
definedMechanical energy conservedMechanical energy dissipatedExamples: gravity,
springExamples: friction, air drag

Q. Is spring force conservative or non-conservative?

Conservative
(Work depends only on initial and final extension, not path → PE = ½ k x² defined)

Q. Explain why the non-conservative force is called dissipative force. When work is done by
non-conservative force, what happens to energy?
Non-conservative forces (e.g., friction) are called dissipative because they dissipate (convert)
mechanical energy into other forms (mainly heat/sound).
When work is done by non-conservative force:
Mechanical energy decreases (negative work by friction).
Energy is not lost — transformed into thermal energy (internal energy).

Q. What is a collision?
Collision is a short-duration interaction between two or more bodies during which they exert
large forces on each other and momentum/energy may be exchanged.
Examples:
Billiard balls colliding
Car crash
Bat hitting a ball

Q. What is elastic collision? Give examples.

Elastic collision: Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
Relative velocity of separation = relative velocity of approach (e = 1, coefficient of restitution = 1)
Examples:
Collision between ideal gas molecules
Collision of two billiard balls (approximately elastic)

Q. Write the equations for elastic collision.

For two masses m₁, m₂, initial velocities u₁, u₂, final velocities v₁, v₂:
Conservation of momentum: m₁ u₁ + m₂ u₂ = m₁ v₁ + m₂ v₂
Conservation of KE: ½ m₁ u₁² + ½ m₂ u₂² = ½ m₁ v₁² + ½ m₂ v₂²

For head-on elastic collision (1D):

v₁ = [(m₁ – m₂)/(m₁ + m₂)] u₁ + [2 m₂ /(m₁ + m₂)] u₂
v₂ = [2 m₁ /(m₁ + m₂)] u₁ + [(m₂ – m₁)/(m₁ + m₂)] u₂

Q. What is inelastic collision or plastic collision? Give examples.

Inelastic collision: Momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not conserved (some KE lost to
heat/sound/deformation).
Coefficient of restitution e < 1.
Examples:
Clay ball hitting wall (sticks)
Car crash with deformation

Q. Write the expression for inelastic collision (or plastic collision).

Only momentum conservation:
m₁ u₁ + m₂ u₂ = (m₁ + m₂) v (if perfectly inelastic, bodies stick together)
Loss in KE = initial KE – final KE = ½ m₁ u₁² + ½ m₂ u₂² – ½ (m₁ + m₂) v²

Q. What is perfectly inelastic collision?

Perfectly inelastic collision: Bodies stick together after collision (move with common velocity).
e = 0 (relative velocity of separation = 0)
Maximum KE loss.
Example: Bullet embedding in wooden block.

Q. In which type of collision mechanical energy is not transformed into any other form of
energy?
Perfectly elastic collision
(Both momentum and kinetic energy conserved → no transformation to heat/sound/deformation)

PG@11

Q. In which type of collision whole mechanical energy may be transformed into other form?
In perfectly inelastic collision (or completely inelastic collision), the maximum possible fraction of
mechanical energy (kinetic energy) can be transformed into other forms (mainly heat, sound,
deformation).
In perfectly inelastic collision, bodies stick together → relative velocity after collision = 0 →
maximum loss of KE.
In elastic collision, KE is conserved (no transformation). In partially inelastic, some KE is lost but
not maximum.

Q. What is head-on collision or one dimensional collision?

Head-on collision (or one-dimensional collision) is a collision in which:
The two bodies move along the same straight line before and after collision.
The velocities are along the line joining their centres of mass.
Example: Bullet hitting a block head-on, two cars colliding front-to-front on a straight road.
Q. Distinguish between elastic collision and inelastic collision.
FeatureElastic CollisionInelastic CollisionMomentum conservationConservedConservedKinetic
energy conservationConservedNot conserved (KE decreases)Coefficient of restitution (e)e = 1e
< 1Relative velocitySeparation = approach (magnitude)Separation < approachBodies after
collisionSeparate with different velocitiesMay or may not separateEnergy lossZeroConverted to
heat, sound, deformationExampleIdeal gas molecules, billiard balls (ideal)Clay sticking, bullet
embedding in wood

Q. What is the nature of the collision between two bodies if they stick together after the
collision?
It is perfectly inelastic collision (or completely inelastic).
Bodies move together with common velocity after collision.
Coefficient of restitution e = 0.

Q. Derive an expression for the velocities of colliding particles after the collision in one
dimensional (head-on) elastic collision.
Consider two masses m₁ and m₂, initial velocities u₁ and u₂ (along same line), final velocities v₁
and v₂.

Conservation of momentum:
m₁ u₁ + m₂ u₂ = m₁ v₁ + m₂ v₂ …(1)
Conservation of kinetic energy:
½ m₁ u₁² + ½ m₂ u₂² = ½ m₁ v₁² + ½ m₂ v₂²
⇒ m₁ u₁² + m₂ u₂² = m₁ v₁² + m₂ v₂² …(2)
For elastic collision: relative velocity of separation = relative velocity of approach
v₂ – v₁ = u₁ – u₂ …(3) (sign convention: approach is positive)

Solving (1) and (3):

From (3): v₂ = v₁ + u₁ – u₂
Substitute in (1):
m₁ u₁ + m₂ u₂ = m₁ v₁ + m₂ (v₁ + u₁ – u₂)
⇒ m₁ u₁ + m₂ u₂ = m₁ v₁ + m₂ v₁ + m₂ u₁ – m₂ u₂
⇒ (m₁ – m₂) u₁ + (m₂ + m₂) u₂ = (m₁ + m₂) v₁
⇒ v₁ = [(m₁ – m₂) u₁ + 2 m₂ u₂] / (m₁ + m₂)
Similarly:
v₂ = [2 m₁ u₁ + (m₂ – m₁) u₂] / (m₁ + m₂)

Q. Derive an expression for the loss of kinetic energy when a moving body collides with another
body at rest in a completely inelastic collision in one dimension.
Let m₁ (moving) with velocity u, m₂ at rest (u₂ = 0).
After collision (perfectly inelastic): common velocity v.
Momentum conservation:
m₁ u = (m₁ + m₂) v
⇒ v = m₁ u / (m₁ + m₂)
Initial KE = ½ m₁ u² + 0 = ½ m₁ u²
Final KE = ½ (m₁ + m₂) v² = ½ (m₁ + m₂) [m₁ u / (m₁ + m₂)]² = ½ m₁² u² / (m₁ + m₂)
Loss in KE = initial KE – final KE
= ½ m₁ u² – ½ m₁² u² / (m₁ + m₂)
= ½ m₁ u² [1 – m₁ / (m₁ + m₂)]
= ½ m₁ u² [m₂ / (m₁ + m₂)]
Loss in KE = (m₁ m₂ / (2 (m₁ + m₂))) u²

Q. Derive an expression for the loss of kinetic energy in a completely inelastic collision in one
dimension.
(Already derived above – same result)
Q. Discuss elastic collision in two dimensions.
In 2D elastic collision:

Momentum conserved in both x and y directions.

Kinetic energy conserved.
Coefficient of restitution e = 1 along line of impact (normal component).
The component of relative velocity along the line joining centres (normal) reverses, while
tangential component remains unchanged (no friction assumed).
Equations:

m₁ u₁x + m₂ u₂x = m₁ v₁x + m₂ v₂x

m₁ u₁y + m₂ u₂y = m₁ v₁y + m₂ v₂y
½ m₁ (u₁x² + u₁y²) + ½ m₂ (u₂x² + u₂y²) = ½ m₁ (v₁x² + v₁y²) + ½ m₂ (v₂x² + v₂y²)

Q. A variable force given by F = x + 8 acts on a particle from x = 1 m to x = 3 m. Calculate the

work done by the force during the displacement of the particle.
Work done W = ∫ F dx from x=1 to x=3
F=x+8
W = ∫₁³ (x + 8) dx = [½ x² + 8x]₁³
= (½×9 + 8×3) – (½×1 + 8×1)
= (4.5 + 24) – (0.5 + 8)
= 28.5 – 8.5 = 20 J

Q. A bullet mass 50 g strikes a wooden plank with velocity 200 m/s and emerges out with
velocity 50 m/s. Calculate the work done by the resistive force offered by the plank.
Mass m = 50 g = 0.05 kg
Initial KE = ½ m (200)² = ½ × 0.05 × 40000 = 1000 J
Final KE = ½ × 0.05 × (50)² = ½ × 0.05 × 2500 = 62.5 J
Work done by resistive force (friction) = change in KE = 62.5 – 1000 = –937.5 J
(Magnitude of work done against resistive force = 937.5 J)
Q. A metal bob is tied to one end of an inextensible string of negligible mass and is rotated in a
vertical circle of radius 8 m. Its speed at the lowest point of the circle is 80 m/s. Calculate the
tension in the string at the highest point of the circle (g = 10 m/s²).
(Note: Question seems cut off – assuming tension at highest point)
At lowest point: v_L = 80 m/s, r = 8 m
At highest point, conservation of energy:
KE_low + PE_low = KE_high + PE_high
½ m v_L² + 0 = ½ m v_H² + m g (2r)
½ (80)² = ½ v_H² + 10 × 16
3200 = ½ v_H² + 160
½ v_H² = 3040
v_H² = 6080
v_H = √6080 ≈ 78 m/s
At highest point:
Tension T + mg = m v_H² / r (centripetal)
T = m (v_H² / r – g) = m (6080 / 8 – 10) = m (760 – 10) = 750 m N
(If m given, substitute)

Q. Two bodies of masses 0.2 kg and 0.1 kg moving in the same direction on a straight line with
velocities 0.6 m/s and 0.4 m/s respectively suffer head-on collision. Calculate velocities after
collision.
Assume perfectly inelastic (common in such problems unless specified elastic).
Momentum conservation:
0.2 × 0.6 + 0.1 × 0.4 = (0.2 + 0.1) v
0.12 + 0.04 = 0.3 v
0.16 = 0.3 v
v = 0.16 / 0.3 ≈ 0.533 m/s (both move together)
(If elastic, use formulas from earlier derivation)

Q. A pump on the ground floor of a building can pump up water to fill a tank of volume 30 m³ in
15 min. If the tank is 40 m above the ground, and the efficiency of the pump is 30%, how much
electric power is consumed by the pump? (Take g = 10 m/s² and ρ_w = 1000 kg/m³)
Volume = 30 m³, time = 15 min = 900 s
Mass of water m = ρ V = 1000 × 30 = 30,000 kg
Work required (minimum) = m g h = 30,000 × 10 × 40 = 12,000,000 J
Power required (ideal) = work / time = 12,000,000 / 900 = 13,333.33 W
Efficiency = 30% = 0.3
Actual power consumed = ideal power / efficiency = 13,333.33 / 0.3 ≈ 44,444 W or 44.44 kW

Q. A body of mass 0.1 kg falling freely under gravity takes 10 s to reach the ground. Calculate
kinetic energy and potential energy of the body when the body has travelled for 6 s.
Free fall: u = 0, a = g = 10 m/s² (approx.)
Velocity at t = 6 s: v = u + g t = 0 + 10 × 6 = 60 m/s
KE at 6 s = ½ m v² = ½ × 0.1 × 3600 = 180 J
Distance fallen in 6 s: s = ½ g t² = ½ × 10 × 36 = 180 m
Total time 10 s → total height H = ½ g (10)² = 500 m
Height remaining at 6 s = 500 – 180 = 320 m
PE at 6 s = m g h_remaining = 0.1 × 10 × 320 = 320 J

Q. A bullet of mass 100 g is fired from a gun with velocity 432 km/h. It strikes a wooden plank
and emerges out in 0.01 s with velocity 0.01 km/h. Calculate the work done by the bullet in
penetrating the wooden plank and the thickness of the plank.
(Note: velocities seem unrealistic – likely typo; assuming 432 m/s and emerges with 0.01 m/s or
similar. But using given.)
m = 0.1 kg, u = 432 km/h = 120 m/s (432/3.6), v = 0.01 km/h ≈ 0 m/s (approx.)
Work done by resistive force = change in KE ≈ ½ m u² – 0 = ½ × 0.1 × 14400 = 720 J
(Thickness not calculable without resistive force value)

Q. A bullet of mass 100 gm is fired from a gun with a velocity of 432 km/h. It strikes a wooden
plank and emerges out in 0.01 s with velocity 0.01 km/h. Calculate the work done by the bullet
in penetrating the wooden plank and the thickness of the plank.
(Note: Velocities seem unusually low – likely typos in the image. 432 km/h = 120 m/s, and
emerging at 0.01 km/h ≈ 0 m/s is reasonable for embedding/resistive case. Using consistent
units.)
m = 100 g = 0.1 kg
u = 432 km/h = 432 × (5/18) = 120 m/s
v ≈ 0 m/s (emerges with negligible speed)
Time to cross plank t = 0.01 s
(a) Work done by resistive force on bullet = change in KE
Initial KE = ½ m u² = ½ × 0.1 × (120)² = 0.05 × 14400 = 720 J
Final KE ≈ 0
Work done by plank on bullet = –720 J (negative – resistive force opposes motion)
Work done by the bullet (against resistive force) = +720 J
(b) Thickness of plank (average resistive force method)
Average velocity while penetrating = (u + v)/2 ≈ 120/2 = 60 m/s
Distance (thickness) s = average velocity × time = 60 × 0.01 = 0.6 m = 60 cm
(Alternatively: if constant resistive force F, then work = F × s = 720 J → but average method is
sufficient for Class 11)

Q. A bullet mass 0.03 kg fired from gun travels horizontally with a speed of 100 m/s. If the mass
of block is 0.97 kg suspended by a string. If the bullet hits the wooden block, calculate the
vertical height through which the block rises (g = 10 m/s²)
(Note: Assuming perfectly inelastic collision – bullet embeds.)
m_bullet = 0.03 kg, u = 100 m/s
m_block = 0.97 kg, initial velocity = 0
Momentum conservation:
0.03 × 100 + 0.97 × 0 = (0.03 + 0.97) v
3=1v
v = 3 m/s (common velocity after embedding)
After collision, system rises like a pendulum – KE converts to PE.
Initial KE after collision = ½ (1) (3)² = ½ × 9 = 4.5 J
At maximum height h: m_total g h = 4.5
1 × 10 × h = 4.5
h = 0.45 m = 45 cm

Q. A machine gun fires 200 bullets per minute with a velocity of 60 m/s. If the mass of each
bullet is 0.02 kg calculate the power of the gun.
Number of bullets per second = 200 / 60 ≈ 3.333 bullets/s
Mass per second = 3.333 × 0.02 = 0.06667 kg/s
KE given per second (power) = ½ (dm/dt) v²
= ½ × 0.06667 × (60)²
= 0.033335 × 3600 ≈ 120 W
Power of the gun ≈ 120 W

Q. A man weighing 48 kg carries a bag of 2 kg. He climbs to the top of a building 100 m tall in 5
minutes. Calculate the work done by the man and his power. (g = 9.8 m/s²)
Total mass lifted = 48 + 2 = 50 kg
Height h = 100 m
Time t = 5 min = 300 s
Work done against gravity = m g h = 50 × 9.8 × 100 = 49,000 J
Power = work / time = 49,000 / 300 ≈ 163.33 W

Q. A well 20 m deep of diameter 4 m is full of water. Find the work done in lifting all the water
from the well. [Given density of water 10³ kg/m³ and g = 9.8 m/s²]
Volume of well = π r² h = π (2)² × 20 = 80π m³
Mass of water m = ρ V = 1000 × 80π = 80,000 π kg
Centre of mass of water is at midpoint of depth → average height to lift = 20/2 = 10 m
Work done = m g × (average height) = 80,000 π × 9.8 × 10
= 800,000 π × 9.8 ≈ 7.84 × 10⁶ π J ≈ 2.46 × 10⁷ J (approx.)

Q. [Given force 2.5 × 10³ N acting on a body moves it through 0.1 m in a direction making an
angle of 30° with the direction of force. Calculate the amount of work done.]
F = 2500 N, s = 0.1 m, θ = 30°
Work = F s cosθ = 2500 × 0.1 × cos30°
= 250 × (√3 / 2) = 250 × 0.866 ≈ 216.5 J

Q. A man is carrying a load of 45 kg. Calculate the work done in taking the body (a) through the
height of 30 m in the vertical direction and (b) in the horizontal direction. (g = 10 m/s²)
(a) Vertical direction (lifting up 30 m):
Work = m g h = 45 × 10 × 30 = 13,500 J
(b) Horizontal direction (carrying on level ground):
No change in height → ΔPE = 0 → work done against gravity = 0 J
(Only internal energy expended to hold load, but gravitational work = 0)

PG@12

Q. A stone is pulled over a rough surface through 4 m by applying a force 40 N. The force is
applied at an angle of 45° to the vertical. A kinetic frictional force of 8 N retards the motion.
Calculate the work done by the (i) applied force (ii) frictional force. What is the net work done by
the forces on the stone?
Displacement s = 4 m
Applied force F = 40 N at 45° to vertical → angle with horizontal = 90° – 45° = 45°
(i) Work by applied force = F s cosθ (θ = angle between force and displacement)
= 40 × 4 × cos45° = 160 × (1/√2) = 160 × 0.707 ≈ 113.14 J
(ii) Work by frictional force = – f s (friction opposes motion)
= –8 × 4 = –32 J
Net work done = work by applied force + work by friction = 113.14 – 32 = 81.14 J

Q. A body of mass 20 kg is accelerated from rest to 25 m/s in just 6 s. Calculate the work done
in accelerating the body.
u = 0, v = 25 m/s, t = 6 s, m = 20 kg
Acceleration a = (v – u)/t = 25/6 ≈ 4.167 m/s²
Force F = m a = 20 × 25/6 = 500/6 ≈ 83.33 N
Distance s = ut + ½ a t² = 0 + ½ × (25/6) × 36 = (25/6) × 18 = 75 m
Work done = F s = 83.33 × 75 = 6250 J
(Alternatively: Work = change in KE = ½ m v² – 0 = ½ × 20 × 625 = 6250 J)

Q. Two bodies of masses 4 kg and 16 kg are moving with equal K.E. Find the ratio of their linear
momentum.
KE₁ = KE₂ = KE
½ m₁ v₁² = ½ m₂ v₂² → m₁ v₁² = m₂ v₂²
p₁ = m₁ v₁, p₂ = m₂ v₂
Ratio p₁ / p₂ = (m₁ v₁) / (m₂ v₂)
From KE equal: v₁ / v₂ = √(m₂ / m₁) = √(16/4) = √4 = 2
p₁ / p₂ = (m₁ / m₂) × (v₁ / v₂) = (4/16) × 2 = (1/4) × 2 = 1/2
Ratio of momenta = 1 : 2 (lighter body has smaller momentum)

Q. Two bodies of masses 7 kg and 63 kg are moving with equal momentum. Compare their
kinetic energies.
p₁ = p₂ = p
KE = p² / (2m) → KE ∝ 1/m
KE₁ / KE₂ = m₂ / m₁ = 63 / 7 = 9
KE of 7 kg body is 9 times KE of 63 kg body

Q. A body of mass 96 kg is travelling at 20 m/s. From what height should a body of mass 50 kg
fall so that both will have the same kinetic energies? (Take g = 10 m/s²)
KE of 96 kg body = ½ × 96 × (20)² = 48 × 400 = 19,200 J
For 50 kg body falling from height h:
KE = m g h = 50 × 10 × h = 500 h
Set equal: 500 h = 19,200
h = 19,200 / 500 = 38.4 m

Q. A bullet weighing 50 g hits into a wooden log of mass 2 kg with a velocity of 150 m/s. If the
collision is perfectly inelastic, calculate (a) common velocity after the collision and (b) the loss of
K.E. of the system.
m_bullet = 0.05 kg, u = 150 m/s
m_log = 2 kg, u = 0
(a) Momentum conservation:
0.05 × 150 = (0.05 + 2) v
7.5 = 2.05 v
v = 7.5 / 2.05 ≈ 3.66 m/s
(b) Initial KE = ½ × 0.05 × 22500 = 562.5 J
Final KE = ½ × 2.05 × (3.66)² ≈ ½ × 2.05 × 13.4 ≈ 13.74 J
Loss in KE = 562.5 – 13.74 ≈ 548.76 J

Q. A bullet of mass 0.015 kg strikes a metal plate of thickness 10 cm with velocity 400 m/s and
emerges with velocity 260 m/s. Find the average resistance offered by plate to the bullet’s
motion. Can a plate of thickness 15 cm stop the bullet completely?
m = 0.015 kg, u = 400 m/s, v = 260 m/s, s = 0.1 m
Work done by resistive force = change in KE
= ½ m (v² – u²) = ½ × 0.015 × (260² – 400²)
= 0.0075 × (67600 – 160000) = 0.0075 × (–92400) = –693 J
Average resistive force F = work / distance = –693 / 0.1 = –6930 N (magnitude 6930 N)
For 15 cm = 0.15 m plate:
To stop completely, KE loss needed = ½ × 0.015 × 400² = 1200 J
If same average force 6930 N:
Work by force in 0.15 m = 6930 × 0.15 = 1039.5 J < 1200 J → cannot stop completely (bullet will
emerge with some speed)

Q. A body of mass 0.5 kg is released from a height of 3 m. Calculate the P.E. and K.E. when it is
at a height of 1 m.
m = 0.5 kg, initial height = 3 m, g = 9.8 m/s²
Initial PE = m g h = 0.5 × 9.8 × 3 = 14.7 J (KE = 0)
At height 1 m: PE = 0.5 × 9.8 × 1 = 4.9 J
Loss in PE = 14.7 – 4.9 = 9.8 J → converted to KE
KE = 9.8 J

Q. A body of mass 250 g is dropped from a height of 100 m. Find its P.E. and K.E. after 3 s.
m = 0.25 kg, h = 100 m, g = 9.8 m/s²
After t = 3 s:
v = g t = 9.8 × 3 = 29.4 m/s
Distance fallen s = ½ g t² = ½ × 9.8 × 9 = 44.1 m
Height remaining = 100 – 44.1 = 55.9 m
PE = m g h_remaining = 0.25 × 9.8 × 55.9 ≈ 136.855 J
KE = ½ m v² = ½ × 0.25 × (29.4)² ≈ ½ × 0.25 × 864.36 ≈ 108.045 J
Total = 136.855 + 108.045 ≈ 244.9 J (≈ m g h = 0.25 × 9.8 × 100 = 245 J)

Q. A ball at rest is dropped from a height of 12 m. On falling to the ground, it loses 25% of its
K.E. Calculate the height to which it will rebound. How do you account for the loss of kinetic
energy?
Initial height h = 12 m
Initial PE = m g × 12
At ground: KE = m g × 12
After bounce: KE retained = 75% = (3/4) m g × 12
This KE converts back to PE at max rebound height h'
m g h' = (3/4) m g × 12
h' = (3/4) × 12 = 9 m
Loss of KE (25%) is converted to heat and sound during impact (non-elastic deformation).

Q. A stone of mass 0.2 kg is projected vertically upwards with a velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate the
maximum height reached by it above the ground. At what height will it lose 20% of its initial
K.E.?
u = 25 m/s, g = 9.8 m/s²
Max height h_max: v = 0
v² = u² – 2 g h → 0 = 625 – 2 × 9.8 × h
h_max = 625 / 19.6 ≈ 31.89 m
Initial KE = ½ × 0.2 × 625 = 62.5 J
Lose 20% → remaining KE = 80% = 50 J
At height h where KE = 50 J:
Loss in KE = gain in PE
62.5 – 50 = 0.2 × 9.8 × h
12.5 = 1.96 h
h = 12.5 / 1.96 ≈ 6.38 m

Q. The bob of a simple pendulum of length 1 m is let go when the pendulum is inclined at an
angle of 60° to the vertical. Find the velocity of the bob when it crosses the position of rest.
Length l = 1 m, θ = 60°
Height difference from lowest point = l (1 – cosθ) = 1 (1 – cos60°) = 1 (1 – 0.5) = 0.5 m
By energy conservation:
Loss in PE = gain in KE
m g × 0.5 = ½ m v²
v² = g = 9.8 (approx. 10)
v = √(9.8) ≈ 3.13 m/s (or √10 ≈ 3.16 m/s if g=10)
Q. An engine raises a load of 40 kg through a height of 50 m in 25 s and throws it with the
speed of 5 m/s. Calculate the power of the engine. (Given g = 10 m/s²)
Work done = PE gain + KE imparted
= m g h + ½ m v²
= 40 × 10 × 50 + ½ × 40 × 25
= 20,000 + 500 = 20,500 J
Power = work / time = 20,500 / 25 = 820 W

Q. A train of mass 240 tons is running on level rails with a uniform velocity of 72 km/h. If the
resistance to its motion is 10 N per ton, find the power of the engine.
Mass = 240 tons = 240,000 kg
v = 72 km/h = 72 × 5/18 = 20 m/s
Total resistance force = 10 N/ton × 240 = 2400 N
Power = force × velocity = 2400 × 20 = 48,000 W = 48 kW

Q. Water is pumped from a mine 60 m deep at a rate of 72,000 litres/hr. Calculate the power
required. Density of water = 1000 kg/m³.
Volume rate = 72,000 L/h = 72,000 / 3600 L/s = 20 L/s = 0.02 m³/s
Mass rate = ρ × volume rate = 1000 × 0.02 = 20 kg/s
Power = (dm/dt) g h = 20 × 9.8 × 60 = 11,760 W ≈ 11.76 kW

Q. The pilot of an aeroplane fires a bullet weighing 0.15 kg with the velocity of 250 m/s.
Calculate the potential energy and total energy of the bullet when it is at a height of 450 m
above the ground level. (Given g = 9.8 m/s²)
m = 0.15 kg, v = 250 m/s, h = 450 m
KE = ½ m v² = ½ × 0.15 × 62500 = 0.075 × 62500 = 4687.5 J
PE = m g h = 0.15 × 9.8 × 450 = 0.15 × 4410 = 661.5 J
Total mechanical energy = KE + PE = 4687.5 + 661.5 = 5349 J

Q. A water tank measuring 4 m × 4 m × 2 m is at an average height of 10 m above the ground

level. How much work has to be done in filling the tank from a reservoir at ground level? What
must be the power of the engine working at 80% efficiency if it fills the tank in 100 min? Density
of water = 1000 kg/m³.
Volume = 4 × 4 × 2 = 32 m³
Mass = 1000 × 32 = 32,000 kg
Work = m g h = 32,000 × 9.8 × 10 = 3,136,000 J ≈ 3.136 MJ
Time = 100 min = 6000 s
Ideal power = work / time = 3,136,000 / 6000 ≈ 522.67 W
Efficiency 80% → actual power = 522.67 / 0.8 ≈ 653.33 W

Q. How many 2 kg bricks can a man carry up a stair 10 m high in one hour if he works at the
average rate of 13.61 W? (g = 9.8 m/s²)
Power = 13.61 W
Time = 1 hour = 3600 s
Total work possible = P × t = 13.61 × 3600 ≈ 48,996 J
Work to lift one brick = m g h = 2 × 9.8 × 10 = 196 J
Number of bricks = total work / work per brick = 48,996 / 196 ≈ 250 bricks