Chapter 12 :
Personality
. Psychodynamic perspectives
1
Personality -
a pattern of enduring ,
distinctive
thoughts ,
emotions , and behaviors that characterize
the way a person adapts to the world
Psychodynamic perspectives on personality emphasize
·
that
personality is primarily unconscious
Freud's Psychodynamic Theory
-
Hysteria-refers to physical symptoms that have
·
no
physical cause
Freud's Iceberg an
personality
according to Freud :
·
personality exists mostly below
-
↓he level of awareness
structures of -
- personality
·
Id : consists of the unconscious
drives and is the persons reservoir
of sexual energy
id works the pleasure principle :
by
-
the Freudian concept that the id seeks immediate gratification
Ego :
the Freudian structure of personality that deals
·
with the demands of
reality
-
houses functions such as
reasoning problem solving
, ,
and decision making
the
superego : the harsh internal judge of our behavior
·
conscience ; evaluates the morality behavior
-
of our
Defense mechanisms
-
·
Defense mechanisms are tactics the ego uses to reduce
anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Displacement means
directing unacceptable impulses
·
-
less
at a
threatening target
Repression pushes unacceptable impulses into the
·
-
unconscious
Projection involves
Seeing the impulses a person fears
·
-
in oneself in others
reaction formation the exact opposite
feeling consciously
· -
of one's true unconscious
feeling
Psychosexual stages
-
personality development
of
Erogenous zones-parts of the body that have especially
·
strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of
development
oral the infants pleasure centers the mouth
stage
·
-
on
·
Anal stage
-
the anus and urethra and their functions
Phallic stage pleasure focuses genitals
·
on
-
theOedipus complex the
boy's intense desire to replace
·
-
his father and the affections of his mother
enjoy
Jung's analytical theory
-
thecollectiveunconscious-fugtermfortheimpersonaa b ,
because of their common ancestral past
archetypes emotionally laden ideas
includes : and images
-
that have
symbolic meaning for all people
the anima :
everyone's passive feminine side
-
the animus : assertive masculine side
everyones
-
the persona : represents the public mask that we all
-
wear
during social interactions
Moller's
Individualpsychologople are motivated by purposes
and goals-thus , perfection ,
not pleasure , is the key
motivator in human life
compensation Adler's term for the persons attempt
-
to overcome
imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses
by developing ones own abilities
. Humanistic
2 Perspectives
·
Humanistic Perspectives Stress a persons capacity
-
for personal
growth and positive human qualities
Explaining
Unhappinesegard -
means
being accepted,
valued and treated
,
positively regardless of ones behavior
the problem arises when for
regard
-
our need positive
from others is not met
unconditionally
·
conditions of worth -
the standards we must live up
to in order to receive positive
regard from others
. Trait Perspectives
3
-
raittheoriesstates of broad ,
personality consists enduring
-
dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic patterns
of behavior , emotions , and
thoughts
big five factors of personality the broad traits
the
· -
that are thought to describe the main dimensions of
personality
neuroticism (the tendency to worry
and experience
-
negative emotions sometimes identified by its opposite,
,
emotional stability) , extraversion , openness to experience ,
agreeableness ,
and conscientiousness
. Social cognitive perspectives
5
Social personality
cognitive perspectives emphasize
·
on
-
the influence of conscious awareness , beliefs , expectations ,
and goals
Bandura's
social
cognitive theory
describes the
reciprocal determinism
way behavior,
· -
environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to
create personality
·
the belief that one has the competence
Self-efficacy -
to accomplish a
given goal ortask and produce positive
change
7 Personality Assessment
.
·
self-report tests directly asks people whether specific
-
items describe their
personality traits
empirically keyed test a
type reported test that
of self
·
-
is created
to be different
by first
identifying two
groups
that are known
·
(MMPI) initially
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Test -
constructed to assess "abnormal" personality tendencies ,
but is now
recently used to assess personality and
predict outcomes
Projective test-presents individuals with an ambiguous
stimulus and asks them them to describe it or tell a story
about it
·
the Thematic ApperceptionTest (TAT) -
designed to elicit
Stories that reveal unconscious motives and other aspects
of personality