Chapter 10 :
Motivation and Emotion
Theories of Motivation
-
·
Motivation the force that moves people to behave , think
-
,
and feel the they doway
The Evolutionary Approach
·
emphasized the role of instincts
-
An instinct is an innate (unlearned) biological pattern
of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout
a species
an instinct is set in motion by a
sign stimulus something
- -
in the environment that turns on a fixed pattern of behavior
the transmission
evolutionary approaches emphasize
-
of to future
genes generations
-
these theories focus on domains of life relevant to
reproduction , such as sexual behavior and competition
·
Drive Reduction Theory
-
a drive is an aroused state of tension that occurs because
of a physiological need
-
psychological itch that needs scratching
a need is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate
-
or reduce the deprivation
-
Drive reduction theory explains that as a drive becomes
stronger , we are motivated to reduce it
Optimum Arousal
Theory
·
two psychologists described how arousal can influence
performance
-
Yerkes-Dodson Law : performance is best under
conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or
high arousal
overlearning means learning to
·
perform a task so
-
well that it becomes automatic
.
2 Hunger Eating , * Eating Disorders
,
Gastric
Signalsen tells the brain not only how full it is
but also how much nutrient is present
·
the hormone Cholecystokinin (eck) helps start digestion,
travels to the brain through the bloodstream , and
signals us to stop eating
od
Chemistry cal substances play a role in hunger, eatinga
satiety (the feeling of being full)
(blood sugar)
Sucose
·
mportant factor
-
hunger in
the brain
critically depends on sugar for energy
-
-
one set of sugar receptors in the brain triggers hunger when
Sugar levels fall too low
-
another set of sugar receptors in the liver, stores excess
sugar and releases it into the blood when needed
sugar receptors in the liver signal the brain when its Sugar
-
falls , and that can make feel
supply you hungry
·
Insulin
-alsohelpcontro
It e rates
gradua all
exibread , pasta), ina
-
When simple sugars are ingested (EX :
candy),
insulin
levesrise andfallsharplygreater heare
Leptin
=
chemical released by fat cells
-
decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure
or metabolism
-
Leptin appears to act as an
antiobesity hormone
Brain Processes
-
·
the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body functions
including hunger
zareasinthehypothalamSpecifically
·
in
stimulating eatinas
-
the ventromedial hypothalamus : involved in reducing
hunger and restricting eating (located inthe middle
Th
> of Obesitbiology
weight maintained whenthe individual
-
Set point-the
·
makes no effort to gain or lose weight
Set point is determined in part by the number of adipose
·
cells (fat cells)
Eating
-isordered
·
AnorexiaVervosa
an
eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit
-
of thinness
through starvation
-
more common in women and girls
-
Characteristics :
Severely restricted food intake refusal to maintain
-
at a healthy level
weight
intense fear of
an
gaining weight
·
-
A distorted body image
Bulimia Nervosa :
an
eating disorder in which a
person
·
consistently follows a
binge-and-purge eating pattern
Binge eating disorder :
characterized by recurrent episodes
·
seatingmorefrodinsho periodof timethanmoseach
of control over
eating
.
3 Approaches to Motivation in everyday life
Maslow's
Hierarchy of Human needs
·
Humanistic theorist Abraham Maslow
proposed a hierarchy of needs that must be satisfied the
in
·
following sequence physiological needs ,
safety , love and
:
belongingness ,
esteem , and self-actualization
·
Self-actualization the motivation to develop ones full
-
potential as a human b
-
Self determination Theory
·
asserts that there are 3 basic organismic needs :
competence relatedness, and autonomy
,
Intrinsic US Extrinsic motivation
-
.
Intrinsicmotivationbasedoninternal factorsn
·
nas a
we
engage in behavior be we enjoy it
-
·
Extrinsic motivation involves external incentives such
-
as rewards and punishments
- S : TheSuccessful
e l
Pursuit f
of Goals
regulation
self-regulation the
:
process by which an organism effortfully
·
controls behavior to pursue important objectives
4 Emotion .
·
Emotion is a feeling, or affect , that can involve physiological
arousal , or
conscious experience , and behavioral expression
andneuraCircus positive
-eurotransmitters emotions
like happiness
norepinephrine functions in
regulating arousal and
anxiety
·
·
The limbic system is involved in the experience of
positive
emotion
TheAmygdalaisinvowed
in the experience of
negationa
·
-
CognitivefactorsinEmotion-emotion is determined i
2 factors :
arousal and cognitive labeling
physiological
-
we look to the external world for an explanation of
we are aroused
why
assifying
Emotions of an emotion refers to whethert a
feels pleasant or unpleasant
Negative effect : refers to emotions such as
anger guilt,
-
and sadness
-
positive effect refers to emotions
:
such as
joy happiness,
,
and interest