Principles of Physics

Grade XI
Ayam Publication

Teacher's Manual
 New Syllabus 2076
FullMarks: 100 (75T + 25 P) Pass Marks: 27T + 8P
Teaching Hours: 128T + 32P Nature of Course: Theory + Practical
Subject Code : Phy. 101

Mechanics
1. Physical Quantities 3
1.1. Precision and significant figures. Dimensions and uses of dimensional analysis.
2. Vectors 4
2.1. Triangle, parallelogram and polygon laws of vectors
2.2. Resolution of vectors; Unit vectors
2.3. Scalar and vector products.
3. Kinematics 5
3.1 Instantaneous velocity and acceleration
3.2 Relative velocity
3.3 Equation of motion (graphical treatment)
3.4 Motion of a freely falling body
3.5 Projectile motion and its applications.
4. Dynamics 6
4.1 Linear momentum, Impulse
4.2 Conservation of linear momentum
4.3 Application of Newton’s laws
4.4 Moment, torque and equilibrium
4.5 Solid friction: Laws of solid friction and their verifications.
5. Work, energy and power 6
5.1 Work done by a constant force and a variable force
5.2 Power
5.3 Work-energy theorem; Kinetic and potential energy
5.4 Conservation of Energy
5.5 Conservative and non-conservative forces
5.6 Elastic and inelastic collisions.
6. Circular Motion 6
6.1 Angular displacement, velocity and acceleration
6.2 Relation between angular and linear velocity and acceleration
6.3 Centripetal acceleration
6.4 Centripetal force
6.7 Conical pendulum
6.8 Motion in a vertical circle
6.9 Applications of banking.
7. Gravitation 10
7.1 Newton’s law of gravitation
7.2 Gravitational field strength
7.3 Gravitational potential; Gravitational potential energy
7.4 Variation in value of ‘g’ due to altitude and depth
7.5 Centre of mass and center of gravity
7.6 Motion of a satellite: Orbital velocity and time period of the satellite
7.7 Escape velocity
7.8 Potential and kinetic energy of the satellite
7.9 Geostationary satellite
7.10 GPS
8. Elasticity 5
8.1 Hooke’s law: Force constant
8.2 Stress; Strain; Elasticity and plasticity
8.3 Elastic modulus: Young modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus
8.4 Poisson’s ratio
8.5 Elastic potential energy.

Heat and Thermodynamics

9. Heat and Temperature 3
9.1 Molecular concept of thermal energy, heat and temperature, and cause and direction of heat flow
9.2 Meaning of thermal equilibrium and Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
9.3 Thermal equilibrium as a working principle of mercury thermometer.
10. Thermal Expansion 4
10.1 Linear expansion and its measurement
10.2 Cubical expansion, superficial expansion and its relation with linear expansion
10.3 Liquid Expansion: Absolute and apparent
10.4 Dulong and Petit method of determining expansivity of liquid
11. Quantity of Heat 6
11.1 Newton’s law of cooling
11.2 Measurement of specific heat capacity of solids and liquids
11.3 Change of phases: Latent heat
11.4 Specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization
11.5 Measurement of specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization
11.6 Triple point
12. Rate of heat flow 5
12.1 Conduction: Thermal conductivity and measurement
12.2 Convection
12.3 Radiation: Ideal radiator
12.4 Black- body radiation
12.5 Stefan – Boltzmann law.
13. Ideal gas 8
13.1 Ideal gas equation
13.2 Molecular properties of matter
13.3 Kinetic-molecular model of an ideal gas
13.4 Derivation of pressure exerted by gas,
13.5 Average translational kinetic energy of gas molecule
13.6 Boltzmann constant, root mean square speed
13.7 Heat capacities: gases and solids.

Optics
14. Reflection at curved mirror 2
14.1 Real and Virtual images.
14.2 Mirror formula
15. Refraction at plane surfaces 4
15.1 Laws of refraction: Refractive index
15.2 Relation between refractive indices
15.3 Lateral shift
15.4 Total internal reflection.
16. Refraction through prisms 3
16.1 Minimum deviation condition
16.2 Relation between Angle of prism, minimum deviation and refractive index
16.3 Deviation in small angle prism.
17. Lenses 3
17.1 Spherical lenses, angular magnification
17.2 Lens maker’s formula
17.3 Power of a lens
18. Dispersion 3
18.1 Pure spectrum and dispersive power
18.2 Chromatic and spherical aberration
18.3 Achromatism and its applications

Electricity & Magnetism

19. Electric Charges 3
19.1 Electric charges
19.2 Charging by induction
19.3 Coulomb’s law- Force between two point charges
19.4 Force between multiple electric charges.
20. Electric field 3
20.1 Electric field due to point charges; Field lines
20.2 Gauss Law: Electric Flux
20.3 Application of Gauss law: Field of a charge sphere, line charge, charged plane conductor
21. Potential, potential difference and potential energy 4
21.1 Potential difference, Potential due to a point, Charge, potential energy, electron volt
21.2 Equipotential lines and surfaces
21.3 Potential gradient
22. Capacitor 7
22.1 Capacitance and capacitor
22.2 Parallel plate capacitor
22.3 Combination of capacitors
22.4 Energy of charged capacitor
22.5 Effect of a dielectric Polarization and displacement.
23. DC Circuits 10
23.1 Electric Currents; Drift velocity and its relation with current
23.2 Ohm’s law; Electrical Resistance; Resistivity; Conductivity
23.3 Current-voltage relations; Ohmic and Non-Ohmic resistance
23.4 Resistances in series and parallel,
23.5 Potential divider
23.6 Electromotive force of a source, internal resistance
23.7 Work and power in electrical circuits
Modern Physics
24. Nuclear physics 6
24.1 Nucleus: Discovery of nucleus
24.2 Nuclear density; Mass number; Atomic number
24.3 Atomic mass; Isotopes
24.4 Einstein’s mass-energy relation
24.5 Mass Defect, packing fraction, BE per nucleon
24.6 Creation and annihilation
24.7 Nuclear fission and fusion, energy released
25. Solids 3
25.1 Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas)
25.2 Difference between metals, insulators and semi-conductors using band theory
25.3 Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
26. Recent Trends in physics 6
26.1 Particle physics: Particles and antiparticles, Quarks (baryons and meson) and leptons (neutrinos)
26.2 Universe: Big Bang and Hubble law: expansion of the Universe, Dark matter, Black Hole and
gravitational wave
 Specification Grid 2077
Grade: 11 Subject : Physics Theory (Phy. 101)

Remarks:
· Item format in composite should be met as per the specification grid.

· Designated weightage of the units/content areas should be met.

· In the case of SAQ and LAQ, these should ensure that 1 mark will be assigned per element expected as
correct response.

· The distribution of cognitive domain of questions should be nearly 15% knowledge/remembering, 25%
understanding, 30% applying and 30% higher ability level.

· SAQ and LAQ can be structured (have two or more sub-items). SAQ and LAQ can be distributed to two or
more cognitive behaviors.

· In such case these will be added to their respective cognitive behavior. In sum the distribution of cognitive
behavior should be approximately to the required distribution. In case of SAQ there will be 2 "OR"
questions and in case of LAQ there will be 1 "OR" question.
 Model Questions
Grade XI Attempt all questions
Group 'A'
Circle the best alternative to the following questions. (11×1 = 11)
1. A metre rule is used to measure the length
of a piece of string in a certain experiment.
It is found to be 20 cm long to the nearest
millimeter. How should this result be
recorded in a table of results?
(a) 0.2000m (b) 0.200m
(d) 0.20m (d) 0.2m
2. Forces are applied to a rigid body. The forces (a) 71 MW (b) 60 MW
all act in the same plane. In which diagram (c) 4.2 GW (d) 3.6 GW.
is the body in equilibrium?
5. Graphs of stress-strain for four different
materials are shown below. Which graph
represents the stiffest material?

(a) (b ) (c) (d)

3. An athlete makes a long jump and follows a 6. A boy walks towards a stationary plane
projectile motion. Air resistance is mirror at a speed of 1.2 ms-1. What is the
negligible. Which one of the following relative speed of approach of the boy and his
statements is true about the athlete? image?
(a) zero (b) 1.2 ms-1
(c) 2.4 ms-1 (d) 1.44 ms-1
7. The critical angle between an equilateral
prism and air is 45°. What happens to the
incident ray perpendicular to the refracting
(a) The athlete has a constant horizontal surface?
and vertical velocities. (a) It is reflected totally from the second
(b) The athlete has a constant horizontal surface and emerges perpendicular from the
velocity and constant downward third surface.
acceleration. (b) It gets reflected from second and third
(c) The athlete has a constant upward surfaces and emerges from the first surface
acceleration followed by a constant (c) It keeps reflecting from all the three
downward acceleration. sides of the prism and never emerges out.
(d) The athlete has a constant upward (d) After deviation, it gets refracted from the
velocity followed by a constant downward second surface.
velocity. 8. In the formation of a rainbow, the light from
4. At Kulekhani-I Hydro-power station, water the sun on water droplets undergoes which
flows from Indra Sarowar into the turbines of the following phenomenon/ phenomena?
that are a vertical distance of 550 m below (a) dispersion only
the lake, as shown in the diagram. (b) only total reflection.
Generally, 780,000 kg of water flows into the (c) dispersion and total internal reflection
turbines every minute. The turbines have (d) scattering
the efficiency of 85%. What is the output
power of the turbines?
9. In what unit is the power of lens measured? (a) R/4 (b) R/2
(a) watt (b) metre (c) R (d) 2R
(c) dioptre (d) Hertz 11. What are the elementary particles with half
10. A piece of wire of resistance R is bent spin called?
through 180° at mid-point and the two (a) quarks (b) bosons
halves are twisted together. What is the (c) fermions (d) hadrons
resistance of the wire thus formed?
Group 'B'
Answer the following questions. (8 × 5 = 40)
1. (a) State the law of conservation of (Specific latent heat of vaporization of water
momentum. [2] = 2.26 MJkg−1). [3]
(b) A jumbo jet of mass 4 × 105 kg travelling (c) Explain why the actual time needed is a
at a speed of 5000 m/s lands on the airport. little longer than the time calculated in
It takes 2 minutes to come to rest. Calculate 2 (b). [1]
the average force applied by the ground on 3. (a) Sate any three properties of an ideal gas
the aeroplane. [2] as assumed by the kinetic theory of gas. [3]
(c) After landing the aeroplane's momentum (b) A student needed to use the ideal gas for
becomes zero. Explain how the law of a certain experiment. But, the ideal gas does
conservation holds here. [1] not exist. Suggest what two different things
Or, this student could do to solve his problem.
(a) State Hook’s law. [2] [2]
(b) The walls of the tyres on a car are made 4. (a) Define temperature gradient in an object.
of a rubber compound. The variation with [1]
stress of the strain of a specimen of this (b) An electric kitchen range has a total wall
rubber compound is shown in Fig. 1.2. As the area of 1.40 m2 and is insulted with a layer
car moves, the walls of the tyres end and of fiber glass that has a temperature of 175
straighten continuously. Use Fig. 1.2 to °C and its outside surface is 35 °C. The fiber
explain why the walls of the tyres become glass has a thermal conductivity of 0.040
warm. [3] Wm-1K-1. Calculate the rate of flow of heat
through the insulation, assuming the fibre
as a flat slab of area of 1.40 m 2. [3]
(c) How might the rate of conduction be
affected if the fiber absorbs moisture?
Justify your answer. [1]
5. Figure 5.1 shows a ray of light is entering
and emerging through a part of a convex
lens.

2. (a) What is meant by specific latent heat of

vaporization of water = 2.26 MJ kg −1? [1]
(b) A 1.0 kW kettle contains 500 g of boiling
water. Calculate the time needed to
evaporate all the water in the kettle.
Fig. 5.1
 (i) Define ‘convex lens', and state one
daily application of it. [2]
(ii) Explain why this lens is also called
converging lens? [1] (b)Obtain an equation, in terms of Q and r,
(iii) Calculate the refractive index of the for the field strength at point X due to two
material of the lens shown in the charges shown in shown in Fig. 6.1 [3]
figure. [2] 7. (a) Define capacitance of a parallel plate
Or, capacitor and state one application of it in
(a) Define ‘concave mirror’ and state one daily electric circuit. [2]
application of it. [2] (b) Three capacitors each of 1000 F are
connected in an electric circuit as shown
(b) A certain projector uses a concave mirror below.
for projecting an object’s image on a screen. It
produces an image that is 5 times bigger than
the object and the screen is 5m away from the
mirror as shown in Fig. 5.2.

Fig 7.1
(i) Identify the type of combination shown in
Fig. 7.1, and calculate the effective
capacitance of the combination. [1+2]
8. (a) What is it meant by power of a heater is
2 kW? [1]
(i) Give reason why is the image larger
(b) Calculate the resistance of the above
than the object? [1]
mentioned heater when it is connected to
(ii) Calculate the focal length of the 220 V source. [2]
mirror. [2] (c) Suggest what changes must be done to
the heater so that it gives more heat. Justify
6. (a) Sketch an electric field pattern around your answer. [2]
two identical negative point charges shown
below. [2]

Group 'C'
Give long answer to the following questions. (3 × 8 = 24)
9. A box at rest is accelerated by a rope (a) If the box is pulled with constant
attached with a motor as shown in the Fig unbalanced force 10 N. Show that the initial
2.1. The velocity-time graph given below acceleration of the box is 2.5 ms -2, and
shows the pattern of its motion for 20 s. calculate its mass. [2+1]
(b)After 2.0 second the box is being pulled by
a constant force 12 N. Determine the size of
frictional forces acting on the box at this
time. [2]
(c) Determine the distance of the box travels
along the ground at 8.0 s. [3]
10. A boy is operating a remote-controlled toy Or
car on a horizontal circular track, as shown
in Figure. The track has a radius of 1·8 m Juno is a NASA orbiter with a mission to
and the car travels around the track with a survey Jupiter. It is in an elliptical orbit
constant speed. around Jupiter as shown in the figure below.

Fig. 10.1
(i) Explain why the car is accelerating,
even though it is travelling at a The gravitational potential at point A in the orbit
constant speed. [2] of Juno is –1.70 × 109 J kg-1.

(ii) The car has a mass of 0·50 kg. The (a) State what is meant by a gravitational
boy now increases the speed of the potential at point A is -1·70 × 109 J kg-1. [2]
car to 6·0 m s -1. The total radial
friction between the car and the track (b) At point B, Juno is 1.69 × 108 m from
has a maximum value of 7.0 N. Show the centre of Jupiter. If the mass if Jupiter
by calculation that the car cannot is
continue to travel in a circular path. 1.90 × 1027 kg, calculate the gravitational
[3] potential at point B. [3]

(iii) The car is now placed on a track, (c) The mass of Juno is 1.6 × 103 kg.
which includes a raised section. This Determine the change in gravitational
is shown in Figure 10.2 potential energy if Juno moves from Point
A to Point B. [3]
The raised section of the track can be
considered as the arc of a circle, which has 11. (a) Explain how Rutherford’s a-scattering
radius r of 0·85 m. The car will lose contact experiment suggested that the nucleus of an
with the raised section of track if its speed is atom is very small, very dense and positively
greater than vmax. Show that vmax is given by charged. [3]
(b) Considering that the a-particles carry
the relationship Vmax = rg . [3]
average kinetic energy of 2.00 × 10 10 J,
calculate the maximum size of the gold
nucleus. [Atomic number of gold is 79 and e
= 1.60 × 10–19 C] [3]
(c) Explain why the radius of the gold
nucleus must be much smaller than the
value calculated in 11(b) above. [2]

Fig. 10.2
 Chapter-1
Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

3. Solution: From the principle of dimensional 14. Solution: Let initial current be I and final current
F
homogeneity, for dimension of a = t = [MLT−3] I’ = 0.95 I., P = I2R  P  I2
P' I'2 P' (.95I)2
F  P = I2  P = I2 = 0.9025  P' = 0.9P
For dimension of b = t2 = [MLT−4]
P' – P (0.9 – 1)P
LdI dt 
7. Solution: e = dt  L = edI , P = P = – 0.1

P' – P
R e/I 1 
∴ L = dt = dt = frequency P × 100 = – 0.1 × 100 = –10%
e di 15. Solution: Specific Heat Capacity (s)
= Heat × [Mass × Temperature]–1
8. Solution: Force, F = [MLT–2,
= [M L2 T–2] [M1]–1 [K]–1 = [M0 L2 T–2 K–1]
F MLT–2
Surface tension, S = 1 , = [L] = [MT–2] Where dimension of Heat Energy = Dimensions of
Work Done
M M
Density,  = V = L3 = [ML–3]
= Force × displacement = [M L1 T–2] [L]
σRs2Ts4 [MT–3K-4]L2K4 1
Solar constant = 16. Solution: Here, KE = 2 mv2
Rse2 = L2 = [MT–3]

Where dimension of Stefan's constant,  = [MT–3K–4] ΔKE Δm Δv

So, error in KE = KE × 100 % = m + 2 v
V 1 [L3]
Compressibility, k = – V = = 3% + 2 × 2 % = 7 %
P [L3][ML–1T–2]
= [M–1LT2] 17. Solution: 1 kilo watt hour = 1 × 1000 watt × 60 ×
60 s
9. Solution: Volume (L3) = surface area (6L2)
= 3.6 × 106 J = 3.6 × 1013 erg
Or, L= 6 so, Volume = 63 = 216
19. Solution: As per the principle of homogeneity of
→ →
11. Solution: Torque T = r × F dimension, addition subtraction or equality
Dimensional formula of T = L1 × M1L1T–2 = M1L2T–2 between two quantities of different dimensions are
not possible while division and multiplication are
1 2W
12. Solution: W = 2 Kx2  K = x2 possible. Hence option (d) is correct.
1 L2 1
[ML2T–2] 20. Solution: Here. F = M L T–2 = M L T–2 = M L v2
[K] = [L2] = [ML0T–2]
FL 4× 4 4
1 2W M = v2 = 62 = 9 kg
13. Solution: W = 2 Kx2  K = x2

[ML2T–2]
[K] = [L2] = [ML T ]
0 –2
 Chapter-2
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

→→ → → 9. Solution: Total displacement will be the

1. Solution: P . Q = | P × Q |
hypotenuse of two north and east sides.
→ → → →
| P | | Q |cos θ = | P || Q |sin θ R= A2 + B2 = 102 + 202 = 500 =22.36 km

p 10. Solution: Here, A⋅B = 0, ∴ A is perpendicular to B

tan θ = 1  θ= 4 also, A⋅C = 0, ∴ A is perpendicular is to C. A is
perpendicular to both B and C and B × C is also
^ ^ ^ ^ perpendicular to both B and C. Therefore, A is parallel
2. Solution: Work done = F . d = (3 i + 4 j ) . (3 i + 4 j )
to B × C.
^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^
= 3 × 3i.i+ 4 × 4j. j + 3 × 4i. j + 4 × 3 j.i 11. Solution: Here, Ax = 3,  = 300, Ay = ?
^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ We know, Ax = A cos   A = 3.46
= 9 +16 = 25 J (∵ i . i = j . j = 1; i . j = j . i = 0)
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Ay = A sin  = 3.46 × sin 30° = 3
3. Solution: F = 3 i +c j + 2k and S = −4 i +2 j + 3k
→ →
W = F⋅ S 12. Solution: Here, ( A − B ) = A2 + B2 – 2AB cos

6 = 3× (−4) + 2c + 2 × 3 ⇒ 2c = 12 ⇒ c = 6 → →
( A − B )max = A2 + B2 + 2AB = A + B
→→ → → ∵ For max,  = 180° so cos 180 = - 1
4. Solution: P . Q = | P | | Q |cos θ = 3 × 5 × cos 600 = 7.5
→ → 13. Solution: If two vectors are perpendicular to each
5. Solution: We know, | A × B | = AB sin  other, their scalar product should be zero.
= 5 3 × 10 sin 30 = 25 3 →→
Therefore, P . Q = 0
Vc
6. Solution: We know, tan() = ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Vr (5 i + 7 j − 3 k) . ( 2 i + 2 j − a k) = 0
Vc 20 10 + 14 + 3k = 0
Vr = = = 11.55 m/s
tanθ tan60
 3k =−24  k = −8
7. Solution: 140 N if it is in the same direction and
→
100 N if it is in opposite direction. Right answer is 14. Solution: Consider the vector be r1 of length l. On
(b). →
turning through angle  be r2
8. Solution: We know, R = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos , → → →
where cos θ ranges from –1 to 1.  r = r2 – r1 = r22 + r12 – 2r2r1cos

For cos θ = – 1, resultant force = A – B = 4 N and for But r1 = r2 = l

cos θ = 1, resultant force = A + B = 16 N. Hence correct →
r = l2 + l2 – 2l2cos = 2l2 (1 – cos)
answer is (a).
 
= 2l2 × 2sin22 = 2lsin2
15. Solution: Let AB, BC and CE are the displacements of the man
In first case, we have and AE be the resultant displacement so from polygon
law of vectors, we have
R2 = (3F)2 + (2F)2 + 12F2cos
AE = AB + BC + CE
= 13F2 + 12F2 cos ......(1)
Now, along x-axis,
In second case,
AEx = ABx + BCx + CEx
(2R)2 = (2 × 3F)2 + 4F2 + 24F2cos = AB cos  + BC cos  + CE cos 
= 40F2 + 24F2 cos......(2) = 30 cos 90° + 20 cos 0° + 30 2 cos 225°
= 0 + 20 – 30 = – 10m west
Multiplying (1) by 4 and equating (1) and (2)
And, AEy = ABy + BCy + CEY
40F2 + 24F2 cos = 52F2 + 48F2 cos = AB sin  + BC sin  + CE sin 
1
12F2 = –24F2cos  cos = – 2 = cos120° = 30 sin 90° + 20 sin 0° + 30 2 sin 225°
= 30 + 0 – 30 = 0 m
 = 120°
So, resultant displacement, AE = AEx2 + AEy2
17. Solution: From the triangle law of vector
addition, the resultant must be zero if the sum of two = (– 10)2 + (0)2 = 10 m west
forces ≥ remaining force. 21. Solution:
In all the options except (c), the sum of two forces is FX = 1 × cos 0° + 3 × cos 90° + 2 × cos 120°
greater or equal to the remaining force =1–1=0N
However, for option (c), 10 + 20 = 30 FY = 1 N × sin 0° + 3 N × sin 90° + 2 N × sin 120°
i.e., 30 < 40 = 3 + 0.866 = 3.866 N
Hence, the resultant cannot be zero for option (c).
FR = FX2 + FY2 = 3.866 N
→ →
18. Solution: Let the two vectors be A and B . It is FY
Tan θ = F  θ = 900 i.e., towards positive Y - axis
given that their vector sum and vector difference are X

at right angles means the dot product of their vector → → →

23. Solution: C = A + B
sum and vector difference is zero.
→ → → → → →
(→ →
)(
→ →
A + B . A – B =0 ) C. C = (A + B) . (A + B)
C2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos θ
→ → → → → → → → (10)2 = (6)2 + (8)2 + 2 × 6 × 8 cos θ
A .A – A .B + B .A – B .B = 0
 cos θ = 0  θ = 900
| | –| |
→
A
2 →
B
2
=0 → →
24. Solution: Let the two vectors be A and B with
→ → magnitudes A and B respectively. Then magnitude of
Both A and B have the same magnitude. their sum is given by:
19. Solution: A vector has both magnitude and
direction. A vector is changed if it is rotated through |→A + →B | = A2 + B2 + 2ABcos .....(1)
certain angle. If vector is multiplied by scalar
( = angle between the vectors)
quantity, its magnitude is changed. A vector does not
change if it is displaced parallel to itself. Hence option Magnitude of their difference is given by:
(d) is correct.
20. Solution:
|→A – →B | = A + B – 2ABcos
2 2 .......(2)

As | A + B | = | A – B |
→ → → →

 A2 + B2 + 2ABcos = A2 + B2 – 2ABcos
 4AB cos = 0 or, cos = 0   = 90°
25. Solution: Scalar product = Product of magnitude
of two vectors × cosine of angle between them
6 1
6 = 3 × 4 cos  12 = cos  2 = cos

1
 = cos–1 2 = 60°
 
28. Solution: ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. So, = 8 + 4 + 4 + 1 = 17 km
→ → → → → → → →
AB = ED and AF = CD Displacement = OA + AB + BC + CD
From triangle law of vector addition, = 8i + (–4j) + (–4i) + ĵ = 4i – 3j
→ → → → → |Displacement| = (4)2 + (3)2 = 5
AC + AF = AC + CD = AD
→ → → → → Displacement = 5 km
AE + AB = AE + ED = AD
30. Solution: Shortest possible path, s = 1 km
→ → → → →
Now, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF Time taken, t = 15 min = 0.25 hr
→ → → → → → → → Speed in the direction of shortest path,
= AD+ (AC+ AF) + (AE+AB) = AD+ AD+ AD
s
→ → →
= 3AD= 3(2AO) = 6AO [O is midpoint of AD] t= v2 – u2

29. Solution: s 1
t= v2 – u2  0.25 = 52 – u 2
→ → → →
Distance = | || || || |
OA + AB + BC + CD
u = 3 kmh–1

Chapter-3
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: Let x = total distance covered by the car, x x x

Total time , t = t1 + t2 = 80 + 120 = 48 hr
Time taken to complete the half distance with velocity
x x x
v = 40 km/h, t1 = 2 × 40 = 80 hr Average speed of the car, vave = x/48 = 48 km/h

Time taken to complete anther half distance with 2. Solution: Total distance = x and s = vt
x x x/3 x x/3 x x/3 x
velocity u = 460 km/h, t2 = 2 × 60 = 120 hr t1 = 10 = 30 , t2 = 20 = 60 , t3 = 60 = 180
 x t2 = 1 s so, t1 = 2 s
Average velocity = total time taken
For first case, v2 – u2 = 2 a s1
x + 3x + 6x 10x
Total time taken = = 180 (2t1)2 – 0 = 2 × 2 × s1  s1 = 4 m
180
For second case, v2 – u2 = 2 a s1
x × 180
Thus average velocity = 10x = 18 km/h 0 – (2t1)2 = 2 × –4 × s2  t12 = 2 s2

u2sin2 Rg (2)2 = 2 s2 s2 = 2m

3. Solution: R = g  u2 = = 200
sin2 Total distance, s = s1 + s2 = 6 m
u2 sin2 200 × 1/2 d2x d2
H= 2g = 2 × 10 = 5 m 9. Solution: a = dt2 = dt2 (2t2 + t + 5)

4. Solution: Time for to reach the peak, d

= dt (4t + 1) = 4m/s2
t = 4 × 0.5 = 2 s
Now, v = u – g t  0 = u −10 × 2  u = 20m/s 1 1
10. Solution: s1 = 2 (5)t12 and s2 = 2 (10)t22
5. Solution: s1 = 200 cm, t1 = 2 sec and
During acceleration, velocity = 5t1
s2 = 200 cm, t2 = 4 sec
During retardation, velocity = –10t2
1 1
We know, s = ut + 2 at2, 200 = u × 2 + 2 × a × 4 So, 5t1 – 10t2 = 0  t1 = 2t2

 a + u = 100 (1) Since s1 + s2 = 1500 m

1 1 1 1
2 (5)t1 + 2 (10)t2 = 1500  2 (5 × 4t2 + 10t2 ) = 1500
2 2 2 2
And, 420 = u × 6 + 2 × a × (6)2

70 = 3a + u (2) 1
2 30t2 = 1500 t2 = 10s, So, t1 = 20s
2

Solving equations (1) and (2) we get

Thus, the total time = t1 + t2 = 10 + 20 = 30s
u = 115 cm/sec, and a = –15 cm/s2
11. Solution: When the packet is released from the
Again, v = u + at = 115 – 15 × 7 = 10 cm/sec
balloon, it moves up with the same speed as that of
6. Solution: Given, u = 10 m/s, t = 5 sec, the balloon.
v = 20m/s, a = ? Here, h = – 65m (–ive sign is because the packet is
20 – 10 moving downwards)
So, acceleration = a = 5 = 2 ms–2
1 1
We know, h = ut + 2 gt2  –65 = 12t – 2 × 10t2
For 3 seconds before,
v1 = u1 + at, or 10 = u1 + 2 × 3 or u1 = 4m/s –65 = 12t – 5t2  5t2 – 12t – 65 = 0

7. Solution: Let a be the constant acceleration of the 5t2 – 25t + 13t – 65 = 0

particle. Then, in first 10 seconds, we have 5t(t – 5) + 13(t – 5) = 0
v = u + at = 10a and v2 = u2 + 2as1 13
t – 5 = 0, 5t + 13 = 0  t = – 5 , 5
100 a2 = 2as1  s1 = 50a
For total 20 seconds, v’ = u + at = 20a 12. Solution:

and v’2 = u2 + 2as 1

Distance covered in nth second, Sn = u + 2 g(2t – 1)
400 a2 = 2as  s = 200a = 4s1
1 1
Let s2 be the distance in second 10 seconds, so  Sn = 0 + 2 g(2t – 1) = 2 g(2t – 1)

s = s1 + s2  4s1 = s1 + s2  s2 = 3s1 Distance travelled in first second i.e. t = 1,

8. Solution: v = u + at  v = 2 t1 1 1
S1 = 2 g(2 × 1 – 1) = 2 g
Again, vf = ui – 4 t2
0 = 2 t1 – 4 t2  2 t1 = 4 t2  t1 = 2 t2 Distance travelled in 2nd second i.e. t = 2,

Here, t1 + t2 = 3 s  2 t2 + t2 = 3 s 1 3
S2 = 2 g(2 × 2 – 1) = 2 g
Distance travelled in 3rd second i.e. t = 3, Time = 2.5 sec,
B
1 5 g = 10m/s2
S3 = 2 g(2 × 3 – 1) = 2 g 2.5 sec 2.5 sec
v = u – gt  0 = u –
 s1 : s2 : s3 = 1 : 3 : 5 10(2.5)  u = 25 m/s A

13. Solution: v2 = u2 + 2ax (7)2 = (15)2 + 2a (90) 1 1

H = ut + 2 gt2 = 25(4) + 2 ×
4 sec 4 sec
a = –0.978m/s2, Again, v2 = u2 + 2ax
10 × (4)2 = 180 m
O = (15)2 + 2(–0.978)x  x = 115.06 h
H=?
18. Solution: For 1st 2 fall,
C
Distance travelled by the car = 115 – 90 = 25m
14. Solution: Initially relative velocity between coin h 1 1 h
= 0 t1 + gt12 = g t12  = t12 (1)
and lift is zero. 2 2 2 g

1 1 Also we know, v = 0 + gt1 = gt1

We know, h = ut + 2 gt2 = 2 gt2 [ ∵u = 0]
h h 1
For 2nd 2 fall, 2 =(gt1) t2 + 2 gt22
2h 2 × 2.5 1
t= g = 10 s = 2 s [Here, u is v of first fall = g t1]
15. Solution: Let man will catch the bus after time t 1 h t22 t12 t22
since the distance from man’s position is same for 2 .g = t1 t2 + 2  2 = t1t2 + 2 [from (1)]
both at time t.
Given that t2 = 1  t12 = 2t1 + 1  t12 – 2t1 – 1 = 0
Distance covered by bus = Distance covered by man – 48
1 2 1 2 4+4 22 2
t1 = =  t1 = 1 + 2
2 at = vt – 48 2 (1)t = 10t – 48
2
2 2

t2 – 20t + 96 = 0 (t – 12)(t – 8) = 0  total time for which ball remains in air
t = 8s (minimum value) and = t1 + t2 = 1 + 2+1=2+ 2 seconds
t = 12 s (maximum value) Hence option (c) is correct. 20. Solution: Here, we have
16. Solution: Distance travelled by a body in 'n' th v =−u + gt =−2 + 9.8 × 2 = 17.6 m/s
a
second is Sn = u + 2 (2n – 1) 21. Solution:
Distance covered in nth second is given by,
1
Distance travelled in 'n' seconds is S = un + 2 an2 1
Sn = u + 2 a(2n – 1)
u is zero since the body starts from rest.
For Case 1: S₃ = 30m, n = 3
a
(2n – 1) 1
Sn 2
= so, 30 = u + 2 a(2 × 3 - 1) ⇒ 30 = u + 2.5a (1)
S 1 2
2an
For Case 2: S₅ = 50m, n = 5
Sn 2 1 1
Therefore, the ratio = S = n – n2 so, 50 = u + 2 a (2 × 5 - 1) ⇒ 50 = u + 4.5 a (2)

17. Solution: From equations (1) and (2) we get,

For Ball 1 50 - 30 = [u + 4.5a ] – [u + 2.5a ]
Initial velocity = u m/s downward, time taken to ⇒ 20 = 2a ⇒ a = 10 m/s²
reach ground = 4 sec
→ dv d
For Ball 2 22. Solution: a = dt = dt (20 + 0.1t2) = 0.2t

Initial velocity = u m/s upward, time taken to reach Since, acceleration, a, depends on time, t, it is non-
ground = 9 sec uniform acceleration.
23. Solution: We know,
From A to B and then back from
B to A = 5 sec u2 102
v2 = u2 – 2gh  0 = u2 – 2g(h/2), h = g = 10 = 10 m
From A to C = 4 sec
At B, the speed of ball 2 = 0, u =?
 1 1 32. Solution: Instantaneous velocity is given by the slope
24. Solution: S = 4t + 2 (1)t2 and S = 2t + 2 (2)t2 of a displacement time graph. The only part of the graph
[Distance is same] with negative slope is point E. Hence at point E, velocity
Solving them, we get, t = 0 or t = 4s of the graph is negative. Option (d) is correct.

1 33. Solution: If a body starts from rest with

Therefore, S = 4(4) + 2 (1)(4)2 = 24m acceleration  and then retards with retardation 
and becomes to rest. The total time taken for this
u2sin2 u2sin30 journey is t and distance covered is S then
25. Solution: In first case, R = g = g (i)
1   t2 1 × 5 × 10 t2
u'2sin2 4u2sin60 S=  6000 = 2 (5 + 10)  t = 60 s
In second case, R’ = = (ii) 2 ( + )
g g
34. Solution: In the positive region the velocity
Dividing equation (ii) by (i) decreases linearly (during rise) and in the negative
R' 4 sin 60 region velocity increases linearly (during fall) and the
R = sin 30  R’ = 4 3R direction is opposite to each other during rise and fall,
hence fall is shown in the negative region. Hence, the
u2 sin2 
26. Solution: We know, H. = correct option is (c).
2g
35. Solution: The total displacement in velocity-time
u12 sin2 30 u22 sin2 60
According to question, = graph is equal to the area under the graph from origin
2g 2g
0 after 8sec
u1 sin 60 1 1
 u = sin 30 = 3 :1 S = 2 × 4 × (2 + 4) – 2 × (2) × (2 + 4), S = 12 – 6 = 6 m
2

u2 sin 2 u2 sin2  dv
27. Solution: R = g = 4 H (∵ H. = 2 g ) 36. Solution: We know, a = dt , Clearly at and after
28. Solution: Direction of velocity is always tangent to dv
the path, so at the top of trajectory, it is horizontal point B, a will be negative since dt is negative.
direction and acceleration due to gravity is always in
Now, F = ma. Since a will be negative, therefore F will
vertically downward direction. Hence, v and g are
also be negative i.e. force is experienced in opposite
perpendicular to each other.
direction of motion.
→ → ^
29. Solution: Here, VP = 3ĵ km/s and VQ = 4 i km/s 37. Solution: Area under v-t graph gives displacement.
The relative velocity of P with respect to Q is 1
S = 2 × 2 × 8 + 8 × 8 = 72 m
→ → → ^
VPQ = VP – VQ = 3 ĵ – 4 i km/s = 32 + 42 = 5 km/s 38. Solution: To find distance travelled, calculate
3 area of v – t graph which is equal to area under
tanθ = 4  θ = 36.9° west of north. graph:
1 S = (u2) + (22) + (2 × 2) = 16m
30. Solution: vy = 50 sin30° = 50 × 2  25 m/s For displacement, calculate area under graph with
Sy = –70m, ay = – 10 m/s2 positive velocity and subtract area enclosed with
negative velocity.
1
Sy = uy t + 2 ay t2 Displacement: (8 × 4) – (2 × 2) = 12 – 4 = 8m
Ans: 8m, 16m
1
–70 = 25t + 2 (–10)t2 41. Solution: Let v, t1, t2 be the maximum velocity
attained, time for which car accelerated and the time
5t2 – 25t – 70 = 0
for which car retarded respectively
t = 7 sec
⇒ t1 = (v − u)/a = (v−0)/2 = v/2
31. Solution: The two bodies will collide at the ⇒t2 = (v –u )/a = (0−v)/(−4) = v/4
highest point if both cover the same vertical height in
the same time. Now it is given that,
v12 sin230° v22 t1 + t2 = 3 ⇒ v/2 + v/4 = 3 ⇒v = 4m/s
So, 2g = 2g 42. Solution: The a-t graph shows that initially the
body moves with uniform velocity. Its acceleration
v22
increases for a short time and then fails to zero and
v12 = sin 30°
2

there after the body moves with a constant velocity.

v2 Such as physical situation arises when a cricket ball
v1 = sin30° moving with a uniform speed is hit with a bat for a
1 very short time interval.
= 2 = 0.5
Correct Answer is (a).
 Chapter-4
Key Formula

→ → →
11. Torque, t = r × F

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

dP m(v2 – v1) dP
1. Solution: F = dt = dt 11. Solution: F = dt so the impulse, dP = F dt
1(30 – 0) 30 Integrating both sides, we get  dP =  Fdt
6= dt  dt = 6 = 5 s
The impulse dP is nothing but area under F – t
2. Solution: Newton's first law states that, if a body is graph.
at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, Now the area for the range t = 4 to t = 16 is
it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line trapezium + triangle
at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force. 1 1
This postulate is known as the law of inertia. Hence a = 2 (sum) × separation + 2 base × height
force is not required to keep the particle moving with 1 1
uniform speed. Option (d) is correct. or dP = 2 (200 + 800) × (6 – 4) + 2 × (16 – 6) × 800
3. Solution: Change in momentum = mv
= 5000 N  s = 0.005 N s
= 2 × 8 = 16 kg m/s
12. Solution: Free body diagram of mass 12 kg using
16
Force = 4 = 4 N Newton second law
T1 – T2 = 12 a (i)
F–f
5. Solution: Acceleration of the car, a = m FBD of mass 3 kg
T2 = 3a (ii)
1000 – 500
= = 0.5 m/s2 Add equation (i) and (ii) we get, T1 = 15a
1000
T1 15a
Using v = u + at = 10 + 0.5 × 10 = 15 m/s Now T = 3a = 5:1
2
6. Solution: If  be the coefficient of kinetic friction,
13. Solution: The force of 10 N produces an
then the friction force f = R
acceleration in the two blocks which can be written as
Now, normal force R = mg cos so f = mg cos
F 10
In equilibrium, mg sin = f = mg cos a = m + m = 3 + 2 = 2 m/s2
1 2
sin The force with which the first block pushes the
or  = = tan
cos second block B is
mg F1 = m2 × a = 2 × 2 = 4 N
7. Solution: F = ma,  FN – mg = 5
14. Solution: Limiting friction = μ mg
6 mg 6 × 60 × 10 = 0.4 × 2 × 9.8 = 7.84 N
FN = 5 = 5 = 720 N
Since the applied force is smaller than limiting
9. Solution: P = mv – (–mv) = 2mv friction.
1 So Static friction on a body = Applied force = 2.5 N
2×2×2
DP 2mv 15. Solution: From figure, we have
F = t = 10–3 = 10–3 = 2000 N
T2 sin 450 = 1 kg wt  T2 = 2 kg - wt
10. Solution: Here, Force of friction,
T1 = T2 cos 450 = T1  T1 = 1 kg - wt
F1 =  (m1 + m2) g = 4000 N
16. Solution: m1 = 10kg; m2 = 20kg; F2 = 200 N;
Force producing acceleration,
a1 = 12ms–2; a2 = ?
F2 = (m1 + m2) a = 2000 N
For mass m1; F = m1a1 = 10 × 12 = 120 N
Total force applied by the horse, F = F1 + F2 = 6000 N
For mass m2; 200 – F = 20a2 20. Solution: T2 = (M2 + M3) g = (2 + 3) 10 = 50 N
80 21. Solution:
200 – 120 = 20a2  a2 = 20 = 4 ms–2
The area under the graph gives linear momentum
17. Solution; Now, the tension = mB g Linear momentum = Force × time
= 5 × 10 = 50 N Change in momentum
Now, we consider the combination of A and C = (−2 × 2) + (4 × 1) + (−1 × 1) + (1 × 1) = 5 – 5 = 0
Then, T =  R = 0.2(mA + mC) g 22. Solution: F = k R = k Mg
50 = 0.2 × 10 × 10 + 0.2 mC × 10 23. Solution: A body traverses in successive second
50 – 20 = 2mC  mC = 15 kg distance of 4, 5 and 6 meter as an average velocity
increases at the rate of 1m/s2. i.e., a = 1 m/s2.
Hence, the minimum mass of C is 15 kg
The force acting on the body, F = ma = 8 × 1 = 8 N
18. Solution: The mean force is zero because the area
under curve above x-axis is equal to area under curve 24. Solution: From Newton's third law of motion, for
below x-axis. every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
So when 60 kg man exerts a force of 60 N on 40 kg
19. Solution:
man, 40 kg man also exerts the same force of 60 N on
In this case, all the three blocks are constrained to the 60 kg man.
move with same acceleration.
27. Solution: Force of friction, F1 = μ (m1+ m2) g
F
Acceleration = 3 m = 0.2 (1000 + 200) 10 = 2400 N
Force producing acceleration,
Tension between PQ is equal to the force required to
F2 = (m1+ m2) a = (1000 + 200) 2
F
pull blocks Q and R with acceleration 3 m and Total force applied by the horse = F1+F2 = 4800 N.
28. Solution: If a is the deceleration due to the force
between QR is equal to the force required to pull
of friction f, then
F
block R with acceleration 3 m . So 1
2ax = v2  max = 2 mv2
F 2F F F
TPQ = 2m × 3 m = 3 and TQP = m × 3 m = 3 F x = KE (∵ F = ma)
Thus, if KE is doubled, x is also doubled. Hence,
TPQ
∴T = 2:1 option (c) is correct.
QR

Chapter-5
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: Let v be the common velocity. 2. Solution: Let u be the initial velocity of mass m
From conservation of momentum, and v be the velocity of combined mass.
2 × 10 + 3 × 0 = (2 + 3) v From the conservation of momentum,
10 × 2 u
v = 5 = 4 m/sec, [36 km/hour = 10 m/sec] mu = (m + 2m)v  v = 3 = 1 km/h

1 3. Solution: we know that,

Initial Energy = 2 × 2 × (10)2 + 0 = 100 J,
mgh
1 P= t
Final Energy = 2 × 5 × 4 × 4 = 40 J
(m × 10 × 10)
Loss of energy = 100 – 40 = 60 J 2000 = 60
m = 1200 kg or 1200 litre
4. Solution: Given P1 = M1v1 = M2v2 = P2 As the area actually is not trapezium so work done will
P2 K1 P12 M2 M2 be more than 14 J i.e. approximately 16 J
Kinetic energy K = 2M  K = P 2 M = M 16. Solution: We know, m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v
2 2 1 1

Since M1 < M2  K1 > K2, (0.1) (1) + (0.4) (-0.1) = (0.1 + 0.4) v  v = 0.12 m/s
hence, KE of lighter body is greater. Distance covered = v t = 0.12 × 10 = 1.2 m
17. Solution: Work done against gravity,
5. Solution: From work Energy theorem,
Wg = 50 × 10 × 30 = 15 kJ
Wnet = Whorizontal + Wvert. = 0 + 5 × 60 = 300 J
Work done against friction, Wf = μ mg cos θ × s
Horizontal work is zero as the force is in vertical = 0.4 × 50 × 10 × 54 × 50 = 8 kJ
direction and the motion is in horizontal direction.
Total work done = Wg + Wf = 15 kJ + 8 kJ = 23 kJ
6. Solution: W = FScos = 3 × 10 × cos30° 18. Solution: Here,
3 Height of pendulum after displaced through an angle
= 10 3 × 2 = 15 kJ of 600 for vertical, h = length (1− cos 60 = 1(1 − 0.5)
8. Solution: Mass = 0.06kg, Velocity= 4m/s and = 0.5 m
Rebound velocity = −4m/s Increase in Potential energy = mg h
Impulse = change in momentum = m(u)–m(v) = 0.4 × 10 × 0.5 = 2.0 J
19. Solution: When identical balls collide elastically
= 0.06 × 4 – (0.06 × −4) = 0.24 – (−0.24) = 0.48 kgm/s
they just exchange their speeds and get reversed, so
9. Solution: We know,
the exchanged velocities will be following v1 = – 3 m/s
mv1 mv1 v1 and v2 = 5 m/s
m1v1 = (m1 + m2) v  v = m + m = 2m = 2
1 2
m 3m
1 1 20. Solution: Here, m1 = 4 , v1 = 0, m2 = 4 , E2 = ?
Initial K.E., E = 2 × m1v12 = 2 × m4v2 = 2mv2
From conservation of linear momentum,
1 mv = m1v1 + m2v2
Final K.E., E' = 2 (m1 + m2)v2 = mv2
3m 4v
E = 0 + 4 v2  v2 = 3
Loss in K.E. = E – E' = 2mv2 – mv2 = mv2 = 2
1 1 3m 4v 2 2
So, E2 = 2 m2v22 = 2 4  3  = 3 mv2
10. Solution: Here,  
Volume of pumped blood V = 4 liters = 4 × 10–3 m3 21. Solution: Here, Total energy, W = 850 kJ
Height of mercury column = 130 mm = 0.13m PE = mgh = 10 × 10 × 500 = 50 kJ
13.6 × 10–3 KE = W – PE = 800 kJ
Density of mercury = 13.6 g cm–3 = 10–6 kg/m3
1 1 1
= 13.6 × 103 kg/m3 KE = 2 mv2  800000 = 2 mv2 = 2 × 10 v2
W Fr PAr PV ρgh × V  v = 400 m/s
Power of heart = t = t = t = t = t 1 1 m2v2
13.6 × 103 × 9.8 × 0.13 × 4 × 10–3 22. Solution: Kinetic energy, E = 2 mv2 = 2 m
= 60 = 1.155 watt
P2
12. Solution: E = 2m  P2 = 2mE  P = 2mE
W = total area enclosed by F -s graph on x -axis. 23. Solution: Here, m1 = 0.01 kg, u1 = 63 m/s,
1 1 m2 = 0.2 kg, u2 = 0,
W = 2 × 5 × 8 + 5 × 4 + 3 × 5 × 12 + 2 × 5 × 4 × 2
Common velocity,
= 240 J m1 u1 + m2 u2 0.01 × 63 + 0.2 × 0
13. Solution: Total work done v= m +m = 0.01 + 0.2 = 3 m/s
1 2
1 25. Solution: We know, F = 10 + 0.5x and W =  F dx
= 2 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 2 + 2 × 1.5 – 3 × 2 – 1 × 1 = 3 J
2
14. Solution: Work done = Area under curve and W =  (10 + 0.5x) dx
0
displacement axis = Area of trapezium
0.5x2  2
1 W = (10x + 2 ) 0
= 2 × (sum of two parallel lines) × distance between 
1 0.5
them = 2 (6 + 0) × (16 − 8) = 24 J So, W = 10 × (2 – 0) + 2 (22 – 0) = 21 J

As the area actually is not trapezium so work done will 26. Solution: Let the recoil velocity of gun be V.
be more than 24 J i.e. approximately 32 J Mass of rifle Mr = 20 kg, Mass of bullet, Mb = 0.01 kg
15. Solution: Work done = Area under curve and Velocity of bullet, Vb = 100 m/s, Initial momentum of
displacement axis = Area of trapezium the system Pi = 0
1 From the conservation of linear momentum: Pf = Pi
= 2 × (sum of two parallel lines) × distance between Or Mg × V + Mb × Vb = 0
1 Or 20 × V + 0.01 × 100 = 0
them = 2 (10 + 4) × (2.5 − 0.5) = 14 J V = −0.05 m/s
∴ Recoil velocity = 0.05 m/s
 dv ∴ Ratio between their kinetic energies,
27. Solution: We know, P = F.v = m.a.v = m dt v
1
2 m1v1
2
P
 P m 2 m 22 m 2
t v

m dt = v dv   0 m dt =  0 v dv =1 =m ×m 2=m
1 1 1
2 m2v2
2
P v2
m t = 2  v = 2Pt/m  v  t 1
It means, K.E.  m so, lighter mass has greater
28. Solution: Let m1 and m2 be the masses of the
body. kinetic energy.
v1 m2
m1v1 = m2v2  v = m
2 1

Chapter-6
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

v2 (4.9)2 25
1. Solution: µ = rg = 4 × 9.8 = 0.61 9. Solution: Frequency, f = 14 Hz
2. Solution: Centripetal force = Frictional force 25
Angular velocity,  = 2πf = 2π × 14 rad/s = 11.2 rad/s
mv2
r =  mg Acceleration, a = 2r = 125.4 × 0.8
or, v = rg = 0.2 × 18 × 10 = 6 m/s = 21.6 kmph = 100.4 m/s2 = 1004 cm/s2
3. Solution: Acceleration = r2 = r(2f)2 The direction is along the radius at every point
1 2 towards the centre.
= 4 × 2 × 2 = 42 m/s2
  v2
13. Solution: r g =
(tan + s)

v2 × (1 – stan)
=r
5. Solution: Angular velocity = 2f (1 – stan) g × (tan + s)
2 × 100 r' v12 22v2
r =  v2  = v2 , r' = (r × 2 ) = 50 × 4  r' = 200 m
2
= 60 rad/s = 10.47 rad/s
mv2 Fr m v2
6. Solution: F = r  v2 = m 16. Solution: From F= r , F directly proportional
to v2 and F has tendency to overturn in a circular
25 × 1.96
= 0.25 = 196  v = 196 = 14m/s motion. Therefore, on doubling velocity, tendency to
overturn becomes quadrupled.
7. Solution: Centripetal force = m2r
17. Solution: Centripetal acceleration = ω2 r
= 5 × 2 × 2 × 1 = 20 N
= (2πf)2 r = 4 2 r f2
8. Solution: When the particle completes half
18. Solution: In horizontal circle, we have
revolution, change in velocity
m vmax2
v = [5 – (–5)] m/s = 10 m/s Tmax = r
Time taken to complete the half revolution,
Tmax × r 200 × 2
r  × 5 vmax = = = 20 m/s
t = v = 5 = s m 1
19. Solution: The minimum speed with which he must
v 10
Thus, average acceleration = t = p m/s2. swing the bucket so the water does not spill out of the
bucket will be at lowest position of the vertical circle.
Here, Tension = T = weight of the bucket = mg
The centripetal force will provide the tension here. F1 r2
∴ F = r 
m v2 2  1
r = mg  v = r g = 1 × 9.8 = 3.13 m/s Δv
25. Solution: Tangential acceleration = Δt = 0
20. Solution: Tension in the string, F = mar = m 2
2 42 m 26. Solution: From the conservation of energy,
where  = T  F = m × T2  T = 2 F 1
mgh = 2 mv2  v = 2gh
T 1 
% change in time period = T × 100 = 2  × 100 The condition for completing the loop is given as,
T 1 2×5
 T × 100 = 2 × 1% = 0.5% 2gh = 5gR  R = 5 = 2 cm

21. Solution: Minimum strength of string that can 27. Solution: Tension is maximum at the lowest point
withstand tension at the mean position, i.e., at point A.
m v2 m v2
T = mg +  (1) 28. Solution: FA = mg − r (1)
A

Again, from conservation of energy, we have m v2

and FB = mg – r (2)
1 B
mg  = 2 m v2  v = 2 g l
m v2 m v2
Here, rA > rB, so, r < r (3)
m × 2g l A B
Equation (1) becomes, T = mg +  = 3 mg
From equations (1), (2) and (3) we get FA > FB.
23. Solution: Angular velocity of particle, v2 (64)2
ω = 2π f = 2π × 2 = 4π rad/s 29. Solution: Here, tan θ = r g = 720 × 10 = 0.57
Radius, r = 25 cm = 0.25 m  = tan–1(0.57) = 300
Acceleration, a = r ω2 = 0.25 × (4π)2 = 4π2 m/s2 30. Solution: Here, f = 2/π rev/s  ω = 2 πf = 4
24. Solution: We know, From figure, R =  sin θ
mv2 1 So, T sin θ = M ω2 R = M ω2  sin θ  T = 16 M 
F = r . If m and v are constants then F  r

Chapter-7
Key Formula
Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

GM 10. Solution: Here, speed of satellite,

1. Solution: We know, g = R2
v = g R = 10 × 6.4 × 106 = 7.9 km/s
Now, mass and radius is doubled so 12. Solution: g inside surface of Earth,
G2M 1 h
g' = 4R2 = 2 g = 4.9 m/s2 gr = g 1 – R
 
GM g h 1 h
2. Solution: Since g = R2 or, 4 = g 1 – R  4 = 1 – R
 
GMP GMe h 3 3
So, gp = R 2 and ge = R 2 or, R = 4 R  ∴ h = 4 R
P e

gp GMP Re2 MP  Re 2 1
ge = RP2 × GMe = Me RP 13. Solution: Gravitational force, FG = r5/2
MP Re 1 Centripetal force  r-5/2  mr 2  r-5/2
gP = ge  M  R  = 9.8 80 (2)2 = 0.49ms–2
 e  P   r-5/2
4. Solution: Mass is constant, so, 2  r  2  r-7/2
We know, 2
2  r-7/2  T2  r7/2
GMm 1
W = R2  W  R2  Weight increases.
T
14. Solution: From Conservation of Energy,
3 2 1 mgR2
5. Solution: g' = 5 g = g – R2cos2 0°  R2 = 5 g – mgR + 2 mv2 = – (R + h)
2g 2 × 9.8 mgR R2
= 5R = 5 × 6400 × 103 = 7.8 × 10 rad/s
–4 – mgR + 2 = –mg (R + h)

6. Solution: Orbital velocity, v0 = gr R R2

– 2 = – (R + h)  R + h = 2R  h = R
Escape velocity, ve = 2gr
15. Solution:
∴ Increase in velocity = 2gr – gr
First time T2  R3 and second time, T’2  (2R)3
= ( 2 – 1) gr = 0.414 gr T' (2R)32
T = R3/2 = 2
3/2
0.414
So, % increase in velocity = gr × 100 = 41.4 %
gr
T' = 23/2 T = 2 2 × 24 = 48 2 hours
7. Solution: (∵ T = 24 for geostationary satellite)
ME RE
Given: M = 81 and R = 3.5 16. Solution: According to Kepler's law, T2  r3
M M
(T1/T2)2 = (r1/r2)3  (365/T2)2 = (2r1/r1)3
2GM
Escape velocity ve = (365/T2)2 = 8  (365/T2)2 = 2 2
R
T2 = 365/(2 2 ) = 129 days
VeE ME RM 1
GMm GM
VeM = MM × RE = 81 × 3.5 = 4.81
20. Solution: We know, mr2 = r2  r = r2
2

g GM GM
8. Solution: Here, 2 = (R + h)2 and g = R2 GM GM R2 R2
r3 = = R2 . 2 = g 2
2  
Dividing, we get
GM GM
1 R2 22. Solution: We know, g = r2  g0 = R2
2 = (R + h)2  R + h = 2R
GM
R = 0.41R = 0.41 × 6.4 × 106 m = 2.6 × 106 m gh = (R + h)2
g
9. Solution: Here, g' = half of g = 2 gh  R 2 1  R 2
=
g0 R + h  4 = R + h
R 2
For height h, g' = g R + h R 1
  R + h = 2  R + h = 2R  h = R
g  R 
2
25. Solution: We know,
2 = gR + h
For parking orbit, Tp = 24 hours = 1 day, Radius = rp
1 R 1 R rm
2=R+h  2=R+h For missile, Tm = ?, rm = 4 rp or, r = 4
p

R+h= 2R By using Kepler's third law: T2 = kr3

h = 2 R – R = ( 2 – 1).R Tp2 = krp3 and Tm2 = krm3
= (1.414 – 1) × 6400 Tm rm3/2
Tp =  rp  = (4)3/2 = ( 4)3 = (2)3 = 8
= 0.414 × 6400 = 2649.6 km  2650 km
Tm = 8Tp = 8 × 1 day = 8 days
26. Solution: For a satellite, we have, 33. Solution: Let, velocity at perihelion is v1 and at
GmM GmM aphelion is v2, M is the mass of the sun and m is the
KE = 2R and PE = – R mass of the planet. From the conservation of angular
GmM GmM momentum,
Total energy, E0 = KE + PE = 2R – R v1r1
mv1r1 = mv2r2  v2 = r
2
GmM PE
= – 2R = 2 From conservation of energy, P.E+K.E = constant
Therefore, PE = 2E0 GmM 1 GmM 1
– r + 2 mv12 = – r + 2 mv22
1 2
29. Solution: Potential at the centre of four squares
–GM –4GM –4 2GM GM GM 1 v1r12 1 2
= r ×4= = a r2 – r1 = 2  r2  – 2 v1
a/ 2
GMs(r1 – r2) 1 r12 – r22 2
Potential energy at the centre of four squares
r1(r1 + r2) = 2  r22  v1
–4 2GMm 2GMsr2
= a v12 = r (r + r )
1 1 2
4 2GMm Angular momentum = m v1 r1
Binding energy or total energy = a
2GMr1r2
1 4 2GMm 8 2GM =m r1 + r2
2 m ve =
2
a  ve = a
35. Solution: T2  R with Re = 6400 km
82GM T2  6400 
2
= a =
(24) 2
36000
30. Solution: For angular momentum to be T  1.7 hr
1 For spy satellite R is slightly greater than
constant, mvr = constant. So, v ∝ r means v is
Re  Ts > T ∴ TS = 2 hr
maximum where r is minimum. As r at P4 is
36. Solution: Escape speed of a body from Earth's
minimum, vP4 is maximum.
1 surface, v = 2 g R which is independent with angle
Also, K.E = 2 mv2. Hence, K.E is maximum at P4. of projection so escape velocity of the body from
Earth's surface remains constant i.e. ≈ 11 km/s.
31. Solution: Gravitational field inside a hollow
37. Solution:
sphere is zero due to symmetry because it has same
force around itself and all force cancel out each Orbital velocity,
other’s. So net gravitational field (E) on m be zero. GM
v= r
Gravitational force, F = m E = o
Thus, Force on m will be zero. From conservation of energy,
32. Solution: Here, speed of satellite, GMm
KE of m + – r  = 0 + 0
v= gR  
= 9.8 × 6.4 × 106 = 7.9 km/s (∵ At infinity, PE = KE = 0)
GMm
KE of m = r = mv2

Chapter-8
Key Formula
Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1 1 Fb
1. Solution: Work done = 2 F × Δ = 2 Mg σb = A  F b = σb A
2. Solution; Potential energy stored per unit volume, It means breaking force for any wire depends on its
1 breaking stress and area of cross section. It is
U = 2 stress × strain independent of the length of the wire. Thus, maximum
1 1 load a wore can withstand without breaking when its
U = 2 × Y × strain × strain = 2 YX2 length is reduced to half of its original length will
remain the same.
(∵ stress = Y × strain)
15. Solution: We know
F 250 × 9.8 × 2
3. Solution: Y = = Fl Y x A 2 1010 (2l –l) 100
A  0.5 × 10–3 × 50 × 10–6 Y=xA F= l = = 2  1012
l
= 19.6 × 1010 N/m2
N
stress
4. Solution: We know, strain = K (1) 16. Solution:
For perfect gas, isothermal bulk modulus = P
stress
Also, strain = Young's modulus = Y (2) At normal pressure, P = 1.013 × 105 N/m2
Hence, bulk modulus = 1.013 × 105 N/m2
From equation (1) and equation (2)
18. Solution: Elastic potential energy of a spring,
K = Y  Kg ˃ Kr  Yg > Yr
1
5. Solution: U = 2 kx2 ∴ U  x2
1
Energy stored per unit volume = 2 × stress × strain U2 x2 2 U2 4 2
So, U = x  ⇒ U = 1 ⇒ U2 = 16 U
1  1  
1 S S2
= 2 × S × Y = 2Y (∵ stress = strain × Y) 19. Solution: If length of wire is doubled, strain = 1
Y = stress × strain = stress
F
8. Solution: We know that, Y = F = Y × A = 1012 × 1 = 1012 dyne
A 
1
F 1 20. Solution: Energy density = 2 stress × strain
 = 2    r2
r Y
1 Y S2
Now, the diameter and lengths are doubled to the = 2 Y × strain × strain = 2
original wire is stretched by the same force
23. Solution: Linear thermal expansion,
2 2 r2 1 0.01
So, = × = 2 = 2 = 0.005 m Δ = 0 α (T − T0)
1  4r2 2
= 1(10−5) (100−0) =10−3 m = 0.1 cm
9. Solution:
v
Percentage change in volume = v × 100 = 0.1%
24. Solution: From Hooke's law, F = YA  ( )

let h be depth &  be density of water  F

Strain =  = YA
Pressure, P = hg = (100) × (1000) × (10)
p 100 × 103 × 10 100 × 103 × 10 (Strain)A FA YBAB 1
B = dv = = 10–3 (Strain)B = YAAA × FB = 1
 0.1 
v 100 25. Solution: ΔP = 107 Pa
= 1 × 109 N/m2 ΔV – 0.025
and V = 100 = – 2.5 × 10–4
10. Solution: We know,
P PV 20000 × V1 V1 –ΔP
B = ΔV/V  ΔV = B = 8 × 109 = 40 Bulk modulus, B = ΔV/V

V1 39 –107
V2 = V1 – ΔV = V1 – 40 = 40 V1 = V2 = – 2.5 × 10–4 = 4 × 1010 N/m2

Now, M1 = M2  1 V1 = 2V2 1 1
26. Solution: Here, U = 2 K (3)2 and U’ = 2 K (12)2
39 40 440
11 × V1 = 2 40 V1  2 = 39 × 11 = 39 g/cm3 U' 144
So, U = 9  U’ = 16 U
11. Solution: For a perfectly rigid body, strain is
always zero, for all values of stress. So, its Young's 27. Solution: Breaking force, F ∝ r2, so we can write
Modulus would be infinity. F1 r12 r22
=
F2 r2 2  F 2 =
r12 × F1
14. Solution: If Breaking force for any wire of area of
cross section A is Fb, then by formula of stress, 4
breaking stress is given as, = 16 × 2.0  105 N = 0.5  105 N
 Stress Ratio of extension in steel and brass is
28. Solution: We know, Strain = Y = slope of graph
s Fs S AB YB
= × × ×
YA tan60 B FB B AS YS
∴ Y = tan30 = 3  YA = 3YB
B From figure, tension is steel wire is 3mg, tension is
brass wire is 2mg.
F  mg  s 3mg 1 1 3a
29. Solution: We know, A = Y   A = Y  = × a × b2 × c = 2b2c
B 2mg

( )
 A
m = Y  g = 2  1011 × 10–3 ×
4  10−6
10 = 80 kg
34. Solution: Here, weight, F = mg = Vg = Ag
We, know that
30. Solution: Let A be the cross section area of the F mg/2 rAg rg2
 = AY = Ay = 2AY = 2Y
wire.
Weight of the wire, W = Mg = (A)g 35. Solution: If A is the area of cross section,  be the
W rA g S density of material and  is length of rope
Breaking stress, S = A = A  1 = rg then mass of rope m = A
31. Solution: From the given graph, at the same As the weight of the rope acts on the mid point of the
value of load, elongation in A is lesser than that in B. rope
mg  mg /2 A   g /2
Y = A × = A × = A ×
  
2 Y A  2 × 5 × 10 8 × 0.96 × 10–3
2 = = 1.5 × 103 × 10 = 64,  = 8 m
Ag
F F 
36. Solution: Y = = ×
 A  A
6 0.8
= 0.08 × 5.0 × 10–6 = 1.2 × 107 Pa
Here, ΔA < ΔB
F F 6
We know, Y = [Here, = is taken from graph for 0.08 m
A  0.08
extension]
For the wires of same dimension and for same load,
37. Solution: From above graph at load 20 N,
1
Y extension,  = 1 × 10–4 m2

F× 20
From (1), YA > YB Y= = = 2 × 1011 N/m2
A ×  10–6 × 10–4
F
33. Solution: Extension in a rod due to force,  = AY

Chapter-9
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: − 50 °C = (– 50 + 273)K = 223 K dt

constants α and β should be positive. As dR and also
2. Solution: Let t be the boiling point of the liquid on t
t – 40 C–0 d2t
this scale. Then, 290 – 40 = 100 – 0 dRt2 are positive. Hence correct option is option C.
t – 40 62 62 × 250 5. Solution: Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit
290 – 40 = 100  C = 100 + 40 = 195°C C F – 32 5 160
is 5 = 9  C = 9 F – 9
3. Solution: Faulty reading (x) = 35
C x – 5 35 – 5 C 30 Equating above equation with standard equation of
Here, 100 = 90 - 5 = 85 , 100 = 85  C = 35.3 0C 5
line y = mx + c, we get slope of the line AB is m = 9
4. Solution: From the graph, the resistance R
increases with the increase of temperature. Thus, the
6. Solution: The temperature scales are given by: 13. Solution: Absolute zero is the temperature at
 – freezing point which molecular motion ceases when vibrational
= constant energy exists.
boiling point – freezing point
In the centigrade scale: 14. Solution: Kelvin scale does not have negative
freezing point = 0°C, boiling point = 100°C scale reading. No matter can be cooled down to a
In the Fahrenheit scale: temperature as low as 0 K.
freezing point = 32°F, boiling point = 212°F F - 32 K - 273
15. Solution: We know, 9 = 5
contigrade – 0 fahrenheit – 32
i.e., 100 – 0 = 212 – 32
When F = K = x, then above equation becomes
Slope of centrigrade and fahrenheit graph is: x - 32 x - 273
100 5 5 9 = 5
tanθ = 180 = 9  sin =
106 5x – 160 = 9x – 2457  x = 574.25
7. Solution: The 0 K temperature is the absolute zero 16. Solution: We know,
on the kelvin scale and is equal to −273.15 0C. Thus, F - 32 C –40 - 32 C
0 0C = 273.15 K. 9 =5 9 = 5  C = – 40 0C
8. Solution: The most accurate answer as heat is 17. Solution: Zero kelvin = – 273 °C (absolute
energy in transit. temperature). As no matter can attain this
C F – 32 temperature. Hence temperature can never be
9. Solution: 5 = 9
negative on Kelvin scale.
As Celsius scale is half of that on Fahrenheit scale 18. Solution: Mercury is used for measuring
i.e. Fahrenheit scale is double of that on Celsius temperature as it can measure temperature over a
C 2C – 160 wide range of values. The minimum temperature
scale, i.e., F = 2C oF, so, 5 = 9  C = 160 0C measured by it is −37 0C. The upper limit of
10. Solution: Each Celsius degree equals 5/9ths of a measurement corresponds to 357 0C which is nearly
Fahrenheit degree. 360 ºC.
Each Fahrenheit degree equals 9/5ths of a Celsius 19. Solution: UFP= Upper Fixed Point
degree. C x - LFP
LFP = Lower Fixed Point, 100 = UFP – LFP
A 25 degree difference in Celsius would be 25 × 9/5 =
45 degrees Fahrenheit. 62 x - 40
C F – 32 100 = 290 – 40  x = 195°C
11. Solution: We know, 5 = 9
20. Solution: Let us take the temperature of the
When C = F, then above equation becomes boiling water be 100 degrees in Celsius scale and 180
C C – 160 degrees in Fahrenheit scale. So,
5= 9  C = – 40 0C or, – 40 0F C F – 32 C 140 – 32
5= 9 ,5= 9  C = 60 °C
12. Solution: Thermal equilibrium implies equality of
temperature which depends upon the average Since, the temperature of boiling water is 100 0C, the
molecular kinetic energy. required fall is 100 - 60 = 40 0C.

Chapter-10
Key Formula
Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

  relative to flask is given by V = V0[m − g]θ = Vo[m

1. Solution:  = 3α  Here, α = 3 so ' = 3 × 3 = γ.
− 3αg]θ
Hence, volume expansion remains unchanged. = 50[180 × 10−6 – 3 × 9 × 10−6](38 − 18) = 0.153 cc
Option (c) is correct. 11. Solution: The change in the volume is given by,
2. Solution: We know, V2 = V1 [1 +  ( – ) VT – V0
V2 850 VT = V0(1 +  T)  V = ( T)
0
V1 = 1 +  ( – )  830 – 1 =  ( – ) 0.24 0.24
100 =  × 40 °C   = 100 × 40 = 6 × 10 °C
–5 –1
 =     = 4 × 10–4 per °C
3. Solution: Since the scale is graduated at 10 °C, so 1 Therefore, Coefficient of linear expansion,
cm of the scale at 10 °C = exactly 1 cm g 6 × 10–5
∴ 1 cm of the scale at 30 °C = exactly (1 + 18 × 10−6 × =3= 3 = 2 × 10–5 °C–1
20) cm
12. Solution: As, the density of water is maximum at 4 0C
∴ 60 cm of the scale at 30°C and it starts decreasing with increasing temperature. So,
= exactly 60(1 + 36 × 10−5) the correct option is (a).
= 60.02 cm 13. Solution: Let the edge of cube be 1. So, volume of
V 0.12 1 cube = 13.
4. Solution: Since,  = = × = 6 × 10–5/ 0C
VT 100 20 If length of each edge was increased by 50%, then the
 6 × 10–5 edge of cube would have been 1.51.
∴=3 = = 2.0 × 10–5/ 0C
3 ∴ Volume of new cube = (1.51)3 = 3.37513.
5. Solution: As volume (radius)3 and area  (radius)2. ∴ Percent increase in volume
So, percentage increase will be largest in its volume. 3.37513 – 13
Density will decrease with rise in temperature. = 13 × 100 = 237.5%.
Correct option is (c).
14. Solution: Coefficient of linear expansion is
 defined as the change in length. per unit length per
6. Solution: We know,  = T and  = 3
unit change in temp.
V 
V =  T = 3T = 3  L
= L ×
1
 T
T
 V
As  × 100 = 0.1% then V × 100 = 0.3% L 1  1 1000
= L × = × = 2 = 500 °C
The percentage increase in volume is 0.3%.   2 × 10–5
7. Solution: We have,  a =  r −  g 15. Solution: Δl = lΔθ = 12 × 10−6 × 40 × (40 + 10)
=182 × 10−6 – 30 × 10−6 = 152 × 10−6 /0C = 0.024 m
l V l
Now, ΔV = V.  a . Δθ = 15.2 cm3 16. Solution: l = T , V = T = 3T = 3 l
8. Solution: The fractional increment in time with
t 1 0.03 V Δl Δl 1
temperature change t = 2 T V = 3 l  l = 100
1 Δl
= 2 × 2 × 10–6 × 10 = 10–5 Percentage change in edge = l × 100 = 1%

t t 17. Solution:  = d/(dt × ) [d = length increase,

Percentage change of period, % t = t × 100 dt = temperature increase]
= 10–5 × 100 = 10–3 = 1 × 10–3 or, d =  × dt ×  (1)
9. Solution: Fractional increment in time with Now, T = 2 /g (2)
t 1  + d
temperature change t = 2 T (1) T + dT = 2 g
At T0 = 20 °C, clock shows correct time, and at T = 0 dT (1 + d)
or, T1 + T  = 2 g

(3)
°C, it gains 15 s.   
t 15 Comparing with (2), we get,
t = 24 × 60 × 60 ,
T = T0 – T = 20 – 0 = 20°C
dT
(
1 + T = 1 +  )
d 1/2 1 d
= 1 + 2 
 
Substituting values in equation (1) dT 1 d 1
15 1 T = 2   dT = 2 × T
24 × 60 × 60 = 2 ×  × (20) 1 1
dT = 2 ( × dt ×  × T)/ = 2 ( × dt × T)
15    
86400 = 10 ×    = 1.7 × 10 /°C
–5
In case 1, the clock goes fast by 4 secs per day at 20 °C
10. Solution: Due to volume expansion of both In case 2, the clock goes slow by 2 secs per day at 50 °C
mercury and flask, the change in volume of mercury
 1  1 1.66 × 10–3 1
So, 2 = 2 α(50 – t ) × 86400 =  × = × 80 = 2 × 10–5 per oC
   
1 22. Hint: Please solve like problem number (17).
and 4 = 2 α(t − 20) × 86400
  23. Hint: Please solve like self test problem number (2).
Solving these two equations we get, t = 40 °C V 0.24
  25. Solution:  = = = 6 × 10–5/°C
V × T 100 × 40
19. Solution: We know, 2 = 3

2  = 3 = 2 × 10–5/°C
= 3 (1)
  2
1 26. Solution: We know, 2 = 3   = 3
Again, we have  = x ×  (2)
2n 3
2 1 3 Again, we have,  = n , so,  =3 n=2
From equations (1) and (2) 3 = x ×   x = 2
F
20. Solution: We know, d =  ×  × d 28. Solution: We know, Y =
 A
d1 1 1 3 2 Y  A Y  A
d2 = 2 × 2 = 2 × 3 = 1:1 F=  =  = YA
21. Solution: Here,

Chapter-11
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: Let the final temperature be , so, So, total energy required to heat ice to water 100 0C is
mL + ms = heat gained by ice = heat lost by water. 100 + 80 = 180 cal.
540 × 336 + 540 × 4.2 ×(θ − 0) = 540 × 4.2 × (80 − ) Even this amount of energy is not enough for the
⇒ θ = 0 0C steam to condense completely. Hence, the final
3. Solution: Amount of heat required temperature of the mixture will be 100 0C.
= msΔθ + mL + mSΔθ 6. Solution: Let the final temperature of the mixture
= 100 × 0.5 × 10 + 100 × 80 + 100 × 1 × 30 be θ.
= 500 + 8000 + 3000 = 11,500 cals Heat absorbed by ice = heat lost by water
5. Solution: For ice to convert into water at 0 0C, heat Heat required to melt ice + heat to reach θ = heat lost
required is m1Lf = 1 × 80 = 80 cal by water.
For steam to convert into water at 100 0C, heat mL + ms(θ – O) = mS(100 – θ)
released is m2Lv = 1 × 540 = 540 cal (100 × 80) + (100 × 1)θ = 100 × 1(100 – θ)
Hence, first 80 calories will not be enough for the 8000 + 100θ = 10000 – 100θ
steam to condense completely. θ = 10°C
To convert melted water to 100 0C from 0 0C, heat 7. Solution: Since the container is air tight, volume
required is m1s(100 − 0) = 1 × 1 × 100 = 100 cal will remain same, hence the density will remain same.
8. Solution: During vaporisation, the strong After that temperature of water rises from 0 0C to
intermolecular force between the liquid molecules are 100 0C. It is represented by a straight line inclined to
broken to convert the liquid into vapor phase. Thus, heat axis. At 100 0C, the heat is used in converting
more amount of energy is required to break the water into steam. The graph is represented by
intermolecular attraction of the liquid molecules horizontal straight line. Thus, option (a) is correct.
compared to just weaken enough the bonds in solid to 17. Solution: The horizontal portion AB represents
convert it into liquid (during fusion). Hence the latent the change of state from solid to liquid at constant
heat of vaporisation of a substance is always greater temperature. This gives the latent heat of fusion but
than its latent heat of fusion. CD portion represents the change of state from liquid
9. Solution: Q = mL, where L is latent heat, 80cal = to vapour state at constant temperature. It gives the
80 × 4.2 J latent heat of vapourisation so option (c) is correct.
Q 60 × 80 × 4.2 18. Solution: For ice to completely convert into water,
Power P = t = 60 = 336 W
heat required is m1Lf = 1 × 80 = 80 cal
10. Solution: At constant pressure, For steam to completely convert into water,
V ∝ T  (V2/V1) = (T2/T1) heat released is m2Lv = 1 × 540 = 540 cal
Given: V2 = 3V1  3 = (V2/V1) = (T2/T1) Hence, first 80 calories will not be enough for the
∴ T2 = 3 T1 = 3 × 273 K = 819 K = 546 °C steam to condense completely.
11. Solution: AB represents a process when physical Now, to convert melted water to 100 0C from 0 0C,
state changes from solid to liquid and the heat required is
temperature remains unchanged. Since P is a point m1s(100−0) = 1 × 1 × 100 = 100 cal
between A and B the material is partly solid and So, total energy required to heat ice to water 100 0C is
partly liquid. 100 + 80 = 180 cal.
12. Solution: The specific heat of liquids is inversely Hence, even this amount of energy is not enough for
proportional to the density of the liquid. As you heat the steam to condense completely. So, the final
up water, its density increases up to temperature of the mixture will be 100 0C.
4 0C. Thus specific heat decreases and afterwards as 9. Solution: We know,
the density decreases the specific heat increases. So miLi
the correct answer is option (c). mWW – c
W
13. Solution: Let h be the height. So from mix = m + m
i w
conservation of energy, we have
Li 80
Total energy at height h = Total energy on the w – c 100 – 1
w
ground = 2 = 2 = 10 °C
1 1
mgh + 0 = 0 + 2 mv2  mgh = 2 mv2 20. Solution: Melting is the change of a solid into a
liquid when heat is applied. During change of state,
1 specific heat of the substance is infinity. Because S =
Heat produced, H = 2 mv2
Q
Heat retained, H’ = 40% of H = 0.4 × mgh mΔθ and Δ = 0 during change of state.
msΔθ = 0.4 × mgh 21. Solution: Since
0.4 × gh 0.4 × 10 × 80 specific heat = 0.6 kcalgm–1 0C–1 = 0.6calgm–1 0C–1
Δθ = s = 0.1 × 4.2 × 103 = 0.76 0C
From graph, it is clear that in a minute, the
14. Solution: Amount of heat given by water from 800 temperature is raised from 0 0C to 50 0C.
C to 00C = MS△θ = 5(1)(80) = 400 cal ⇒ Heat required for a minute
Amount of heat required to melt ice = mL = 10 × 80 = = 50 × 0.6 × 50 = 1500 cal.
800 cal 22. Solution: With the increase in pressure, the
Here, amount of heat given is not sufficient to melt all boiling point of the liquid increases and a lesser
ice so final temperature of the mixture is 00C. amount of energy needed to overcome the
15. Solution: Let m kg of water freeze on it. intermolecular force thus the latent heat of steam
Then, heat lost = m × 80 cal = 80m cal required is decreased. Option (a) is correct.
Heat gained by ice = 100 × 0.5 × {0−(−10)} = 500 cal 23. Solution: Heat absorbed by ice = mLf + msice
Now, Heat loss = Heat gain, = (20)(80) + (20)(1)( − 0)
80m = 500  m = 6.25 g Heat released by water = MSwater
16. Solution: When heat is supplied, temperature of = 20(1)(100 – )
ice increase from −10 0C to 0 0C . It is represented by So, Q absorb = Q release
a straight line inclined to heat axis. At 0 0C, the heat Heat absorbed = Heat released
is used in converting ice into water at 0 0C. This 1600 + 20  = 2000 − 20 
stage is represented by horizontal straight portion.
 = 10 0C
After that represented by horizontal straight portion.
24. Solution: According to principle of calorimetry, energy being used to overcome the intermolecular
Heat lost by water = Heat gained by ice forces in the solid is being converted into potential
5 × 1(10 − θ) = (1 × 80) + 1(1)(θ − 0) energy in the liquid. Option (c) is correct.
50 − 5θ = 80 + θ  −30 = 6θ  θ = −5 29. Solution: Amount of heat supplied = msΔθ
Since θ is negative all the ice did not melt, so final  420 = 100 × 100-3 × 420 × Δθ  Δθ = 10 K
temperature is 0 0C. 30. Solution: Q = m s  = 10000 gm × 0.11 × 80
25. Solution: First the ice at 0 0C should be converted = 100 × 11 × 80 cal
to water at 0 0C, then to water at 100 0C and then to Q = m L  100 × 11 × 80 cal = m × 80 cal/gm
steam at 100 0C. m = 100 × 11 gm = 1.1 kg
Total heat required = mLi + msΔθ + mLe 31. Solution: Let h be the height. So from
= 1[80 + 1(100 − 0) + 536] = 716 cal conservation of energy, we have
27. Solution: Black objects are good absorbers and Total energy at height h = Total energy on the
good emitters of heat. So, the black person will feel ground
more cold and more hot. Correct option is (b). 1 1
28. Solution: The potential energy of a substance mgh + 0 = 0 + 2 mv2  mgh = 2 mv2
increases as it changes phase from a solid to a liquid, 1
such as when ice melts. This is due to the fact that the Heat produced, H = 2 mv2
molecules in a solid are more tightly packed together Heat retained, H’ = 80% of H = 0.8 × mgh
than in a liquid, and therefore have less freedom of
mL = 0.8 × mgh
movement. As the molecules in the solid gain the
L 80 × 4.2 × 103
freedom to move and become a liquid, their potential h = 0.8 × g = = 42,000 m = 42 km
0.8 × 10
energy increases. The temperature of the substance
does not have to increase for this to happen, as the

Chapter-12
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: E = T4 = 20 and T’ = 2T Q2 T24 2T4

6. Solution: Q = T 4 = T4 = 16
Now, E' = (2T)4 = 16 T4 = 16×20 = 320 kcal/m² min 1 1

2. Solution: From Newton's law of cooling when a hot Q2 T24 5604

7. Solution: Q = T 4 = 2804 = 16
body is in air, the rate of loss of heat by the body is 1 1

proportional to the temperature difference between T2 4 E2

8. Solution: For a perfect black body, T  = E
the body and surroundings.  1 1
1 – 2 1 + 2
= K  2 –  , T2 E21/4 32 × 1051/4
t   T1 = E1 =  2 × 105  = 2
60 – 50  60 + 50 1
10 = K  2 – 25  K = 30 ∴ T2 = 2T1 = 2 × (127 + 273) = 800K = 800 – 273 =
 527 °C
Also putting the value of K, we get
9. Solution: Power radiated, P  T4
50 – 3 1 50 + 3
10 = 30  2 – 25   = 42.85°C P1 T14 Q  T 4

Q1 T14 3004 1 P2 = T2  P2 = 3T  P2 = 81Q
3. Solution: Q = T 4 = 12004 = 256 10. Solution: Solve as MCQ No. 3. .
2 2
12. Solution: the rate of cooling dT/dt is inversely proportional to mass
Q KA( – 20) of the sphere. The mass of the hollow sphere is less than
For first rod, t =  (1) that of solid sphere. Therefore, the rate of cooling of hollow
sphere is faster than that of solid sphere.
Q 2KA( – 20)
For second rod, t =  (2) 20. Solution: From Newton's law of cooling,
In steady state, Eq. (1) and (2) are equal. 1 – 2 = K1 + 2 –  {∵  is very less}
KA( – 20) 2KA( – 20)
 t   2 
 =  When the body cools from 50°C to 49.9 °C at surrounding
0.1 39.9
 – 20 = 200 – 2 temperature 30°C, we have, 5 = K 2 (a)
3 = 220   = 73.33 °C
When the body cools from 40°C to 39.9 °C at surrounding
13. Solution: The heat temperature though A per 0.1 19.9
second temperature 30°C, t = k 2 ≈ 2 (b)
Q₁ = K₁ A(100 – t)/ t 39.9
The heat transferred through B per second From (a) & (b), we get, 5 = 19.9  2  t = 10 sec
Q2 = K2 A(t – 0)/ 21. Solution: Black colour has highest emissivity.
At steady state, K₁ A(100 – t)/= K2 A(t – 0)/ Good absorbers have good emissive power so black will
 300(100 – t) = 200(t – 0) emit heat faster. Correct answer should be black.
 300 – 3t = 2t  t = 60°C 22. Solution: For first case, from Newton's Law of
14. Solution: According to Wein's displacement law cooling,
λm × T = constant dT Ti + Tp – T0 , Tf – T1 = K Ti + Tp – T0
Here, λm3 < λm2 < λm1 ⇒ T3 > T2 > T1 dt = K  2  t  2 
The temperature of Sun is higher than of welding arc 80 – 70 80 + 70
=K 2 – 30  10 = 45K  K = 0.22
which in turn is greater than tungsten filament. Option (c) 1  
is correct. For second case,
50 – 40 50 + 40 10
t = 0.22 × ( 2 – 30), t = 0.22 × 15  t = 3 s
dQ kA(T)
23. Solution: We know, dt = 
T in 1st case is 20°C, dQ/dt = 273 J/s2
T in 2nd case is 20 K, dQ/dt =?
Temperature difference for both kelvin 8 celsius scale
will be some as: 1°C = 273°K
Q KeqA(1 – 2) If we add 273° to a degree Celsius temperature and
15. Solution: From conduction law, t = 
then take difference the term 213 gets cancelled.
where, Keq = Harmonic mean of K1 & K2 dQ
1 K1 + K2 1 Thus, dt for 2nd Case = 273 J/s2.
Keq = 2K1K2 = K  Keq = K
Q1 T14 6004
KA + KA 24. Solution: Q = T 4 = 3004 = 16
For fig. (b): Keq = A + A = K (AM of K1 & K1) 2 2

25. Solution: Since the rods are maintained at the

K(A) K(2A)
∵ Q1 = Q2  2 (1 – 2)t1 =  (1 – 2)t2 same temperature difference (between their ends),
they can be assumed to be connected in parallel.
t1
Here, t1 = 4 min & (1 – 2) = 100 °C  t2 = 4 = 1 min Thus, the thermal current can be written as
(T1 – T2) (300 – 278) H = H1 + H2
Q
16. Solution: H = t = KA d = 2.4 × 2 4 × 10-3 K1A(T1 – T2) K2A(T1 – T2)
= d + d
= 13,200 W
(T1 – T2) (T1 – T2) Let Keq be the equivalent thermal conductivity of the
17. Solution: Q = KA d t  mL = KA d t composite rod.
(T1 – T2) (30 – 0) Keq × 2A(T1 – T2)
m = KA t = 0.027 × 0.8 0.02 × 3 × 105 3 × 60 ×  d
dL
60 = 1.16 kg ~ 1 kg A(T1 – T2)
= d [K1 + K2]
18. Solution: The rate of change of heat is given by,
dQ dT dT 1 dQ K1 + K2
dt = ms dt  dt = ms dt  Keq =  2 
 
In this case, the external radius and surface areas of both Q2 T24 Q2
the spheres are same. 26. Solution: Q = T 4 , E
1 1
If the two spheres are heated to the same temperature and (2T)4
allowed to cool in the same environment, then the rate of = T4 = 16  Q2 = 16 E
loss of heat dQ/dt of both the spheres is same. Therefore,
27. Solution: The rate of loss of heat by radiation is 28. Solution: A cooking pot should have low specific
given by the Stefan-Boltzmann law as: Q = σAT4 heat so that less heat is required to raise its
where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, A is the temperature and high conductivity so that more heat
area of the radiating body. flows through it to cook food. Option (a) is correct.
So Q ∝ T4. 29. Solution: From Wien's displacement law,
1 1 1
If T is halved, Q becomes 24 = 16 times. T λ = constant.  T  ,

So, percentage decrease in rate of heat loss by T1 2 400 5
1 so T = = 320 = 4
2 1
radiation is 16 × 100 % = 6.25%

Chapter-13
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: Here, Vrms(O2) = Vrms(N2) 6. Solution: Average velocity of the gas is given by:
3RT1 3RT2 8RT
 M1 = M2 vave = pM
Where M₁ is Molar mass of O2 = 32 and M2 is Molar Hence average molecular velocity is directly
mass of N₂ = 28, thus O2 is at T1 temperature. proportional to T.
N2 is at T2 = 273 K temperature. 3RT1
M1 v1 M T1
T1 = M × T2 = 312 K = 39 0C 7. Solution: = =  v2 = 2v1
2 v2 T2
3RT2
3RT M
2. Solution: vrms =
M 8. Solution: From ideal gas equation,
3 × 8.31 × 103 × 300 m RT
1930 = PV = nRT  P = M  V 
M  
M = 2g, means the gas is H2. For same volume and temperature, P  m.
V1 V2 V 1.5V P2 m2 2m
3. Solution: From Charle's law, =  =
P1 = m1 = m , P2 = 2P1 = 150 cm of Hg
T1 T2 300 T2
 T2 = 450 K = 177°C
9. Solution: We know, PV = mRT
4. Solution: Volume is constant, so, P ∝ T. Thus,
If volume and Temperature are fixed, then, P  m (As R is
P 1 T1 P T + 273
=  = already fixed). Correct choice is option C.
P 2 T2 P + 0.0004 P T + 274
T = −23 0C =250 K v1 T1 400 300
10. Solution: vrms  T v = T2 , v2 = 500
2
5. Solution: If mass and volume are constant, then, P  T.
P P1 P2 500
v2 = 300 × 400 = 516.39 ms  516 ms
–1 –1
 = constant  =
T T1 T2
P 2 T2 P 2 – P 1 T2 – T1 11. Solution: For a given volume V, pressure at curve T1
 =  = will be lower than that at curve T2. Therefore, P2 > P1 and
P 1 T1 P1 T1
P2 – P1 100 2 so T2 > T1.
 %= = = 0.4%
P1 250 5
13. Solution: At low pressure, the gas will show ideal 22. Solution: We know
PV 1
behaviour and hence RT = number of moles which will mv22
KE2 2 v22 T2 1200
remain constant. But as pressure increases, there will =
KE1 1 = v12 = T1 = 300 = 4
2 mv1
2
be dominant interatomic forces and actual volume will
be less due to finite size. Hence, curve 3 will be ∴ KE2 = 4 KE1
followed. 23. Solution: From ideal gas equation, PV = nRT;
14. Solution: Using Pv = nRT, we can write, mRT ρRT
pIVI = nIRTI ⇒ pV = nIRT (i) P= = , so, T1 > T2 .
MV M
Similarly, for compartment II, pIIVII = nIIRTII 24. Solution: Point A represents the most probable
1 distribution of molecules. Hence, the most probable velocity
(2p)(2V)= nIIRT  pV = 4 nIIRT (ii)
2RT
From Eqs.(i) and (ii), we have is , so correct option is (b).
M
1 n1 1 25. Solution: At constant pressure, volume is
nIRT = 4 nIIRT  n = 4
2 proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas so
15. Solution: We know, volume cannot be negative any when volume is doubled, absolute temperature must be
more so, b is volume. ( ∵ a also contains negative value ). doubled hence final temperature =2 × 300 K = 600 K= 327
0C.
We know, Kelvin temperature cannot be negative so
a is temperature (°C). Hence, Option (a) is correct. 26. Solution: At constant temperature, pressure is inversely
16. Solution: At constant volume, pressure is proportional to volume which is Boyle’s law. So, option (b)
proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas so is correct.
when volume is doubled, absolute temperature must be 28. Solution: For one mole of perfect gas, PV = RT or,
doubled. Thus, final, temperature =2 × 300 K = 600 K= R
V = P T. Thus, the slope of V versus T graph will be
327 0C.
17. Solution: Hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine are R/P. From the given diagram, slope of P1 is less than
diatomic gases. Therefore, the average kinetic energy of slope of P2. So, R/P1< R/P2 or, P1 > P2.
f 29. Solution: For one mole of perfect gas, PV = RT or,
per molecule = 2 k T. For, diatomic molecule f = 5, so R
P = V T. Thus, the slope of P versus T graph will be
5
kinetic energy = 2 k T. Hence, option (d) is correct. R/V. From the given diagram, slope of V1 is less than
18. Solution: From kinetic theory of gases, of slope of V2. So, R/V1< R/V2 or, V1 > V2.
30. Solution: For an ideal gas : PV = nRT
3RT
Vrms = M  Vrms  T For P = constant
P  V = nR  T
V2 T2
V1 = T1 ∴
V nR nR V
= p = nRT = T
T
2V1 T2 v
 V = T1
1
V 1 1
T2 ∴ = or  = T
VT T
2= T1  T2 = 4T1 = 1240 K = 967 C
0

19. Solution: For an ideal gas PV = nRT 

Thus, for a constant temperature, PV = constant. It
means, PV does not change even when P changes. So,
correct option is (d).
20. Solution: In the equation PV = nRT, R is the
universal gas constant which has the units as J
mol−1K−1. Comparing the units on both the sides we T
get that the n has units of moles. Thus, the equation
PV = RT represents the volume of 1 mole. Hence, Therefore,  is inversely proportional to temperature
option (c) is correct. T. i.e., when T increases,  decreases and vice-versa.
21. Solution: We know, Hence, -T graph will be rectangular hyperbola as
3KT (vrms)O2 shown in the above figure.
vrms = M  (vrms)H2 Hence option (c) is correct.
MH2 2
= MO2 = 32
(Vrms)H2 = 4(Vrms)O2
= 4 × 160 = 640 m/s
 Chapter-14
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: An erect image is formed by the concave PI = MI − MP

mirror when the object distance is smaller than the But as, MI = MO
focal length of the mirror. In this case, the object is 10 PI = MO – MP = 30 – 20 = 10 cm
cm in front of a concave mirror which produces an Now, as this image coincides with the image formed
upright image. So, the focal length must be greater by convex mirror, therefore for convex mirror,
than 10 cm. We know that, Radius of curvature is
U = 50 cm; v = –10 cm, so
twice the focal length so it is more than 20 cm.
1 1 1
2. Solution: When an object lies beyond C, its image
f = 50 + – 10  f = –12.5 cm.
will be formed between C and F.
15. Solution: For the concave mirror:
3. Solution: We know,
Focal Length, f = 30cm, length of the rod, LAB = 10 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f = u + v  f – u = v  20 – 20 = v  v = infinity Closer end distance of rod, uA = 50 cm,
far end distance of rod, UB = UA + LAB = 50 + 10 = 60
4. Solution: We know,
cm
1 1 1 1 1 40
By using mirror formula for end A:
f = u + v = 10 + 30 = 300  f = 7.5 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
9. Solution: We know, f = u + v f = v + u  30 = vA + 50  VA = 75 cm
Again, for next end B,
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
f – u = v  – 10 – 20 = v  v = 20/3 cm,
f = v + u 30 = vB + 60  VB = 60 cm
virtual and erect
Length of the image, LA′B′ = ∣VA∣ − ∣VB ∣= 75−60 = 15
1 1 1 1 1 1
10. Solution: We know, f = u + v  f – u = v cm
16. Solution: Minimum length of plane mirror
1 1 1 required in such cases doesn't depend on distance of
20 – 30 = v  v = 60 cm infront of the mirror object from the mirror and is always equal to half of
(image is real). height of object.
11. Solution: We know, 180
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ∴ Length of mirror = 2 = 90 cm
f = u + v 40 = u + 2u = 2u  u = 60 cm 17. Solution: For plane mirror, v = u. So, the image
12. Solution: Solution: We know, will be formed at a distance of 12 cm from the plane
1 1 1 1 1 2 mirror. This image is therefore at a distance of 24 cm
f = u + v = 60 + – 20 = – 60  f = – 30 cm from the object. The distance between the object and
13. Solution: Here, v = nu the convex mirror is 20 cm. So the distance between
1 1 1 1 1 n+1 n+1 the pole of a convex mirror of the image is 24 – 20 = 4
We know, f = u + v = u + nu = nu  u = n × f cm. Being on the right side of the convex mirror this
image distance will be taken as positive.
14. Solution: As shown in figure, the plane mirror will
form erect and virtual image of same size at a distance So, for the convex mirror, u = 20 cm and v = –4 cm
of 30 cm behind it. So, the distance of image formed by 1 1 1 1 1
plane mirror from convex mirror will be f = v + u = –4 + 20  f = – 5 cm
19. Solution: From mirror formula
1 1 1 1 1 1
f = v + u  –20 = v + 30  v = – 12 cm
v I 12 I
Again, u = O  30 = 10  I = 4 cm
 Chapter-15
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

3. Solution: HR
1
HR
2

From Snell's law, 1 sin C

= 2 × sin90° O1 O O2

Happ Happ
1 2

c
15. Solution: Velocity of light in a medium, v =

Distance travelled = thickness = t
1×1 1
1 = = = 1.179 = 1.18 t tµ
sinC 3.2 Now, time = v = c
(3.2)2 + 22
16. Solution:
7. Solution: Refractive index = real depth/apparent
depth 4/3 = real depth /30  Real depth = 4 × 10 = r’
40 cms
9. Solution: From Snell's law, critical angle i r
2 1.33
C = sin–1  = sin–11.50
1   sin r'
 = sini
C= sin–18 = 62.70
9 But r' + r = 90°  r' = 90° – r
12. Solution: Here,refractive index = μ, h = 15 cm
cos i 1 1
and R = ? ∴  = sin i  sin i = tan i  ic = sin–1(tan i).
c
sin 900
 = sinC 18. Solution: Shift observed due to them = t1

1 R 1 – 1  + t2 1 – 1 
sin C = =  1  2
 R + h2
2
1 1
 R =R +h
2 2 2 2 = 6(1 – 1.5 ) + 4(1 – 4/3 )= 2 + 1 = 3 cm upwards from
R2(2 – 1) = h2 = 1 bottom of the container. Hence final position from
1 1 air-liquid 2 interface is 6 + 4 −3 = 7 cm below it.
R2 = 2 R=
 –1 2 − 1 19. Solution: The emergent ray CD can become
13. Solution: We know parallel to incident ray AB after traveling through
µ = speed of light in vacuum /speed of light in different media, only when both of them travel in
same medium of same refractive index.
medium = c/v
Therefore, μ4 = μ1.
2.4 = 3 × 108/speed of light
20. Solution: We know,
Speed of light = 3 × 108/2.4 = 1.25 × 108 m/s
ag 1.5
14. Solution: We know, wg =  aw = 1.33 = 1.12
aw
HR
Happ =  HR = g Happ c speed of light in air
g 21. Solution: Since,  = v = speed of light in medium
So, HR1 = gHapp1 and HR2 = gHapp2
c 3 × 108 m/s
Thus, thickness = HR1 + HR2 = g [Happ1 + Happ2] So, v = c  v = = = 2.25 × 108 m/s
 1.33
= 1.5 (5 + 2) = 10.5 cm
22. Solution: The correct option is (C). They will not 24. Solution: All the wavelengths below green's
deviate. For normal incidence, whatever be refractive wavelength will either undergo total internal
index, i = 0, r = 0. So there is no deviation of ray. reflection or get absorbed by the material. Hence
23. Solution: According to Snell's law only the wavelengths higher that green wavelength
will emerge out. i.e., yellow, orange and red.
45°
25. Solution: They will not deviate. For normal
45°
incidence, whatever be refractive index, i = 0, r = 0.
30°
30° 30°
30° So there is no deviation of ray. The correct option is
(c).

sin45° 1
sinr = 2  sin r = 2  r = 30°
Total deflection = 450 – (–450) = 900

Chapter-16
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

2. Solution: 1
1 × sin i = 2 sin 30° sin i =  i = 45°
2
B A 6. Solution: For small angled prism,  = A( – 1)
1.30 = A(1.62 – 1)  A = 2.0
R P 7. Solution: Since light passes from rarer to denser
medium, so, i > r
Now, r = i – δ = 600 – 150 = 450
C Using 1 sin i = 2 sin r  1 × sin60° = 2 sin45°
The phenomenon of total internal reflection takes 3 1 3
= 2 ×  2 = = 1.22
place during reflection at P. 2 2 2
1 8. Solution: For minimum angle of deviation,
sin θ = (1)
wg A + m
where  is the angle of incidence at P. i = e so, i = 2 ,
ag 1.5 A + m
Now, wg = = = 1.125 sin 2 
aw 4/3  
1 8 We know,  = A  
Putting in (1), sin  = = sin 2
1.125 9
8 sin i
Therefore, sin  should be greater than . =
9 sin 30
3. Solution: From figure, it is clear that total internal 1 1
reflection takes place at surface AC and BC i.e. 45° > C sin i = 2 × =  i = 45°
2 2
1 1 11. Solution: For equilateral prism, A = 60°
 sin45° > sin C  >   > 2 Hence, least = 2
2 
3 3
4. Solution: When deviation is minimum, refracted ray ∴ i = e = × A = × 60° = 45°
4 4
inside the prism is parallel to base of prism. Therefore, We know,
(2) is correct.  = (i + e) – A = (45° + 45°) – 60° = 30°
5. Solution: Light is retracted if it gets reflected back 12. Solution: For small angled prism,  = ( – 1)A
normally. we know, A = r1 + r2 where A = 30°, r2 Also, at angle of minimum deviation, r = A/2
= 0°
So, min = ( – 1)2r = (1.5 – 1)2r = r
So, 30° = r1 + 0°  r1 = 30°
At point D, i sin i = 1 sin r1
 m + A Substituting A = m and  = 1.5,
sin
 2  m + 60 sinA 1.5 A
13. Solution:  = = 2sin 1.5 =  = cos
 2 
()
sin(A/2) A 2 2
sin
m + 60 m + 60 2
= sin   45° = 
1
2  2   2  A
0.75 = cos  A = 82°
m = (90 – 60)° = 30° 2
1 1
16. Solution: For small angled prism,  = A( – 1) 19. Solution: As, cric = sin–1   sincric =
50 = A(1.5 – 1)  A = 100  
1
17. Solution: We know, = = 2,
sin30
A + m 60° + m
sin sin c 3 × 108
 2   2  Also,  =
vm
=
vm
 vm = 1.5 × 108 m/s.
 =  3=
sinA sin30°
20. Solution: At critical angle, the ray of light entering
2
water from glass would be refracted at 90°.
60° + m
sin
1 3 From Snell's law, g sin ic = w
 2  = 3 × 2 = 2 = sin60° w 4
 60° + m = 120°  m = 120° – 60° = 60° sin ic = =
g 5
18. Solution: We know,

sin
A + m
 2 
ic = sin–1()4
5
Refractive index of prism,  =
sinA
2

Chapter-17
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: Given, f1 = 20 cm and f2 = -5 cm 5. Solution: We have, lens maker's formula,

f1 f2 1 1 1 1 1 1 
feq = f + f – d , Since there is no deviation, feq =  f = ( – 1) R1 + R2  20 = 0.5 + R2
1 2

f1 + f2 – d = 0  f1 + f2 = d  R2 = 10 cm
20 – 5 = d  d = 15 cm 6. Solution: Power of the two lenses in contact
2. Solution: Two thin convex lenses of focal length 10 = P1 + P2. Power of the two lenses at a distance
cm and 15 cm are separated by a distance of 10 cm. x = P1 + P2 – xP1P2. From the given data, we get
Therefore, f1 = 10 cm, f2 = 15 cm, and d = 10 cm. P1 + P2 = 10 m–1 and P1 + P2 – (0.250) P1P2 = 6 m–1
Let, the focal length of this combination is F. From these two expressions, we get
Now, for the given system, we know, P1 + P2 16 m–2 and P1 – P2 = (P1 + P2)2 – 4P1P2
1 1 1 d 1 1 10
= (10–1)2 – 4(16–1)
=6 m–1
F = f1 + f2 – f1f2 = 10 + 15 – 10 × 15
Thus, P1 + P2 = 10 m–1 and P1 + P2 = 6 m–1, we get
1 1 1 1 1
or, F = 10 + 15 – 15 = 10  F = 10 cm P1 = 8 m–1 and P2 = 2 m–1
1 1 1 f1 f2
3. Solution: Focal length of a lens is 50 cm. 7. Solution: We know, F = f + f  F = f + f
1 2 1 2
1 1
So power is p = f = 0.5 = 2 D 8. Solution: Case – 1: When lens is in air
Given that: Fair = 2 cm, 1 = 1 (air), 2 = 1.5 (glass)
4. Solution: Solution: The focal length of the
1 1 1 1 1 9
1 2   1 1  1 1.5   1 1 
combination of lenses: F = f + f = 20 + 25 = 100 Fair = 1 – 1 R1 – R2  2 =  1 – 1 R1 – R2
1 2

1 1 1 1
Effective power of the lens, P = F = 9 D 2 = 0.5 R1 – R2 ......(1)
Case - 2: When lens is in water 14. Solution:
Fwater = ?, 1 = 1.25, 2 = 1.5
1 2   1 1  1
Fwater = 1 – 1 R1 – R2  Fwater
+ +
1.5 1 1
= 1.25 – 1 R – R 
   1 2
1 1 1
Fwater = 0.2 R1 – R2 ......(2)
F f2 f2 f2
Fwater 0.5
1 1 1 –3
Here, f = (1.6 – 1)  – 20 = 100 .......(i)
Dividing (1) by (2) we get, 2 = 0.2 = 5 cm
1  
9. Solution: We know,
1 1 1  1
1 1 1 1 1 1 f2 = (1.5 – 1) 20 – -20 = 20 .......(ii)
f = ( – 1) R1 – R2  8 = (1.5 – 1) R1 – R2
1  1 1  –3
1 1 1 1 1 1 f3 = (1.6 – 1) -20 –  = 100 .......(ii)
8 = (0.5) R1 – R2  R1 – R2 = 4
1 1 1 1 1 –3 1 3
Lens when immersed in water, By using F = f + f + f  F = 100 + 20 – 100
1 2 3
1  g   1 1   F = –100 cm
Fw = w – 1 R1 – R2
15. Solution: We know,
1.5 1 1 1 1
= 1.33 – 1 4 = 8 × 4 = 32  Fw = 32 cm 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
  F = f1 + f2  F = 40 + – 25  F = – 3 m
1 1 1
10. Solution: f = (– 1) R – R  1
 1 2 Now, combined power = F = – 1.5 D
 = 1.5, R2 = – , f = 16 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
16 = (1.5 – 1) R1 – –  R = 0.5 × 16 = 8 cm 16. Solution: In Air, F = ( – 1) R + R 
 1 2
11. Solution: If the object is kept at infinity, the image 1 1 1 1 1 1
will be having a distance of f. As we keep the object 8 = (1.5 – 1) R1 + R2  R1 + R2 = 4
closer to the convex lens, the image distance increases
3 4
and reaches infinity. So the graph which resembles this –
1 g – w  1 1 2 3 1
trend is, So, the correct answer is option (a). In water, F = [ ] R +R = 4 ×4
w  1 2
12. Solution: For a lens, we have 3
1 1 1 v v
1 1 1
f =u +v  f =u +1 =m+1
F = 8 × 4  F = 32 cm
v 1 17. Solution: When lens is cut along the plane AB, Fig.
m= f –1= f m–1
focal length of each half is given by
Comparing this equation with y = mx + c, the graph 1 1 1  1 1
will be a straight line with negative intercept. Hence, f = ( – 1) R1 + R2 = 0.5 15 +   f = 30 cm
correct option is (b).
18. Solution: f = ( – 1) R + R 
1 1 1
 1 2
 R + R  = f (µ –1) = f
1 1 1 2
v  1 2
1 g
– 1) R + R  = 4/3 – 1 f = 8 × f
1 1 3/2 2 1 2
Again, f ' = (
w  1 2  
u f‘=4f
13. Solution: 19. Solution: When the lens is in air,
v 1 1 1 1
m = u and v – u = f 1 1
f = (g– 1) R1 + R2
Multiply the second equation by v 1 1 1
v v 20 = (1.5 – 1) R1 + R2
1–u= f
 1 + 1  = 0.1
v v v R1 R2
u=1– f m=1– f When the lens is immersed in water,
1 b c 1
Slope = – f = c  f = b g  1 1  3/2  1
f ' = (w – 1) R1 + R2 = 4/3 – 1 × 0.1 = 8 × 0.1
f ’ = 80 cm
20. Solution: For a combination of lenses, net power of
22. Solution: f = ( – 1) R + R  = ( – 1) R + R
1 1 1 1 1
the combination is given by sum of individual powers  1 2  
i.e., Pnet = P1 + P2 R
According to question, Pnet = 2D - 4D = –2D f = 2(µ – 1)
21. Solution: In each case, there is a combination of two
Again, we have, f ' = ( – 1) R + R 
1 1 1
plano-convex lenses placed close to each other.  1 2
1 1 1
= ( – 1) R +   f ‘ = (µ – 1) = 2 f
1 1 R
Focal length of combination F = f + f is same in all
1 2  
cases, so ratio of focal length in three cases is 1 : 1 : 1. R R
f= ,f'=  f ' = 2f
2( – 1) ( – 1)

Chapter-18
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

A + dm  A + m
sin sin 
 2  [A + m] 
2  sin (i)
1. Solution:  = sinA  sin 2 10. Solution:  = =
A A
2 sin 2 sin 2

= 1.5 × 0.5 = 0.75 A + m

(∵ For minimum deviation, i = 2 )
[A + m]
2 = sin–1(0.75) = 48.590  m = 37.20
3
Sini =  × sin30 = 2  i = 600
2. Solution:  + A = i + e  30 + 30 = e + 60  e = 0
3. Solution: For the ray to retrace back, it should  1
13. Solution: Here, = 3 (1)
incident normal to the mirror i.e., r' = 0. '
r = A – r' = 30 – 0 = 30° From achromatic combinations,
Applying Snell's law at first surface  '
1 sin 1 = 2 sin 2 f +f'=0
1 × sin i = 2 sin30°  i = 45°  –f
= (2)
' f '
4. Solution: We know,
1 –f
3 – 1 From Eq. (1) and Eq.(2), 3 = f '  f ' = – 3 f = -90 cm
a (ag – 1) 2  a
= = = 4  w = 4 f1 + f 2
w (wg – 1) 3/2  14. Solution: In such condition, d = 2 = 20 cm
4/3 – 1
A + dm Angular dispersion
sin 2  16. Solution: Dispersive Power = mean deviation
  sin(49°)
5. Solution:  = A = sin(30°) = 1.5094 Now, we will find the deviation for yellow color as the
sin 2 mean deviation,
V – R 0.0178
A + m 60 + 
sin  2  sin  2 
= = 0.5170 = 0.034
Y
   
6. Solution:  = = = 1.41 b – r 1.67 – 1.63
A 60 18. Solution:  = = 1.65 – 1 = 0.0615
sin 2 sin 2 y – 1
19. Solution: Power of combination
8. Solution: Given, net = 0
P = P1 + (–P2)
Deviation,  = ( – 1) A ∴ (1 – 1)A1 = (2 – 1) A2
5D = 4D – P2 ⇒ P2 = 4 − 5 = – 1D
(m – 1) (1.54 – 1) 1 –1
or A2 = (m – 1) A1 = (1.72 – 1) (4°) = 3°
2
f2 = 100 cm  f2 = –100 cm
20. Solution: From Cauchy's Dispersion formula, 21. Solution: Minimum distance between two lenses, d
B = f1 − f2 = 75 − 25 = 50 cm
=A+ 2 Anguar dispersion

22. Solution: Dispersive Power = mean deviation
d
And dispersion, D = –
d Now, we will find the deviation for yellow color as the
From above two equations, we get mean deviation,
2B 1 v – R v – R
D= 3  D 3 =  0.0221 = 38°  v – R = 0.84°
  Y
D'  3
Hence, D =   As ' = 2 , so, D' = D/8
'
Chapter-19
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: If a body has only positive charge, then the To be in equilibrium, F1 + F2 + F3 = 0

body has a deficiency of electrons. Total charge on the Qq Qq QQ Q
body Q = ne K x2 + K x2 + K 4x2 = 0  q = – 8
Positive charge of body (Q) 8 × 10–19 C 1 Q1Q2
n = Charge of an electron (e) = 1.6 × 10–19 C = 5 13. Solution: F = = 9 × 109 ×
40 r2
1 Q1Q2 4×4 1.6 × 10–19 × 1.6 × 10–19
4. Solution: F = = 9 × 109 × (2)2 = 35 × 109 N = 8.2 × 10-8 N
40 r2 (0.53 × 10–10)2
Q 4 K(q)2
5. Solution: Linear charge density,  = L = 1000 14. Solution: Electric force, Fe = r2
= 4 × 10–3 C/m Gm2
Gravitational force, Fg = r2
6. Solution: The Charge q on a body must always exist
as an integral multiple of the fundamental unit charge Fe kq2 r2 9 × 109 (–1.6 × 10–19)2
Now, F = r2 × Gm2 = 6.67 × 10–11 × (9.1 × 10–31)2
g
e, the charge of an electron, where e=1.6×10 −19C. Thus
for 1.6 coulomb of charge the body will hold 1.6/1.6×10−19 = 4.17 × 1042
= 1018 electrons. i.e., deficiency of 1018 electrons. 15. Solution: Force between two charges in air,
q 1q 2
8. Solution: Charging is only possible by transfer of F= ,
40r2
electrons from one body to another and electrons have
Now the force between two charges in medium,
mass. Therefore, whatever the body weight was before
q 1q 2 F F
rubbing, it will either increase or decrease slightly. F' = = =
40 Kr2 K 4
9. Solution: Charge due to 500 excess electrons
16. Two equal negative charged -q are fixed at the points
= 500 × charge of an electron
(0, a) and (0, -a) on the y-axis. A positive charge Q is
= 500 × – 1.6 × 10–19 C = – 8 × 10–17 C released from rest at the point (2a, 0) on x-axis. The
q 1q 2 charge Q will
10. Solution: From Coulomb's law, F = K r2
(a) Move to infinity.
Q2 (1.6 × 1019)2 (b) Move to origin and remain at rest.
= 9 × 109 × r2 = 9 × 199 × (1010)2
(c) Execute SHM about the origin.
= 2.3 × 10–8 N (d) Execute oscillatory motion but not SHM.
11. Solution: Charge of 1014 electron, q = ne
16. Solution: By symmetry of problem the components
= 1014 × 1.6 × 10–19 C = 1.6 ×10–5 C = 16C of force on Q due to charges at A and B along y-axis will
As electron have been removed from metal sphere, it cancel each other while along x-axis will add up and will
will acquire a positive charge of +16C. be along CO. Under the action of this force charge Q will
move towards O. If at any time charge Q is at a distance
Qq Qq QQ
12. Solution: F1 = K x2 , F2 = K x2 and F3 = K 4x2 x from O. Net force on charge Q.
 Gm1m2 Gm1m2 16 Gm1m2 16
F' = d' 2 = 5d2 = 25 d2 = 25 F
4
16
F' – F 25F – F 16
F(%) = F × 100 = × 100 = 25 – 1 × 100
F  
(16 – 25)
= 25 × 100 = – 9 × 4 = –36%
1 –qQ x
Fnet = 2F cos = 2
40 (a2 + x2) (a2 + x2)3/2 1
19. Solution: In vacuum, F = (1)
1 2qQx 40r2
=– Now the force between two charges with dielectric,
40 (a2 + x2)3/2
As the restoring force Fnet is not linear, motion will be q 1q 2
F' = (2)
oscillatory (with amplitude 2a) but not simple harmonic. 40 Kr' 2
The correct option is (d) From (1) and (2), kr'2 = r2 or r = kr'
17. Solution: Due to electrostatic induction, outer In the given situation, force between the charges would
sphere induces – Q charge on inner sphere and the inner 1 q2 4 q2 4F
be F' = = 9 4pe r2 = 9
sphere induces – q charge on the outer sphere so total 40  r r 2 0

charge on outer sphere and inner sphere are Q – q and 2 + 42

q – Q respectively. But when they are joined, net charge 20. Solution:
either outer sphere or inner sphere or both = Q – q + q 1 Q1Q2
Force exerted by Q1 on Q2 ,F12 =
– Q = 0. 40 r2
Gm1m2 1 Q2Q1
18. Solution: F = d2 , Force exerted by Q2 on Q1 ,F21 =
40 r2
25 d 5d
d' = d + 100 × d = d + 4 = 4 F12
So, F = 1 : 1
21

Chapter-20
Key Formula

4  r3  gd
= 3V

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

F 1.6 x 10–14 9. Solution: Electric field intensity in between the plates,

1. Solution: We know, E = q = 1.6 x 10–19 = 105 N/C
σ 17.7×10−22
E = ε = 8.85×10−12= 2.0 × 10-10 N/C
4. Solution: Maximum electric field, 0

1 Q 10. Solution: Here, V2 – V1 = 40 V

E= = 6 × 106
40r2 V2 – V1 40
E= d = 1 × 10–2 = 4000 V/m
1
Q = 6 × 106 × 40 r2 = 6 × 106 × 9 × 109 × (4/2)2
11. Solution: From figure, potential at centre,
= 2.66 × 10–3 C kq1 kq2 kq3 kq4
VO = + + +
5. Solution: Force on Q, F = QE r r r r
Let the field at -2Q is E'. So force on -2Q is F' = -2QE' K
= [q1 + q2 + q3 + q4]
According to Coulomb's law, the forces on both will be equal. r
So, F = F' or QE = –2QE' or E' = –E/2 9 × 109
0= r (1 C− 4 C + 8 C + q4)
1 Q 600 × 10–6
7. Solution: E = = 9 × 10 9×
40r 2 (0.3)2 (1 C− 4 C + 8 C + q4) = 0  q4 = − 5 C
= 6 × 10 N/C
7
12. Solution: Electric field inside the charged sphere is zero
1
and outside the sphere, it varies as r2. So, the variation of E
with distance r from centre of uniformly charged sphere is
best represented by graph (d).
13. Solution: For uniformly charged non-conducting sphere
of radius R, variation of electric field E with distance from
centre r is given below. Hence, option (c) is correct.

21. Solution:
Electric lines force due to negative charge are radially
inward.
22. Solution: Force on electron due to electric field,
F = eE
F eE
Acceleration produced, a = m = m
14. Solution: Each charge will produce the same magnitude
of intensity, say E, at the centroid. These are directed at 1.6 × 10–19× 1
= 9.1 × 10–31 = 1.71011m/s2
angles of 1200 with each other. So, their vector sum will be
zero. 23. Solution: If E be the external field towards right then,
15. Solution: Here, E
F1 = EQ and F2 = –3QE'
F1 = F2  EQ = –3QE'
EQ –E E1 = 8V/m E2 = 12V/m
E' = =
–3Q 3
16. Solution: K.E acquired = work done
= force× distance = QE ×y= QEy
/20 /20
17. Solution: Electric flux through the surface
1
= ε × (Total charge enclosed within the surface)
0

1 −Q
= ε × (+Q−Q +2Q −3Q) =
0 0 
E– = E1 = 8 (1) and
18. Solution: Here, 20
E = E1 – E2 
E+ = E2 = 12 (2)
 – 20
= – 
20 20 Subtracting Eq. (1) from Eq. (2),
  
= = = 4   = 40
20 0 0
The field intensity in between sheets having equal and 25. Solution: As we know, Electric flux
opposite uniform surface densities of charge becomes 1
= × (Net charge enclosed within the surface)
constant, i.e, an uniform electric field is produced and it 0
is independent of the distance between the sheets. 1 1
= (2q – q) = q.
19. Solution: As new distance = 2r and electric field due 0 0
1 V
to single charge, E ∝ r2 , 26. Solution: We know, E = r
therefore, new intensity = E/4. V 103
r = E = 106 = 10-3 m

Chapter-21
Key Formula
Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

ke2 1 Qn
1. Solution: Electric force, Fe = r2 and V= (1)
40 r
Gme2 where Qn = −Q + Q = −10 + 10 = 0 C
Gravitational force, Fg = r2
From equation (1), we get, V = 0, hence the potential at
Fe ke2 (9 × 109)(1.6 × 10–19)2 the centre of the line joining the charge is zero.
Thus, F = Gm 2 = (6.67 × 10–11)(9.1 × 10–31)2
g e
12. Solution: Potential at any distance x from point A is
= 4.17 × 1042  1042
kQ kQ 1 1
2. Solution: Here, F = eE V = x + (d – x) = kQ x + d – x
 
F e/m
Acceleration, a = m = m d–x+x d 1
= kQ  x(d – x)  = kQ x(d – x) = kQdx(d – x)
     
eE 2Eed
v2 = 2ad = 2 × m × d  v = dV kQd(2x – d)
m Now, dx =
(x(d – x)2)
3. Solution: We know,
For x < d/2, dV/dx < 0 therefore potential decreases and for
V F 2000
E = d  V = E d = e d = = 2 × 0.01 = 10 V x > d/2
dV/dx > 0 therefore potential increases. Hence first
4. Solution: Electrostatic potential energy of system of decreases then increases, option (d).
two electrons
13. Solution: Let r represent the radius of small drop and, R
1 (–e)(–e) 1 e2 represent the radius of bigger drop.
U= r =
40 40 r
4 4
Thus, as r decreases, potential energy increases. Then, 3 R3 = n × 3 r3 → R = n1/3r
5. Solution: The electric flux through the surface, This implies, the capacity of the bigger drop is n1/3 times the
→ → capacity of each small drop.
 = E . dS = EdS cos
kQ
where  = angle between electric field and normal to Potential of 1 big drop is given by V = n. R
surface.
nQ nQ Q
If electric field is placed parallel to the surface then,  = 90°. = = = n2/3
40R 40n1/3r 40r
So,  = EdS cos = 0
So, the potential of the bigger drop is n2/3 times the
6. Solution: We know, potential of the smaller drop.
1 Q2 1 Q2 Fa Hence option (b) is correct.
Fa = and F m= = =2N
40 r 2 4εr0 r2 εr
14. Solution: Potential difference between the two
Fa F points ΔV= 1000 + 1000 = 2000 Volts
7. Solution: We know, Fm = ε = 2
r
Thus, work done W = Q V = 1 × 2000 = 2000 J
8. Solution: Force on both the charged particle,
F = E × 2q = 2Eq
Acceleration for the first and second particle is
15. Solution: Given that:
1
40 (Qr – 3rQ ) = V
2aE 2qE F 2Q Q 3V
a1 = m and a2 = 2m  a1 = 2a2 [ ∵ a = m ] or, =V  = 2
4 × 30r 40r
Now kinetic energy of first particle, Q 3V 1 V
Now, E = = × 9r = 6r
40 × (3r)2 2
1 1
K1 = 2 m1v12 = 2 m1(a1t)2 Q1 Q2
16. Solution: Since, σ1 = σ2  4πr 2 = 4πr 2
1 2
Kinetic energy of second particle,

(rr )  VV = Qr × Qr
2
1 1 Q1 1 1 1 2
K2 = 2 m2v22 = 2 m2(a2t)2 Q2 = 2 2 1 2

= (r ) r = r
K1 m1a12 m 4 2 r1
2
r r 2 1
Ratio of the kinetic energy, K = m a 2 = 2m × 1 = 1
2 2 2 2 1 2

V 17. Solution: Potential at the inner surface,

9. Solution: W = F d  10 = E q d = d q d = q V
1 Q 1 –Q 1  Q Q
V= + = –
 V = 2 Volt 40 r1 40 r2 40 r1 r2
10. Solution: We know 5 × 10–9 5 × 10–9
= 9 × 109 0.04 – 0.06  = 375 V
1 2eV  
2 mv = eV  v = m = 2 × 1.6 × 10 × 200 ms
2 11 –1
18. Solution: Potential at the centre of the sphere is 10
= 8 × 106 m/s V because it remains same at each point under the
11. Solution: The potential at the centre is given by metallic hollow sphere.
19. Solution: We know that, Electric field intensity, 22. Solution: The potential at the centre of a sphere of
dV radius r and surface charge q is
E = – dr , where V is electric potential. 1 q r q  sr
V= =  =
Here from the graph, it is clear that, at the distance 40 r 0 4r2 0
R = 5 m potential is 2.5 V. The potential at centre of two concentric spheres of
0–5 5 radii r and R is addition of individual potentials by
Electric field intensity, E = − (6 – 4 ) = 2 = 2.5 V/m s(R + r)
each shell. V =
20. Solution: Potential at the centre 0
Kq1 Kq2 Kq3 Kq4 23. Solution: From figure,
= r + r + r + r kq1 kq2 kq3 kq4
Potential at centre P, VP = r + r + r + r
K
0 = r (q1 + q2 + q3 + q4)  q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 = 0 k k
= r [q1 + q2 + q3 + q4] = 1 [(1 – 2 + 3 + 2) × 10–8]
q4 = –(q1 + q2 + q3) = – 5 µC
21. Solution: Due to earthing, potential of inner sphere 2
is zero i.e., V = 0. 9 × 10 × 4 × 10
9 –8
= 1 = 507 V
Kq Kq' qr1
r2 + r1 = 0  q' = – r2 2

Chapter-22
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: We know, Common potential, 1 2 1 1 2 2

C1V1 + C2V2 1 × 10 + 1 × 6 E = 2 CVf – 2 CVi2 = 2 C(Vf – Vi )
V= C1 + C2 = 1+1 =8V
1
2. Solution: When charged to V potential through E = 2 × 6 × 10–6(202 – 102) = 9 × 10–4 J
battery Q1 = CV and Q2 = CV 5. Solution: Equivalent capacitance in parallel
After connecting them in series, the potential difference combination is
in each capacitor is taken as V1 and V2 Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 = 3 + 9 + 18 = 30 F
Applying charge conservation, CV1 + CV2 = Q1 + Q2 Equivalent capacitance in series combination is
⇒ CV1 + CV2 = 2CV⇒ V1 + V2 = 2V 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A0 A Cs = C1 + C2 +C3 = 3 + 9 + 18 = 2  Cs = 2 F
3. Solution: C0 = d and C = 2d (d' = 2d)
Cs 2 1
Now, C  = 30 = 15
 = K0  p
where K is dielectric constant of wax A
C K 2pF K 6. Solution: Here, we have, C = d

C0 = 20 = 2  1pF = 2 If thickness of the sheet is reduced half of the
K separation, new capacitance is
2= 2 K=4
εA 2εA
C’ = d – d/2= d = 2C
1
4. Solution: Energy of a capacitor, E = 2 CV2
7. Solution: We know
Change in energy, 1 1
Energy stored = 2 CV2 = 2 ×10 × 10–6 (100)2= 0.05 J
8. Solution: Here, C = 100 × 10–6 F = 10–4F 14. Solution: Equivalent circuit
Q2 64 × 10–36
Work done = 2C = 2 × 10–4 = 32 × 10–32 joule 6 F C2
6 F
9. Solution: 3F and 6F capacitors are in parallel. C1
Their equivalent capacitance C1 = 3 + 6 = 9 F C5 20 F
4.5 F and 9 F capacitors are in series. For series
C3
combination, the charge on the capacitors is the same. 6 F
C1V1 = C2V2  9V1 = 4.5V2  V2 = 2V1 6 F C4
V1 + 2V2 = 12  3V1 = 12
V1 = 4V and V2 = 8 V Now, we can see that C1 and C3 are in series, so the
10. Solution: equivalent capacitance will be-
C1× C3 6× 6
4 C13 = C + C = 6 + 6 = 3 F
Here, Cf = 3 Ci 1 3

Also, C2 and C4 are in series, so the equivalent

After inserting dielectric, the capacitor can be redrawn
capacitance will be-
as shown below
C2× C4 6× 6
C24= C + C = 6 + 6 = 3 F
2 4

Here, C13 and C24 are in parallel, so the equivalent

capacitance of this combination will give the capacitance
d/2 d/2
between the points X and Y. So,
C1 C2
CXY = C13 + C24 = 3 + 3 = 6µF
0 A K0A 15. Solution: Here, three capacitors are in parallel, so their
C1 = d/2 ; C2 = d/2
equivalent capacitance, Ceq = 3C + 3C + 3C = 9C.
C1 × C2 2K0A 16. Solution: Here, Q = 1 mC = 1 × 10 3C
–
Now, Ceq = C + C = d(K + 1) = Cf
1 2
Equivalent capacitance of three capacitors,
2K0A 40A Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 = 10 µF = 10 5 F
–
From given condition, d(K + 1) = 3d
Now,
On solving the above equation, we get K = 2. Q = CV
11. Solution: In the given system, no current will flow Q 10 3
–

through the branch CD so it can be removed. V = C = –5= 100 V

10
17. Solution: We know, C = 4ε₀πr
where symbols have their usual meanings. We observe that
capacitance depends only on the radius of the charged
sphere and is independent of its mass. Therefore, both
hollow and solid sphere will have same capacitance means
they hold the same charge.
18. Solution: Equivalent capacitance of top right branch in
which 1 μF and 5 μF are in parallel =5+1=6 μF
4 F 6 F

Equivalent capacitance of the system = 5 + 5 = 10 F

V1 V2
12. Solution:
For equivalent capacitance, we have 3 F
1 1 1 1
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C2
10V
1 1 1 8
= 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 Ceq = 5 F

1 Since, 4 μF and 6 μF are in series, so effective capacitance of

U = 2 CeqV2
these two capacitors is
1 8 4 µF × 6 µF
= 2 × 5 × 10–6 × 225 Ceq = 4 µF + 6 µF = 2.4 μF
= 180 × 10–6 J = 1.8 × 10–4 j Voltage across the 2.4 μF capacitor is 10V. So, charge Q on 2.4
13. Solution: μF = CeqV = 2.4 μF × 10 V = 24 μC
While drawing the dielectric plate outside, the capacitance Here, whatever charge this equivalent capacitance will have,
decreases till the entire plate comes out and then becomes the same charge will be across the 4μF capacitor as well as
constant. So, V increases and then becomes constant. Hence the equivalent of 1μF and 5μF which is 6 μF. So, charge on
option (b) is correct. 4μF capacitor is Q = 24μC.
 Q2 1 (40 × 10–6)2 CS and 2 F are in parallel. The equivalent capacitance
19. Solution: Energy stored = 2C = 2 (1 × 10–6)
of these two capacitors is
= 800 × 10–6 J = 8000 erg CP = CS + 2 F = 1 F + 2 F = 3 F
20. Solution: Resultant capacitance Proceeding in this way, finally three 3 F are in series.
= 6 F + 3 F = 9 F Therefore, the equivalent capacitance between A and B
21. Solution: Heat produced = Energy stored is
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2 CV2 = 2 × (4 × 10–6) × (4002) = 0.32 Joule CAB = 3 + 3 + 3  CAB = 1 F
1 1 1 26. Solution:
22. Solution: In series combination, C = 3 + 6 ,
A C B D
So C = 2 f
P E G F Q
Now Q = VC = 120 × 2 = 240 F
Q 240
Now potential across 3 f is V = 3 = 3 = 80 V
23. Solution: In parallel combination,
Ceq = C + C = 2F C C=D=E=F
C
1 1 =B
Energy stored, U = 2 Ceq V2 = 2 × 2 × 10–6 × (200)2 = 0.04 J A
P=
C
P C G C Q
1
24. Solution: Net capacitance = = 1 F C
 + +1
1 1 
2 3 6 
Total charge = CV = 1 μF × 10 V = 10 μC 3C 2C C
In series combination, same charge flows through each
capacitor so charge on 3 μF is 10 μC. P Q
25. Solution: Starting from the right end of the network, 1 1 1 1
∴ C = 3C + 2C + C
three 3F capacitors are connected in series. The equivalent eq

capacitance of these three capacitors is 2 + 3 + 6 11

= 6C = 6C
1 1 1 1
Cs = 3 + 3 + 3 6C
CS = 1 F Ceq = 11

Chapter-23
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

R1 × R2 2. Solution: We know
1. Solution: In parallel, Rp = R + R
1 2 Q ne It 1 ×1
When one wire is broken R1 acts as series let the broken I = t = t  n = e = 1.6 × 10–19
wire be R2 so now R1 = 2 ohm = 0.625 × 1019electrons
6 2 × R2 3. Solution: We know
So, 5 = 2 + R  12 + 6R2 = 10R2
2 R A R πd2/4 4.2 × 3.14 (0.4 × 10–3)2/4
R2 = 3 ohm Ρ= l = l = 1.1 = 48 × 10–8m
 ρl ρl ρl l ρ l2
4. Solution: We know, R = A 16. Solution: We know, R = A = A × l = V
ρ l1 ρ l1 A1 l1 ρ l'2
Here resistance is same so, R = A = A  A = l New resistance, R’ = V , (∵ ρ and V are constant)
1 1 2 2

d1 R' l'2 (nl)2

d2 = l1/l2 = 1 : 3 So, R = l2 = l2  R’ = n2R
5. Solution: L1A1 = L2A2 [∵ V is constant] 17. Solution: Let RV be the resistance of voltmeter.
 L1 × A1 = 2 L1A2 P.d. across RV = P.d. across 10000  = 50 V, so p.d.
A1 2 R1 1 1 across 5000  = 100 – 50 = 50 V
=  = ×  R2 = 4R1 = 160 
A2 1 R2 2 2 50
Current through 5000, I = 5000 = 0.01 A
ER 2.8 × 5
6. Solution: We know, V = R + r = 5 + 2 = 2 V
50
Current through 10000, I1 = 10000 = 0.005 A
E 1.5
7. Solution: Here, r = I = 3 = 0.5 
Now, I = I2 + I1
8. Solution: In series,  +  = i(2r + R)  2 = 10(2r + 5) where I2 is current through voltmeter.
r r 0.01 = I2 + 0.005  I2 = 0.005 A
In parallel,  = l' 5 + 2 = 85 + 2  2 = 80 + 8r
    50
20r + 50 = 80 + 8r  12r = 80 – 50 = 30 RV = 0.005  RV = 10,000 = 10 K
30 18. Solution: In wheat stone bridge, we have
 r = 12 = 2.5
P X 10 25
V2 V2 Q = R  2 = 5 . It means the circuit is in balanced
9. Solution: In parallel, P = R = R  R1 = R2 = R
1 2 state so co current flows through galvanometer. In such
When two bulbs are connected in series: condition, the galvanometer can be removed and the
Rt = R1 + R2 = 2R equivalent circuit becomes as below
VT2 V2 V2 1 V2 1 10 2
Pt = R = R + R = 2R = 2  R  = 2 P = 25 watt
t 1 2  
ER 2 × 3.9
10. Solution: V = R + r = 3.9 + 0.1 = 1.95 V
1.4 A
11. Solution:
4
25 5
8 20  24 
From current divider rule,
16  4 20  25 + 5
A
16 
B A B I2 = (25 + 5) + (10 + 2) × 1.4 = 1 A

6 6
19. Solution:
9
Given figure is a balanced Wheatstone bridge so its
6 12 
equivalent circuit can be drawn as below.
6 18 
10 
24 × 12 A
From figure, RAB = (24 + 12) = 8  Y

12. Solution: The compressed circuit will look like 10 

0.5A 20  10 
P Q
2 4 X 10  B
Reqv = 2  + 4  = 6 , I = 0.5 A In such condition, current through AB is zero. Thus,
We know, V = IR = 0.5 × 6 = 3 V 1 1 1
13. Solution: Equivalent resistance between R = 20 + 20  R = 10 Ω
10 × 30 ρL ρ L'
A and B = 10 + 30 + 2.5 = 10  20. Solution: We know, R = A and R’ = A'
14. Solution: Since they are connected in parallel, so d2 d'2  d2 A
1 1 1 1 R A = 4 and A’ = 4 = 4 × 9 = 9
RP = R + R + R  RP = 3 And Volume = AL = A’L’ = constant
15. Solution: Total equivalent resistance, d2 d'2  d2
2×2 1 4 × L = 4 × L’ = 4 × 9 × L’
R = 2 + 2 + 4 = 6 , V = IR  I = 6
L’ = 9L
1 R' L' A 9L A
Now, P = IV = 6 × 1 = 0.16 W Now, R = L × A' = L × A/9 = 81:1
 V 16 1 +  × 15
21. Solution: From ohm's law, R = I = slope of graph =
20 = 1 +  × 100  4(1 + 100) = 5(1 + 15)
y2 – y1 8 – 2 8 – 4 8 – 6 325 = 1   = 0.003°C–1
x2 – x1 = 4 – 1 = 4 – 2 = 4 – 3 = 2  25. Solution: We know
22. Solution: Resistance of a wire is proportional to its V2 V2 40000
length. The wire is cut into 10 equal parts. So, resistance of P = R  R = P = 400 = 100 ohm
R
each part = 26. Solution: Here
10
R60 = R0[1 + α(60 – 0)] , Here initial temperature is
Then all 10 wires are connected in parallel. The equivalent
assumed as 0 °C.
resistance is
15 = R0[1 + 60α] (1)
1 1 1
= + + ....... (10 times) R100 = R0[1 + α(100 – 0)]
Req R/10 R/10
1 100 R 20 = R0[1 + 100α] (2)
=  Req = = 0.01 R Dividing equation (1) by (2), we get
Req R 100
23. Solution: In the given circuit, the arrangement of 3 1 + 60α 1 0 –1
resistances is a form of Wheatstone's bridge. Hence no 4 = 1 + 100α  α = 60 C
current will flow through 7  resistor. The resistances From equation (1), we have, R0 = 7.5 
between A and B will be parallel combination of each 1
other. Hence, Again, R40 = R0[1 + 40α] = 7.5 [1 + 40 × 60 ] = 12.5 
1 1 1 1 1 1 ER 9 × 10
Req = 2 + 3 + 4 + 6  Req = 5 + 10 27. Solution: V = R + r = 10 + 2 = 7.5V
5 × 10 10 ρ L ρ L2 ρ L'2
 Req = 15 = 3  28. Solution: R = A = V and R’ = V'
24. Solution: We know, R = R0[1 + ( – 0)], Volume = AL = A’L’ = constant
where  is the temperature coefficient of resistance. R' L'2 1600
Now, R = L2 = 400 = 4  R’ = 4R = 20 
16 = R0[1 + (15 – 0)]
20 = R0[1 + (100 – 0)] 29. Solution: We know, V = IR = 5 × 24 = 120 Volt
Assuming, 0 = 0°C, as a general convention. Thus, we P
30. Solution: Here, P = I2R  R = I2 = 1
have

Chapter-24
Key Formula

Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

RS AS 1/3 321/3 mass A(1.67 × 10–27)

3. Solution: R = A  D = volume = 4
He  He =  4  = 2
3[1.25 × 10 A ]
15 1/3 3
4. Solution: The nuclear radius r varies with mass
number A according to the relation
r = r0 A1/3 ⇒ r  A1/3 or A  r3 [∴ V = 43 R ‚ R = R A
3
0
1./3‚ R0 = 1.25 × 10–15 ]
mass ∴ D = 2 × 1017 kgm–3
Now density = volume
7. Solution: Mass defect of nucleus,
Further mass  A and volume  r3 m = (Zmp + Zmn – mass of nucleus)
mass
∴ = constant m = 7[1.00759 + 1.300898] – 14 = 0.11500 a.m.u
volume
The energy equivalent of this mass is E = 107.98 MeV
5. Solution:
Therefore, the binding energy per nucleon is 7.713 MeV
Nuclear density of an atom of mass number A,
Biding energy per nucleon is the packing fraction so 19. Solution:
option (a) is correct. All the kinetic energy of alpha particle is converted to
9. Solution: The above binding energy per nucleon curve the potential energy of the system.
clearly shows that 26Fe56 has maximum BE per p2 1 q 1q 2
[Link] value of the BE of the element accounts for PE = KE  2m = × r
40 0
it being the most stable element. p2 2eq
10. Solution: Given, m = 0.0303 amu, number of Initially, 2m = ......(1)
40r0
Nucleon, A = 4(Helium) (2p)2 2eq
B.E. = mc2 = 0.0303 (amu) × 931.5 (MeV/amu) Now, 2m = .......(2)
40r1
= 28.2 MeV Dividing (1) by (2)
B.E. 28.2 1 r1 r0
Binding energy per nucleon, A = 4 = 7.05 MeV =  r1 =
4 r0 4
11. Solution: The number of atoms in 1g of .235U 20. Solution: Energy is released in a process when total
Avogadro's number 6.023 × 1023 binding energy of the nucleus (= binding energy per
= Mass number = 235 = 2.563 × 1021
nucleon × number of nucleon) is increased or we can say,
Energy released per fission = 200 MeV when total binding energy of products is more than the
Energy released by 1g of .235 U reactants. By calculation we can see that only in case of
= Number of atoms × energy released per fission option (c) this happens.
= 2.563 × 1021 × 200 MeV Given W→ 2Y
= 5.13 × 1023 MeV Binding energy of reactants = 120 × 7.5 = 900 MeV
and binding energy of products = 2(60 ×8 .5) = 1020 MeV
R1 A1 1/3 1 1/3
12. Solution: We know, R = A  = 27 = 1 : 3 > 900 MeV
2  2  
21. Solution: We know, R = R0(A)1/3
13. Solution: When a nucleus has an even number of 1/3 1/3
protons and an even number of neutrons, the spin-up
protons are able to pair off with the spin-down protons
∴
R1
R2
= (AA ) = (2564)
1
2
= 4 ⇒ R2 =
R1
4
= 2 fermi

and the spin-up neutrons pair off with the spin-down 22. Solution: The binding energy of C12,
neutrons. These interactions make the nucleus more B.EC12 = A × B.E./A = 12 × 7.68 = 92.16 MeV
tightly bound, lowering its total energy and making it The binding energy of C13, B.EC13 = A × B.E./A
more stable. Hence answer is option (b). =13 × 7.48 = 97.24 MeV
14. Solution: From special theory of relativity, we have Removal of neutron from C13 results in C12
m0 9.1 × 10–31 So, the energy required to remove a neutron from C13
m= =
v2 2.4 × 108 ΔE = B.EC13 − B.EC12 = 97.24 − 92.16
1 – c2 1 –  3 × 108 
  = 5.08 MeV ≈ 5.1 MeV
–30
= 15.17 × 10–31 kg = 1.516 x 10 kg 23. Solution: We have the energy released by fission of
15. Solution: Here, A = 238 – 4 = 234 and Z = 92 – 2 = 90. one uranium atom is 200 Mev.
16. Solution: The mass number (A) is the total number So, E = 200 × 106 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 3.2 × 10–11 J
of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus so The power required = 3.2 W
sometimes more than and sometimes equal to its atomic Thus, the number of fissions required is equal to
number, depends upon no of neutrons. Hence, option (d) 3.2
3.2 × 10–11 = 10 fissions.
11
is the required answer.
17. Solution: Rest energy of an electron = mec2 25. Solution: We have, Q value, Q = N × 107 eV
= 9.1 × 10−31 × 9 × 1016 = 511 keV (7 × 85 – 5 × 45 – 4 × 40) MeV = N × 107 eV
Here, me = 9.1 × 10−31 kg and c = 3 × 108 210 MeV = N × 107 Ev
= velocity of light.  21 × 107 eV = N × 107 Ev
N = 21

Chapter-25
Key Formula
Solutions to the Multiple Choice Questions

1. Solution: In semiconductors at room temperature, atoms. In a P-type semiconductor, the holes are the
some of the electrons acquire enough energy to jump to majority carriers, while the electrons are the minority
conduction level. Thus, to obtain large number of carriers.
electrons in conduction band, some energy has to be 14. Solution: At absolute zero temperature, all the
supplied to the electrons present in the valance band. electrons are in the valance band and thus there is no
This energy must be equal to the difference between conductance in the intrinsic semiconductors. As we
conduction band and valance band. For semiconductors, increase the temperature, some of the electrons gain
it is of the order of 1 eV. energy and jump into the conductance band and so are
2. Solution: A band gap, also called an energy band, is responsible for the conductivity in the semiconductor.
an energy range in a solid where no electron states can As we further increase the temperature, more number
exist. It generally refers to the energy difference (in of electrons from valance band jump into the
electron volts) between the top of the valence band and conductance band resulting in the increase in
the bottom of the conduction band in insulators and conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor.
semiconductors. The energy band gaps of silicon and 15. Solution: For metals, conductivity increases with
germanium and silicon are 0.7eV and 1.1eV decrease in temperature whereas for semiconductors
respectively. conductivity decreases with decrease in temperature. So
5. Solution: For metals specific resistance decrease with in this case, conductivity of silicon decreases and that of
decrease in temperature whereas for semiconductors silver increases.
specific resistance increases with decrease in 16. Solution: Semiconductors have negative temperature
temperature. coefficient of resistance means resistance is inversely
6. Solution: A semiconductor in which electrical proportional to temperature so option (b) is correct.
conduction is due chiefly to the movement of positive 17. Solution: Resistivity is the intrinsic property, it doesn't
holes. It doesn't mean that it has positive charge. Hence depend upon length and shape of the semiconductor. So the
it is uncharged. resistivity depends on atomic nature of semiconductor.
7. Solution: Conductivity of semiconductors decreases 18. Solution: Semiconductors have negative temperature
with decrease in temperature and at 0 K, the coefficient of resistance means resistance is inversely
conductivity of semiconductor becomes zero and it proportional to temperature so when temperature of a
behaves as an insulator. semiconductor decreases, its resistance increases.
8. Solution: In good conductors of electricity, the type of 19. Solution: In p-type semiconductors, an intrinsic
bonding that exists is metallic bonding. semiconductor is doped with trivalent impurities which
9. Solution: A hole in a p-type semiconductor is a creates deficiencies of valence electrons called holes
missing electron. which are majority charge carriers.
hc 6.62 × 10–34 × 3 × 108 20. Solution: The Diode is forward biased, hence
10. Solution:  = E = (1.14 × 1.6 × 10–19) = 10888 Å current will flow in the circle and since Diode is Ideal
forward bias voltage is zero. Current through the
11. Solution: Silicon of Group IV has four valence
V
electrons and antimony of Group V has five valence arrangement, I = ,
R
electrons. So when antimony is doped with silicon as an
impurity, N-type extrinsic semiconductor is obtained. Here, V = (3 – 1) volt = 2 volt,
12. Solution: A p-type semiconductor is obtained when V 2
So, I = = = 0.02 A = 0.02.
trivalent atoms, such as aluminium, are doped in silicon R 100

Chapter-26
Key Formula