ICD 11 Medical

Coding , Billing
and Anatomy
Instructor Wendy L Bell CPC
Instructor Wendy Bell

u Wendy is CPC certified with accreditation through AAPC . She has been in
healthcare for 20 plus years and has worked in multiple specialties such as
Radiology, family practice , chiropractic , OB/ Gyn , Orthopedics and more .
She has been an active member of her local AAPC chapter and served as Vice
President and Member Education roles . Wendy not only educates ; she works
in the field daily as a consultant to help providers find cash flow problems and
get them resolved quickly .
u Personally, she lives in Maine during the summer months and Florida in the
winter , giving her the best of both worlds . She has two grown daughters and
a sweet granddaughter . She enjoys camping , travel and a giant fan of the
Patriots.
 Demonstrate knowledge of function and structure of human
body

Understand common disorders that occur within various body

systems

Understand and apply diagnostic coding for ICD 10 and ICD 11

Course Understand and apply procedure coding (CPT)

Objectives Understand use of Level II National Codes (HCPCS)

Understand use of appropriate modifiers and impact

Apply billing concepts used to pay claims and work insurance

denials
 ICD 10/ ICD 11 Diagnosis
Manual

Common CPT manual

Resources

HCPCS Manual
 u Healthcare industry changes frequently along with
insurance companies' payment polices and ICD and CPT
codes. All information is current from the time it was
Disclaimer created , and recommend student review every six
months for any related changes that may impact the
specialty they are working in .
What to expect

u Classroom instruction
u Diagrams
u Words to know
u Word Dissection
u Review Questions
u Real time coding examples
u Flash Cards
u Testing
 Free version Guidelines

ICD specific manual

Course Tables for neoplasm and adverse drug reactions

Toolbox Copy of Professional claim HICFA

Audit Tool

Crosswalk from ICD10 to ICD11

Lesson 1.2 The Human body
 Intro to Human
Body
u Cells: smallest living organism
u Tissue: group of cells working
together
u Organs: structure two or more
tissue types
u System: Group of organs that
work together
u Organism : living being that has
cellular structure that can
perform all physiologic functions
necessary for life
 Nutrients

Requirements Oxygen
of Human Life

Temperature Range
Anatomy comes from
combining two Greek
words :
Ana meaning “apart”
tome meaning “to cut”
Views of the Body

u Anterior : the front of

the body
u Lateral: the side
u Supine: to lie face up
u Dorsal: the back
u Distal : farthest away
from the organ
u Ventral :belly side of
body
u Cephalic: the head
Breaking Down Areas of the Body

u Back: Lumbar,
Thoracic, Sacral
u Neck: Cervical
u Arms: Upper Extremity,
Carpal, Brachial,
Acromial
u Legs: Lower Extremity,
Fibular, Plantar,
Femoral
Human Body Organs

u Brain: Circuit board of

body
u Heart: Delivery of
blood to tissues
u Thyroid : Energy/
Metabolism gatekeeper
u Lungs : Oxygen
exchange
u Stomach/Intestines:
digestion/ absorption
u Kidney/ Bladder:
Waste management
 u Memorize word parts to help break
down medical records
Medical u Prefix
Terminology u Suffix
u Root Words
 u Cardi heart
u Gastr stomach
u Hepat liver
u Rhin nose

Root Words u Cephal head

u Arthr joint
u My muscle
u Carcin cancer
 Brady-slow Pachy-thick Tachy-fast

Ante- in
Epi-above Peri-around
front of
Word
Prefixes Bi-two
Hyper-
excessive
Hypo-
insufficient

Uni-one
 u Itis- inflammation
u Algia-pain
u Asthenia- weakness
u Edema-swelling

Word Suffixes u Emia-condition of blood

u Lith- stone
u Lysis- destruction
u Opia-vision
u Globin- protein
Dissect words

u Tachycardia – tachy (fast) + cardia (heart)

u Bradycardia- brady(slow) + cardia (heart)
u Anesthesia – an (without) + esthesia (feeling or sensation)
u Primigravida –primi(first) + gravida (pregnancy)
u Eupnea- eu(normal) + pnea(breathing)
u Hypocalcemia – hypo(insufficient) + calcemia(calcium in the blood)
u Nullgravida – null (none) + gravida(pregnancy)
u Arthritis – arthr (joint) + itis(inflammation)
 u A patient is placed in the supine position for
surgery by the nurse. Supine is defined as
u A. Laying on the back –face up
u B. Laying on the side
u C Farthest away of the body
Review Question u D. Laying on the belly –face down
Rational
Lesson 1.3 Skin
 Largest organ with
System :
average person having Integumentary
20-25 pounds in weight

Skin Specialty : Dermatology

* Protection
* Sensation
Function
* Waste Disposal
Peeling Back the Layers….

u Epidermis : outer layer

of dead cells
u Dermis: Middle layer –
strong flexible
connective tissue –
home of sweat glands,
nerve endings , hair
follicles
u Subcutaneous layer –
inner layer ; primary
fat that insulates body
and stores energy
 Abrasion

Abcess
Disorders of
the Skin Contusion

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Abrasion

u Skin injury that scrapes

away the surface of
the skin
 Abscess
Infection by pyogenic bacteria resulting in
collection of localized pus
Ulcer

u Skin ulcers are sores or

wounds that are kept
open causing
inflammation of the
upper layer of the
skin.
u Multiple Stages
u Caused by lack of
movement , or diseases
such as hypertension or
diabetes
 u Stage I :signs of sore formation and the skin
color will change into red and look swollen due
to edema (fluid buildup). limited ulcerous
growth on the superficial surface of the skin
not causing much damage.
u Stage II : skin will intensely lose thickness and
expose the inside dermis layer. Sore will slowly
Stages of the turn into lesions or red colored blisters causing
pain and discomfort. Center depression on the

Ulcer
blister which is bounded by yellow or white
layer in the edge
u Stage III : skin will lose total thickness
indicating fast destruction and expose the
underlying bones and muscles beneath the skin
u Stage IV :the terminal stage of skin ulcer where
the infection progresses rapidly destroying
bone and supporting structures under the skin.
 Contusion
Blunt trauma to skin that results in
bruising
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

u Skin cancer in basal

cell layer of epidermis
u Caused by sun
exposure
u Rarely Metastatic
 1st Degree : mild burn that damages epidermis
Results in erythema , but no blisters. Generally
no scaring

2nd Degree : Burn damage that extends through

Burns the epidermis and into dermis causing blisters.
Scaring may occur

3rd Degree : Burn damage of full thickness of

the skin and into underlying tissues . Infection
and fluid loss are major concerns . Usually
requires skin grafts to cover burned areas
1st Degree Burn

u Most often a sunburn or scalding water

u Normally redness, swelling and pain
u Self treatment
2nd Degree Burn

u Most often caused by

fire, hot solids,
electricity
u Blisters, extremely red
and sore
u Treatment can be over
the counter pain
medication or
antibiotic cream
3rd Degree Burn

u Often caused by house

fires, radiation or chemical
burns
u Risk of infection , blood
loss
u Without surgery there
tends to be scaring
Nail Structure

u Nail Plate: visible part of the nail

that sits on nail bed. Made by
Keratinization, transformation of
living cells to hard, dead cells, and it
consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
sulfur and nitrogen.
u Lunula: The half moon shaped point
where the matrix and nail bed meet
u Matrix: where the nail is made. It is
the only living part of the nail and
contains nerves and blood vessels so
that cell reproduction can occur.
Under the Layers of the Nail
 Trauma : 50% of injuries is broken finger

Ingrown nail : nail grows into the skin ,due

Common Nail to nails cut to short

Disorders Melanonychia :condition that causes brown

pigmentation irregularities in the nail

Subungual melanoma: cancerous cells grow

in the nail matrix.
 u Erythema: Redness of the skin
u Fissure: crack like break in the skin
u Debridement : Removal of foreign body
or dead and damaged tissue from
wound
u Biopsy: Surgical procedure to remove
piece of tissue by needle, knife or
Dermatology punch under a microscope

Words to Know u Boil: Bacterial infection of hair follicle

, also known as furuncle
u Alopecia : Baldness
u Cellulitis: inflammation of connective
tissue
u Cauterization: destruction of tissue by
laser, freezing, chemical or electric
current
Word Dissection

u Adenomegaly – aden/o (gland) + megaly (enlarged )

u Cyanosis- cyan/o (blue) + osis ( abnormal condition)
u Lipectomy-lip(fat) + ectomy (surgical removal )
u Keratogenic –kerat/o (hard or horn like) + genic (producing)
u Pyorrhea- py/o (pus) + rrhea( discharge or flow)
u Trichomycosis- trich/o (hair) + myc(fungus) + osis (abnormal condition )
u Erythroderma- erythr/o (red) +derma(skin)
 u Dr Smith made the diagnosis of __________
burn when he saw that the patient had full
thickness of skin burned on his arm .
u A. Abrasion
Review Question u B. 2nd degree burn
u C. 4th degree burn
u D 3rd degree burn
Rational
Lesson 1.4 Bone, Muscles and Joints
 The term skeleton comes from the Greek
word skeltos meaning “dried up” .

Bone, System : Musculoskeletal

Muscles and
Specialty : Orthopedics
Joints
Function : Support,Storage, Movement
and Protection
 Bones Commonly
Treated
u Long Bones : cylindrical in shape,
being longer than it is wide.
u Short Bones: cube-like in shape,
being approximately equal in
length, width, and thickness
u sesamoid bone : small, round
bone that, as the name suggests,
is shaped like a sesame seed
Types of Muscle Tissue

u Ligaments : fibrous
connect tissue that
connects bones to
other bones and
stabilize joints
u Tendons :located at
each end of the muscle
: strong bands of
connective tissue that
anchor muscles to the
bone
 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) : Repetitive motion disorder
caused by pressure on tendons and nerves

Kyphosis : Abnormal increase in normal outward curvature

of thoracic spine

Common Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Arthritis with swelling, stiffness,

pain and degeneration of cartilage in joints
Conditions Osteogenic sarcoma : Most common type of bone cancer
that begins in osteocytes found at end of bones

Muscular dystrophy : Inherited disease that involves

progression of muscle degeneration, weakness and atrophy
Brachial
Plexus Injuries
u Network of nerves that
are stretched,
compressed or ripped
apart
u Severe brachial plexus
injuries can leave your
arm paralyzed, with a
loss of function and
sensation. Surgical
procedures such as nerve
grafts, nerve transfers or
muscle transfers can help
restore function.
Types of Fractures

u Closed : Also known as simple fracture

Broken bone with no open skin wound
u Open : Also known as compound
fracture .Broken bone that penetrates
the skin
Oblique Fracture

u broken bone in which the bone breaks

at an angle.
u The severity of Oblique Fractures is
quite variable depending on the bone
that breaks and the severity of the
fracture. Oblique Fractures are
normally seen to occur in the long
bones of the body like the femur or
tibia.
Greenstick Fracture

u Fracture with incomplete break; one

side of the bone breaks while the
other bends
u Commonly seen in children because
their bones are still pliable
Transverse Fracture

u Bone break with fracture line across

shaft of bone
u A direct blow to the bone with a
heavy object like in a domestic
violence .
u Falling from a height.
u Falling on uneven surfaces.
u Sporting activities like football and
rugby
Compression
Fracture

u Bone break causing loss of height of

vertebral body .
u May result from trauma however in
older people, especially women may
occur as bone weakened by
osteoporosis
Dissecting Words

u Arthrodesis- arthr/o (joint) + desis(surgical fixation)

u Bursectomy- burs(bursa) + ectomy (surgical removal)
u Electromyogram- electr/o(electricity) + my/o(muscle) + gram(record)
u Osteomyelitis- oste/o (bone) + myel( red bone marrow) + itis(inflammation)
u Intracranial-intra(within) +crani(skull) +al(pertaining to)
u Tenalgia-ten(tendon) +algia(pain)
u Spondylosis- spondyl(vertebra) + osis(abnormal condition )
u Supramaxillary- supra(above) + maxilla (upper jaw ) +ary (pertaining to )
 Fracture ( fx) Broken Bone Multiple types

Dislocation : Bones in the joint are displaced from normal

alignment

Orthopadic Contracture : Abnormal shortening of muscle fibers,

tendons

terms to Osteoarthritis : Arthritis caused by loss of cartilage cushion

covering bones and joints
know Sprain : Ligament injury from overstretching but without
joint dislocation or fracture

Strain : Damage to muscle or tendons from overuse and

overstretching
 u Which function of the skeletal system would be
especially important if you were in a car
accident?
u A. storage of minerals
Review Question u B. protection of internal organs
u C. facilitation of movement
u D. fat storage
Rational
Lesson 1.5 Heart and Blood Vessels
Heart and Blood Vessels

Your heart pumps

about 2,000 System : Specialty :
gallons of blood Cardiovascular Cardiology
every day.
All Roads lead to the Heart

u Vein : carry oxygen-

poor blood back from
the body to the heart
u Artery : carry
oxygenated blood
away from the heart
to the body
Structure of the Heart

u Most powerful muscle in the body

u Traffic Light – blood coming and going
through the body
u 4 chambers
Chambers

u The heart has four chambers:

u The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle.
u The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs,
where it is loaded with oxygen.
u The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left
ventricle.
u The left ventricle (the strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of
the body. The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create our blood pressure.
 u Coronary artery disease: cholesterol plaques can narrow the
arteries supplying blood to the heart. The narrowed
arteries are at higher risk for complete blockage from a
sudden blood clot (this blockage is called a heart attack).
u Stable angina pectoris :Narrowed coronary arteries cause
predictable chest pain or discomfort with exertion. The
blockages prevent the heart from receiving the extra
Heart oxygen needed for strenuous activity. Symptoms typically
get better with rest.
Conditions u Myocardial infarction (heart attack):A coronary artery is
suddenly blocked. Starved of oxygen, part of the heart
muscle dies.
u Arrhythmia (dysrhythmia): abnormal heart rhythm due to
changes in the conduction of electrical impulses through
the heart. Some arrhythmias are benign, but others are
life-threatening.
 u Congestive heart failure :The heart is
either too weak or too stiff to
effectively pump blood through the
body. Shortness of breath and leg
swelling are common symptoms.
u Pericarditis: Inflammation of the lining
of the heart (pericardium). Viral
infections, kidney failure, and
Heart autoimmune conditions are common
causes.
Conditions u Pulmonary embolism: typically a blood
clot travels through the heart to the
lungs.
u Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inner
lining or heart valves of the heart.
Usually, endocarditis is due to a serious
infection of the heart valves.
Hyper or Hypo ?

u Hypertension (HTN) Blood pressure

above normal range : systolic pressure
above 140 or diastolic above 90
u Hypotension : Decrease in blood
pressure ; can occur in shock,
infection ,cancer anemia or as death
approaches
Aneurysm

u Localized widening of
artery due to weakness in
artery wall ; may occur in
any artery , but common
sites are abdominal and
cerebral arteries
Word Dissection

u Aortoplasty- aorto(aorta) + plasty (surgical removal)

u Embolectomy- embol(plug) + ectomy (surgical removal)
u Cardiomyopathy-cardio( heart) + my/o (muscle) + pathy(disease)
u Endocardial- endo( within) +cardi (heart) +al( pertaining to )
u Thromboangiitis- thromb/o (clot) +angi(vessel) + itis(inflammation )
u Interventricular- inter(between) + ventricul(ventricle) +ar(pertaining to)
u Stethoscope- steth/o(chest) + scope(instrument to view)
 Stent : Stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel ;
may be placed in coronary artery

Atherosclerosis : hardening and narrowing of arteries

Words to Pacemaker : Electrical device that artificially stimulates

contraction of heart muscle ; treatment for bradycardia
Know Occlusion : Blockage of blood vessel or other hollow
structure ; may be caused by plaque or embolus

Hyperlipidemia : high level of lipids (fats) in your blood

 u An _________________ is a localized wide spot
in an artery .
u A. Stent
Review Question u B. Aneurysm
u C. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
u D Heart Murmur
Rational
Lesson 1.6 Lungs
 A person usually breathes an
average of 13 pints of air every
minute

Lungs System : Respiratory

Specialty : Pulmonology
 Bring fresh oxygen into the lungs
where it is loaded into the blood
Function of stream for distribution

Respiratory Blood picks up the carbon dioxide , the

System waste product of energy production ,
and returned it to lungs where it is
moved to air sacs and is exhaled
Respiratory
Organs
u Bronchi: two main
divisions of trachea that
carry air into lungs
u Alveoli : thin walled air
sacs at end of
bronchioles
 Deeper look at the
Lungs

u Right Lung is larger than the left lung,

due to the heart being located slightly
to the left
u Lobes: Right lung has 3 and left lobe
has 2
u All the lung lobes have the same
primary function – receiving oxygen-
rich air as it travels down the airways
and housing the oxygen-carbon
dioxide exchange in the alveoli
Development of lungs
Word Dissection

u Thoracocentesis- thorac/o (chest) + centesis(puncture to withraw fluid)

u Pneumothorax- pneum/o(air) +thorax(chest)
u Oximeter- ox/i(oxygen)+meter(instrument to measure)
u Lobectomy- lob(lobe) + ectomy (surgical removal )
u Bronchiectasis- bronchi (bronchus) + ectasis (expansion )
u Pleurodynia- pleur/o (pleura) + dynia( pain)
u
 Aspirate : inhaling fluid or foreign object into the lungs

Atelectasis : Condition in which lung tissue collapses

,preventing exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Words to Dyspnea : Difficult or labored breathing

know
Pleural effusion : abnormal presence of fluid or gas in
pleural cavity

Pneumonia : acute inflammatory condition of lung ;severe

dyspnea and death can occur ; alveoli filled with fluid
 COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ;
chronic and progresve condition with decrease air
flow in and out of lungs – irreversible

Cystic Fibrosis : Genetic condition that causes

patient to produce very thick mucus resulting in
Medical severe congrestion

conditions Influenza : Acute, viral infection of airways ,usually

highly contagious

Tuberculosis : infections disease caused by tubercle

bacillus
Asthma

u Disease caused by various

conditions, such as
allergies , and resulting
in excessive mucus
production ,
inflammation , airway
constriction ,wheezing
and coughing
Bronchogenic
Carcinoma
u Also known as Lung
cancer; Malignant tumor
that originates in bronchi
; often associated with
history of cigarette
smoking
Emphysema

u Condition resulting
from destruction of
alveolar walls leading
to overinflated alveoli
u Can occur as result of
long-term heavy
smoking or exposure to
air pollution
Sleep Apnea

u Two Types : Obstructive

(OSA) and Central
u Can be very serious for
children and adults
u Related health problems
include : High Blood
Pressure, Stroke, Heart
failure, headaches,
worsening of ADHD
 u Sally’s ________ attacks were brought on by her
allergies and always involved bronchospasms
and coughing

Review Question u

u
A. rhonchi
B. Asthma
u C. influenza
u D. hypoxia
Rational u Answer : B Asthma
Lesson 1.7 Stomach, Intestines ,colon and
More !
u The stomach produces mucus. This
prevents the stomach enzymes from
digesting the stomach walls.
u System :Digestive
u Specialty : Gastroenterology
 Digestive system has the job of
digesting the food we eat and
absorbing the nutrients .
Digestive
Purpose Digestive Organs : Mouth , pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, intestines,
colon, rectum and anus . Liver and
gallbladder also lend a hand
All body
systems
contribute to
the digestive
system
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Accessory Organs

u Liver is largest gland in the body

u Lipids(far) do not dissolve in water
and need bile to breakdown before
they can be digested in the small
intestine
 Functions of the Digestive Organs

Each organ has a job to do

Organ Major functions Other functions

•Ingests food
•Chews and mixes food •Moistens and dissolves food, allowing you to taste it
Mouth •Begins chemical breakdown of carbohydrates •Cleans and lubricates the teeth and oral cavity
•Moves food into the pharynx •Has some antimicrobial activity
•Begins breakdown of lipids via lingual lipase
Pharynx •Propels food from the oral cavity to the esophagus •Lubricates food and passageways
Esophagus •Propels food to the stomach •Lubricates food and passageways
•Mixes and churns food with gastric juices to form chyme
•Begins chemical breakdown of proteins •Stimulates protein-digesting enzymes
Stomach •Releases food into the duodenum as chyme •Secretes intrinsic factor required for vitamin B12 absorption in small
•Absorbs some fat-soluble substances (for example, alcohol, aspirin) intestine
•Possesses antimicrobial functions
•Mixes chyme with digestive juices
•Propels food at a rate slow enough for digestion and absorption
Small intestine •Absorbs breakdown products of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, •Provides optimal medium for enzymatic activity
along with vitamins, minerals, and water
•Performs physical digestion via segmentation
•Liver: produces bile salts, which emulsify lipids, aiding their digestion and absorption
•Bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juices help neutralize acidic chyme and provide
Accessory organs •Gallbladder: stores, concentrates, and releases bile
optimal environment for enzymatic activity
•Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
•Further breaks down food residues
•Absorbs most residual water, electrolytes, and vitamins produced by enteric bacteria •Food residue is concentrated and temporarily stored prior to defecation
Large intestine
•Propels feces toward rectum •Mucus eases passage of feces through colon
•Eliminates feces
Chemical Breakdown
Word Dissection

u Hyperemesis- hyper(excessive) + emesis (vomiting)

u Hepatoma-hepat(liver) + oma(tumor)
u Choledocholithotripsy- choledoch/o(common bile
duct)+lith/o(stone)+tripsy(surguical crushing)
u Gastroenteritis- gastr/o(stomach) + enter(intestine)+ it is(inflammation)
u Polyphagia- poly(excessive or many) + phagia(eating)
u Laparoscope – lapar/o(stomach) + scope(instrument to view)
u Iliostomy- ile(ileum) + ostomy(create artificial opening )
Words to Know

Gastric bypass : Surgical

treatment for obesity : Melena : very dark
Ascites: Accumulation of
portion of stomach is ,tarry stools due to Nausea : urge to vomit
fluid in abdominal cavity stapled off and bypass, presence of blood
so it holds less food

Esophageal varices:
Ova and parasites (O&P)
Volvulus : length of varicose veins in
Clinical lab test for
bowel that becomes esophagus : will result
in massive bleeding if presence of parasites
twisted ,eggs and feces
ruptured
Common Medical Conditions

Irritable Bowel Syndrome:

Disturbance of normal Gastroesophageal reflux
function of bowel that Cirrhosis : Chronic liver disease : Stomach acid
consist of abdominal pain disease backs up into the
and diarrhea . Often esophagus
associated with stress

Jaundice : yellow colored

Hemorrhoids : Varicose skin and whites of eyes –
veins in rectum associated with liver
disease
u Gastritis is a very common stomach
disorder, caused by inflammation and
irritation, which can lead to erosion of
the stomach lining.
u Bacterial and viral infections
Gastric cancer
develops from
lining of
stomach
 u Which of these organs is not considered an
accessory digestive structure?
u A. mouth

Review Question u

u
B. Salivary glands
C. Pancreas
u D. liver
Rational u Answer : A Mouth
Lesson 1.8 Kidneys , Bladder, Prostate and
More
 Kidneys are able to process
400 gallons of blood every day
Kidneys,
Bladder, System: Urinary and Male
Reproductive
Prostate and
More Specialty : Urology and
nephrology
Purpose

u Removing waste
u Adjusting water and
electrolyte levels
u Maintaining normal PH
Deeper look into the Kidney
Urine
Characteristics
u Odorless
u Volume 750-2000 mL/24
hours
u Color : Pale yellow to
deep amber
u Because male
reproductive is closely
associated with urinary
system as both share
urethra , the two system
are often called
genitourinary system
Word Dissection

u Balanitis- balan(glans penis) + itis(inflammation )

u Vasectomy- vas(vas deferens) + ectomy (surgical removal)
u Pyuria – py(pus) + uria (urine)
u Nephrolithiasis- nephr(kidney) + lith(stone) + iasis( abnormal condition)
u Cryptorchism- crypt(hidden) + irch(testes) + ism(condition)
u Cystoscope- cyst/o(bladder) + scope( instrument to view)
Words to
Know
u Blood Urea nitrogen (BUN) : Blood test to
determine kidney function by measuring
nitrogenous waste, urea, in the blood
u Frequency : Condition of feeling urge to
urinate more often than normal
u Renal failure : inability of kidneys to
filter waste from blood and produce urine
u Sterile : Inability to produce children ,
usually due to sperm population

u Urgency : Impulse to urinate immediately

u Urinary Catheterization (cath) insertion

of flexible tube into the bladder and
through urethra
Common Conditions

Polycystic Kidney disease

Kidney Stone ( calculus) Erectile Dysfunction (ED) (PKD) inherited disease
stones formed from mineral inability to achieve characterized by presence
salts ; commonly found in erection . Also known as of cysts though out kidney
kidney, ureters, or urethra impotence tissue that destroys the
kidneys

Prostatic cancer: slow

growing cancer of prostate
gland in males over 50 . Urinary Tract infection
PSA (prostate-specific (UTI) infection of urethra
and/or bladder
antigen) test important for
early detection
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)

Chlamydia : Bacterial Genital herpes : highly

sexually transmitted disease: infectious viral STD ;causes
inflammation or urethra of blister like lesions on penis
males or cervix of females of males or cervix and vagina
with purulent discharge of females

Gonorrhea: Bacterial STD ;

Syphilis : Bacterial STD;
infects mucous membranes
and can spread through ulcer is normally starting
point of infection that
entire urinary or
spreads through lymph nodes
reproductive systems . Only
to nervous system . Can be
minor symptoms until
deadly
widespread
 u An elevated prostate –specific antigen level is
often associated with
u A. Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Review Question u B. Syphilis
u C Epispadias
u D. Prostatic Cancer
Rational u Answer : D Prostate Cancer
Lesson 1.9 Uterus, Ovaries and more
Uterus , Ovaries and more

Uterus is the only organ that can create a whole other organ
. The placenta is grown within the uterus when you are
pregnant

System : Female Reproductive

Specialty : Obstetrics and Gynecology

Systems in
Comparison
u Vagina : canal of muscles
that is approx. 10 cm
long
u Ovaries : each is about 2-
3 cm long
Cycle Phases

u 28-day cycle
u Predictable changes in
female’s oocytes and
ovarian follicles
Breast

u Considered accessory
organs of the female
reproductive system
u Function : supply milk
to an infant (lactation)
u Alveoli : groups of
milk-secreting cells
Pregnancy

u Time: Lasts about 40

weeks, counting from the
first day of your last
normal period
u Trimesters ; Broken into
3 trimesters
 Abortion : Discharge of embryo from uterus before 20-week
gestation

Dilation and curettage( D&C) Surgical procedure consisting of

widening cervix and scraping endometrial lining of uterus

Infertility : Inability to produce children ; defined as no pregnancy

Words to after properly timed intercourse for one year

Know Premature Birth : Birth of fetus before 37 weeks

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Symptoms just prior to menstrual

period such as irritability , headache , anxiety and tender breasts

Prolapse Uterus fallen uterus that can cause cervix to protrude

through vaginal opening
Word Dissection

u Oophoropexy- oophor/p(ovary) + pexy (surgical fixation)

u Colposcope- colp/o(vagina) + scope (instrument for viewing)
u Choriocarcincoma chori/o(chorion) + carcin(cancer) + oma (tumor)
u Intrauterine- intra(inside) + uter( uterus) + ine (pertaining to )
u Embryonic- embry/o(embryo) + nic(pertaining to )
u Oocyte- o/o(egg) + cyte(cell)
Common Conditions

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

(PID) Chronic or acute infection
,usually bacterial , that ascends Breast Cancer ; Malignant
through reproductive tract and Fibroids: Benign tumor ; most tumor of breast which normally
common type for women
out into pelvic cavity ; can starts in milk glands
result in scaring that impacts
fertility

Cervical Cancer : Malignant Endometriosis: endometrial

tumor of cervix Pap smear for tissue appears throughout
early detection pelvic or abdominal cavity
 u 12 months with no menstrual period
u Average age is 51, however can come
as early as 40 and later than 55
Menopause naturally
u Can be forced in early with
hysterectomy or radiation therapy
 Irregular periods

Vaginal dryness

Hot flashes

Chills

Night sweats
Symptoms Sleep problems

Mood changes

Weight gain and slowed metabolism

Thinning hair and dry skin

Loss of breast fullness

 u __________________ is a surgical procedure
that removes the uterus .
u A. Dilatation and curettage
Review Question u B. Atresia
u C. Cesarean section
u D. Hysterectomy
Rational u Answer : D Hysterectomy
Lesson 1.10
The Eye
Each eye contains 107 million
cells and all are light sensitive.

System :Ophthalmology

Specialty : Ophthalmologist
Function of the Eye

The eyeball is one of our special sense organs and is responsible for
vision .

Light rays entering the eyeball travel through the cornea , pupil,
iris ,lesns and land on the retina to produce the image.

Image carried to the brain by the optic nerve .

Word Dissection

u Blepharoptosis- blephar/o(eyelid) + ptosis(drooping)

u Dacryoadenitis- dacry/o(tear) + aden(gland) + itis(inflammation)
u Nasalacriminal-nas/o(nose) + lacrim(tears) + al (pertaining to)
u Intraocular- intra (within) + ocul(eye) + ar(pertaining to)
u Choroiditis- choroid( choroid layer) + itis(inflammation )
u Phacosclerosis- phac/o(lens) + sclerosis (hardening)
Refractive Errors

u When light isn’t focused properly, it causes blurry vision. Glasses, contacts, or
surgery can usually correct refractive errors, which include:
u myopia (nearsightedness), which is when faraway objects look blurry
u hyperopia (farsightedness), which is when close-up objects look blurry
u astigmatism, which can result in blurry vision because the cornea is not
perfectly shaped to direct light into the eye
u presbyopia, which is farsightedness that’s caused by the loss of elasticity of
the eye’s lens due to aging
 u Glaucoma is increased pressure of the
fluid inside the eye. This can cause
optic nerve damage. Glaucoma is a
Glaucoma common cause of blindness. Age, race,
and family history are important risk
factors.
 u A cataract is a clouding of the lens,
causing blurry or color-tinted vision.
People with cataracts often report
“haloes” surrounding objects they’re
looking at, particularly at night. This
condition is most common in older
Cataract adults.
u Cataracts can be removed by surgery
that replaces the damaged lens with an
artificial lens.
Age-related macular degeneration
(AMD)
u Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is gradual damage to the cells of the
macula. This condition is most common in people over 60 years of age.
u AMD causes blurry vision, especially in the center of the field of view.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and PreventionTrusted Source,
AMD is the most prevalent cause of blindness and vision loss in people over
age 65 in the United States.
Diabetic retinopathy

u Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels of the retina caused by

diabetes. It causes blurred or dark spots in the field of vision and can
eventually lead to blindness.
u The best way to avoid these vision problems is to keep your blood sugars
under control, and see your eye doctor every year for a dilated eye exam.
Proper care can lessen complications.
 When the retina separates from the
Retinal u
back of the eye, it’s called a detached
retina. It causes blurry vision and
detachment or partial or complete loss of vision and
should be treated as a medical
tear emergency.
Amblyopia

u Amblyopia is commonly referred to as a “lazy eye.” It occurs when vision has

not properly developed in the eyes, and the brain begins to favor the eye with
better vision.
u This happens if one of the eyes is blocked from producing clear images during
the critical years from ages birth to 6. One eye may be inhibited by problems
such as a lid droop, tumor, or misaligned eyes (strabismus) that are not
corrected when a child is young.
u It is crucial to have an eye doctor evaluate a young child whose eyes do not
align or who has vision problems to ensure that the condition is properly
diagnosed and treated.
 u ___________________ is commonly referred to
as nearsightness.
u A. amblyopia
Review Question u B. myopia
u C. nyctalopia
u D. glaucoma
Rational u Answer : B Myopia
Lesson 1.11
Glands
Traditional Chinese healers
practiced endocrinology more
than 2,000 years ago.

System : Endocrinology

Specialists : Endocrinologists
Function

u metabolism
u growth and development
u sexual function and reproduction
u heart rate
u blood pressure
u appetite
u sleeping and waking cycles
u body temperature
The big picture
Organs

u Hypothalamus. While some people don’t consider it a gland, the hypothalamus produces multiple hormones
that control the pituitary gland. It’s also involved in regulating many functions, including sleep-wake cycles,
body temperature, and appetite. It can also regulate the function of other endocrine glands.
u Pituitary. The pituitary gland is located below the hypothalamus. The hormones it produces affect growth
and reproduction. They can also control the function of other endocrine glands.
u Pineal. This gland is found in the middle of your brain. It’s important for your sleep-wake cycles.
u Thyroid. The thyroid gland is located in the front part of your neck. It’s very important for metabolism.
u Parathyroid. Also located in the front of your neck, the parathyroid gland is important for maintaining
control of calcium levels in your bones and blood.
u Thymus. Located in the upper torso, the thymus is active until puberty and produces hormones important
for the development of a type of white blood cell called a T cell.
u Adrenal. One adrenal gland can be found on top of each kidney. These glands produce hormones important
for regulating functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, and stress response.
u Pancreas. The pancreas is located in your abdomen behind your stomach. Its endocrine function involves
controlling blood sugar levels.
Hormones

Hormone Secreting gland(s) Function

increases blood pressure, heart rate, and

adrenaline adrenal
metabolism in reaction to stress

aldosterone adrenal controls the body’s salt and water balance

cortisol adrenal plays a role in stress response

dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate aids in production of body odor and growth of

adrenal
(DHEA) body hair during puberty

works to regulate menstrual cycle, maintain

estrogen ovary pregnancy, and develop female sex
characteristics; aids in sperm production

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) pituitary controls the production of eggs and sperm

glucagon pancreas helps to increase levels of blood glucose

insulin pancreas helps to reduce your blood glucose levels

 controls estrogen and testosterone
luteinizing hormone (LH) pituitary
production as well as ovulation

melatonin pituitary controls sleep and wake cycles

helps with lactation, childbirth, and
oxytocin pituitary
mother-child bonding

parathyroid hormone parathyroid controls calcium levels in bones and blood

helps to prepare the body for pregnancy
progesterone ovary
when an egg is fertilized

prolactin pituitary promotes breast-milk production

contributes to sex drive and body density
testosterone ovary, teste, adrenal in males and females as well as
development of male sex characteristics

help to control several body functions,

thyroid hormone thyroid including the rate of metabolism and
energy levels
 Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism
Common
Medical Cushing syndrome
Conditions Addison disease

Diabetes
Hyperthyroidism

u Hyperthyroidism happens when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid

hormone than necessary. This can be caused by a range of things, including
autoimmune conditions.
u Some common symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:
u fatigue
u nervousness
u weight loss
u diarrhea
u issues tolerating heat
u fast heart rate
u trouble sleeping
 u Hypothyroidism occurs when your body
doesn’t produce enough thyroid
hormones. The thyroid is a small,
butterfly-shaped gland that sits at the
Hypothyroidism front of your neck. It releases
hormones to help your body regulate
and use energy.
 u Overproduction of a pituitary gland hormone leads to an
Cushing’s overactive adrenal gland. A similar condition called
Cushing's syndrome may occur in people, particularly
Disease children, who take high doses of corticosteroid
medications.
 u Orchiopexy- orchid/o(testes) + pexy(surgical fixation)
u Thyromegaly- thyr/o(thyroid gland) + megaly(enlarged)
u Adenocarcinoma- adem/o(gland) + carcin(cancer)
+oma(tumor)
Word u Thymitis-thm(thymus gland) + itis(inflammation)

Dissection u Pinealectomy- pineal(pineal gland) + ectomy( surgical

removal)
u Thyrotoxicosis- thry/o(thyroid
gland)+toxic(poison)+osis(abnormal condition)
 u The _______________ Gland is often referred to
as the master gland.
u A. Thymus
Review Question u B. Adrenal
u C. Pituitary
u D. cortex
Rational u Answer : C Pituitary
Lesson 1.12
Ear, Nose and Throat
System –
Otorhinolaryngology

Specialty – ENT –
Otorhinolaryngologists
 Ear- hearing and equilibrium

Nose- smell and entrance of air to body

Pharynx- carries air to the larynx and trachea

Organs and food to esophagus

Larynx- speech

Trachea – brings air to the lungs

Ear
u External or outer ear. This includes:
u Pinna or auricle. This is the outside part of the ear.
u External auditory canal or tube. This is the tube that connects the outer ear to
the inside or middle ear.
u Eardrum (tympanic membrane). The eardrum divides the external ear from
the middle ear.
u Middle ear (tympanic cavity). This is made up of:
u Ossicles. These are the 3 small bones that are connected and transmit the sound
waves to the inner ear.
u Eustachian tube. This canal links the middle ear with the back of the nose. It
helps to equalize the pressure in the middle ear. Having the same pressure lets
sound waves transfer correctly. The eustachian tube is lined with mucus, just like
the inside of the nose and throat.
 u Cochlea. This contains the nerves for
hearing.
u Vestibule. This contains receptors for
Inner Ear balance.
u Semicircular canals. This contains
receptors for balance.
Nose
u External nose. A triangle-shaped projection in the center of the face.
u Nostrils. These are 2 chambers divided by the septum.
u Septum. This is made up mainly of cartilage and bone. It is covered by
mucous membranes. The cartilage also gives shape and support to the outer
part of the nose.
u Nasal passages. Passages that are lined with mucous membranes and tiny
hairs (cilia) that help to filter the air.
u Sinuses. These 4 pairs of air-filled cavities are also lined with mucous
membranes.
Throat

u The throat is a ring-like muscular tube. It acts as the passageway for air, food,
and liquid. The throat also helps in forming speech. The throat is made up of:
u Voice box (larynx). This houses the vocal cords. It is key to speech and
breathing. The larynx also serves as a passageway to the windpipe (trachea).
u Epiglottis. This is located above the larynx. It works with the larynx and vocal
cords to push food into the esophagus. This keeps food from entering the
windpipe.
u Tonsils and adenoids. These are made up of lymph tissue. They are located
at the back and sides of the mouth. They protect against infection. But they
have little purpose after childhood.
A deeper look
 Endotracheal (ET) intubation : Inserting tube through mouth and
into trachea

Decongestant: medication to reduce nasal and sinus stuffiness

Cochlear implant : hearing device surgically placed under skin

behind ear

Words to Epistaxis : nosebleed

know Tinnitus: ringing in the ears

Vertigo : sensation of spinning or whirling around

Pertussis: Bacterial infection of upper respiratory system

 u Tympanotomy: tympan (tympanic
membrane) + otomy(cutting into)
u Nasogastric : nas/o(nose) +
gastr(stomach) + ic (pertaining to)
u Rhinomycosis : rhin/o (nose) +
Word myc(fungus) + osis(abnormal condition)

Dissection u Pansinusitis: pan(all) + sinus(sinuses)+

it is(inflammation)
u Laryngoplegia: laryng/o(larynx)+
plegia(paralysis)
u myringosclerosis : myring/o(typatic
membrane) + sclerosis(hardening)
 u The ____________ nerve sends hearing
messages to the brain.
u A. nares
Review Question u B. Auditory
u C. tympanic membrane
u D. epiglottis
Rational u Answer : B Auditory
Lesson 1.13
Blood
Blood is fluid found inside the
blood vessels

System : Hematology

Specialty : Hematologist
 Plasma: watery fluid in blood that contains glucose,
hormones, electrolytes

Platelets: the cells that circulate within our blood

and bind together when they recognize damaged
blood vessels,
Function
Leukocytes: White Blood cells

Hemoglobin: protein that transports oxygen

 Autotransfusion :
Anticoagulant :
collection and storing
substance that
one’s own blood to
prevents clot
use to replace blood
formation
lost during surgery
Word to
Know Blood transfusion :
White blood cell
differential : blood
transfer of blood
test that determines
from one person to
number of each type
another
of leukocyte
Common medical conditions

u Anemia : group of blood disorders involving either a reduction in number of

circulating erythrocytes or amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Results in
decrease oxygen delivery to tissues
u Leukemia : cancer of leukocyte –forming red bone marrow
u Hematoma: blood collection under skin by escaping into tissue from damaged
blood vessel
u Septicemia: presence of Bacteria or their toxins in blood stream
u Hemophilia : inherited lack of a vital clotting factor ;complete inability to
stop bleeding
Word Dissection

u Erythrocytosis: erythr/o (red) + cytosis(abnormal cell condition)

u Hematopathology : hemat/o(blood) + logist ( one who studies )
u Hyperlipemia : hyper (excessive) +lip(fat)+emia (blood condition)
u Leukopoiesis : leuj/o(white) + poiesis( formation)
u Lymphocyte: lymph/o( lymph) + cyte(cell)
 u Septicemia is commonly called _____________.
u A. embolus

Review Question u B. sepsis

u C. blood poisoning
u D. hematocrit
Rational u Answer : C Blood Poisoning
Lesson 1.14
Immune
 u A network of cells, tissues and organs
throughout the body that work
Immune together to protect the body against
pathogens, anything that can damage
System the body including viruses ,bacteria ,
toxins or cancerous cells.
Spleen

u The largest lymphatic organ in the body, which is on your left side, under your
ribs and above your stomach, contains white blood cells that fight infection or
disease. The spleen also helps control the amount of blood in the body and
disposes of old or damaged blood cells.
 Small, bean-shaped structures that produce
and store cells that fight infection and
disease and are part of the lymphatic
system — which consists of bone marrow,
spleen, thymus and lymph nodes.
Lymph Nodes Lymph nodes also contain lymph, the clear
fluid that carries those cells to different
parts of the body. When the body is fighting
infection, lymph nodes can become
enlarged and feel sore.
Lymphocytes

u These small white blood cells play a large role in defending the body against
disease.
u The two types of lymphocytes are B-cells, which make antibodies that attack
bacteria and toxins, and T-cells, which help destroy infected or cancerous
cells. Killer T-cells are a subgroup of T-cells that kill cells that are infected
with viruses and other pathogens or are otherwise damaged. Helper T-cells
help determine which immune responses the body makes to a particular
pathogen.
 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) — marks microbes so
other cells can recognize and deal with them.

IgM — is expert at killing bacteria.

IgA — congregates in fluids, such as tears and

Antibodies saliva, where it protects gateways into the body.

IgE — protects against parasites and is also to

blame for allergies.

IgD — stays bound to B lymphocytes, helping them

to start the immune response.
Thymus

u This small organ is where T-cells mature. This often-overlooked part of the
immune system, which is situated beneath the breastbone (and is shaped like
a thyme leaf, hence the name), can trigger or maintain the production of
antibodies that can result in muscle weakness.
u The thymus is somewhat large in infants, grows until puberty, then starts to
slowly shrink and become replaced by fat with age.
 u These disease-fighting white blood cells
identify and eliminate pathogens and are the
second arm of the innate immune system. A
Leukocytes high white blood cell count is referred to as
leukocytosis.
 u Innate : immune system you are born
Innate vs. with and mainly consist of barriers on
and in the body that keep foreign
Adaptive threats out. Does not protect against
any specific threat .
immunity u Adaptive: acquired immunity targets
specific threats to the body .
 Allergy: hypersensitivity to a common substance in
environment , food, or to medication

Anaphylactic shock : life threatening condition from

severe allergic reaction causing cardio-vascular and
Words to respiratory problems

Know Autoimmune disease : disease resulting from body’s

immune system ;attacking own cells as if they were
pathogens

Corticosteroids : hormone produced by adrenal cortex ;

used in medication to treat autoimmune diseases due to
their very strong anti-inflammatory properties
 Adenoiditis: adenoid (adenoids) + it
is(inflammation)

Lymphogenic : lymph/o (lymph)+

genic(producing lymph producing)

Word Lymphocytoma : lymph/o( lymph) + cyt(cell)

+oma(tumor)
Dissection Phagocytic : phag/o(eating) + cyt(cell) +ic
(pertaining to)

Lymphedema: lymph(lymph) + edema(swelling)

 u Vaccinations may also be called
_____________________.
u [Link]
Review Question u B. immunizations
u C. allergist
u D. wheals
Rational u Answer : B Immunizations
Lesson 1.15
Brain and Nerves
u System : Nervous
u Specialty : Neurology
u Fun fact : It contains about 86
billion nerve cells (neurons) —
the "gray matter". The human
brain is the largest brain of all
vertebrates relative to body
size. The brain makes up
about 2 percent of a human's
body weight. It weighs about
3.3 lbs. The cerebrum makes
up 85 percent of the brain's
weight
 Organs : Brain, spinal cord and nerves

Nervous Function : Responsible for coordinating all

the body’s activities.
System
Receiving information from sensory
receptors and then using that information
to adjust the activity of the muscles and
glands to match the body’s needs.
 Outer most portion that can be
divided into four lobes

Part of brain that functions to make

human being unique
Cerebral
cortex Gyrus: bump on the surface of the
brain

Sulcus: each groove on the surface of

the brain
Frontal Lobe

u located at the front of the brain and is associated with reasoning, motor
skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language.
u At the back of the frontal lobe, near the central sulcus, lies the motor cortex.
This area of the brain receives information from various lobes of the brain
and utilizes this information to carry out body movements.
u Damage to the frontal lobe can lead to changes in sexual habits,
socialization, and attention as well as increased risk-taking.
 located in the middle section of the
brain and is associated with processing
tactile sensory information such as
pressure, touch, and pain.
Parietal Lobe A portion of the brain known as the
somatosensory cortex is in this lobe
and is essential to the processing of
the body's senses.
Temporal Lobe

u located on the bottom section of the brain.

u This lobe is also the location of the primary auditory cortex, which is
important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear.
u The hippocampus is also located in the temporal lobe, which is why this
portion of the brain is also heavily associated with the formation of
memories.
u Damage to the temporal lobe can lead to problems with memory, speech
perception, and language skills
 located at the back portion of the brain and is
associated with interpreting visual stimuli and
information.

Occipital The primary visual cortex, which receives and

interprets information from the retinas of the
Lobe eyes, is in the occipital lobe.

Damage to this lobe can cause visual problems

such as difficulty recognizing objects, an
inability to identify colors, and trouble
recognizing words.
 u Also known as the “little brain”
u Located on top of the pons behind the
brain stem
u Comprised of small lobes and receive
information from the balance system of
Cerebellum inner ear, sensory nerves and auditory
and visual systems.
u 10 % of brain’s total size
u 50% of the total number of neurons
located in the entire brain
Functions of The Spinal Cord

u Electrical communication. Electrical currents travel up and down the spinal

cord, sending signals which allow different segments of the body to
communicate with the brain.
u Walking. While a person walks, a collection of muscle groups in the legs are
constantly contracting. The action of taking step after step may seem
incredibly simple to us since we have been doing it all of our lives, but there
are actually a lot of factors that have to be coordinated properly to allow this
motion to occur. This central pattern generators in the spinal cord are made
up of neurons which send signals to the muscles in the legs, making them
extend or contract, and produce the alternating movements which occur
when a person walks.
u Reflexes. Reflexes are involuntary responses resulting from stimuli involving
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves of the peripheral nervous system.
 Grey : Shape of
butterfly
Matter
White : material
surrounding the grey
 u 8 are cervical nerves located in the
neck
u 12 are thoracic nerves located in the
chest
u 5 are lumbar nerves located in the
Spinal Nerves abdomen
u 5 are sacral nerves located in the pelvis
u 1 is the coccygeal nerve located in the
tailbone
Reflex Components

u Receptor: the receptor responds to an electrical signal.

u Afferent pathway: this pathway sends the action onto the integrating centre.
u Integrating centre: this is typically the nervous system and is where all of the
action potentials are processed. Once the information is processed the
integrating centre determines how the body should respond.
u Efferent pathway: the response then travels through this pathway to the
effector organ.
u Effector organ: this organ carries out the response to all of the above. The
organ responding is usually a muscle or gland in the body
 Simple : built into nervous
system : pulling your hand
away from something hot such
as a fire
Reflex
Acquired : learned and comes
from practice such as playing
the drums
Parkinson's

u Parkinson's disease affects the brain cells that control your movement.
u It currently affects about 500,000 people in the United States.
u It is believed to be caused by a decrease in the amount of dopamine in the
brain. The symptoms will vary but they typically begin between 50 and 60.
The first symptom is usually tremoring in the hand, leg, or arm. Other
symptoms include stiff muscles, problems with balance and walking, slow
movement, and it will get harder to talk and swallow. There may also be
moments when the person simply freezes, unable to move.
u In some cases, Parkinson's progresses and gets worse, in others it does not
become severe.
Brain Tumors

u There are different kinds of brain tumors, but only some of them are
considered dangerous.
u
Whether they might spread or not, they can still pose a threat. Most of the
causes of brain cancer are still unknown, but a few causes are understood.
u A tumor in the brain can start at any age but is much more likely in older
people.
u Symptoms include problems with vision, hearing, speech, balance, headaches,
seizures, facial paralysis, and more. Doctors will need to decide whether
surgery or radiation should be used to treat or remove the tumors
Mental Disorders

u Many people today have some form of mental illness. Depression are just a
few of the many
u Some of them are harmless, but other kinds need medical attention
immediately.
u Some general symptoms of mental illness include extreme mood changes,
changes in eating habits, confused thinking, problems with sleeping, suicidal
thinking, extreme anger, difficulty understanding or relating to people, and
withdrawal from friends and activities they used to love.
u Treatment and medication can often help people with some form of mental
illness.
Meningitis

u Meningitis is an inflammation of the linings that surround the brain, and of

the brain tissue.
u It will also be in the spinal column.
u In order to test for meningitis, a doctor will often perform a spinal tap to
withdraw some fluid from the spinal column. The disease is contagious and
can be fatal to between 10 to 30 percent of those people who become
infected. The first symptoms are fever, neck stiffness, and a headache.
u After that, there could be confusion, sensitivity to light, nausea and
vomiting, and seizures.
u There are vaccines available for meningitis. Small outbreaks often occur in
college dorms and in military basic training.
Alzheimer's

u Alzheimer's is a brain disease that is now the most common form of dementia
in America.
u The primary risk factor is simply due to age.
u The first evidence of Alzheimer's is problems with memory. The individual
may not be able to remember daily activities and it will disrupt their daily
life. As it gets worse, the individual will find it difficult to make plans, solve
problems, confuse time and place, develop problems with words when writing
or speaking, have poor judgment, and withdrawal.
u Alzheimer's is not a normal part of growing old, but treatment should be
sought when problems are first noticed. There is no cure, but its progress can
be slowed.
Seizures

u six different types of seizures, but the most common is the grand-mal seizure.
In it, an individual will lose consciousness and will usually collapse. The body
will then become stiff, followed by violent jerking, and then sleep.
u Most of the other seizures do not result in a fall but may simply appear to be
a loss of consciousness, or a blank stare, with almost no other symptoms.
u In a partial seizure, the person remains conscious, and may sometimes have
sensory symptoms, which are called auras.
u There are many conditions that can cause seizures, including trauma to the
head, cancer of the brain, alcohol withdrawal delirium, heat exhaustion,
caffeine overdose, acetaminophen overdose, and more.
 Cerebral contusion : Bruising of the brain from impact

Coma: profound unconsciousness resulting from illness or injury

Concussion : injury to brain when shaken inside skull due to

impact.

Words to Epilepsy : recurrent disorder of brain ;seizures and loss of

consciousness

know Migraine: specific type of headache with severe pain ,dizziness

and nausea

Syncope: fainting

Shingles: eruption of painful blisters on the body along nerve path

Word Dissection

u Cerebellar: cerebell(cerebellum) + ar (pertaining to )

u Meningocele : mening/o(meninges)+ cele (protrusion)
u Encephaloma : encephala(brain) + oma(tumor)
u Dysphasia :dys(difficult) +phasia (speech)
u Pontomedullary :pont/o(pons) + medull(medulla oblongata)+ary(pertaining to)
u Cerebrotomy : cerebr(cerebrum) +otomy(cutting into)
 u The medical term for fainting is
_______________.
u A. hematoma
Review Question u B. TIA
u C. Syncope
u D. palsy
Rational u Answer : C Syncope