CHAPTER-8

STRINGIN
PYTHON

6.1 Introduction:
Definition: Sequence of characters enclosed in single, double or triple quotation marks.
Basics of String:
 Strings are immutable in python. It means it is unchangeable. At the same memory
address, the new value cannot be stored.

 Each character has its index or can be accessed using its index.

 String in python has two-way index for each location. (0, 1, 2, ……. In the forward
direction and -1, -2, -3,............in the backward direction.)
Example:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
k e n d r i y a
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

 The index of string in forward direction starts from 0 and in backward direction starts from
-1.
 The size of string is total number of characters present in the string. (If there are n
characters in the string, then last index in forward direction would be n-1 and last index
in backward direction would be –n.)

 String are stored each character in contiguous location.

 The character assignment is not supported in string because strings are
immutable. Example :
str = “kendriya”
str[2] = ‘y’ # it is invalid. Individual letter assignment not allowed in python

6.2 Traversing a String:

Access the elements of string, one character at a time.
str = “kendriya”
for ch in str :

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print(ch, end= ‘ ‘)

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 Output:
kendriya

6.3 String Operators:

a. Basic Operators (+, *)
b. Membership Operators ( in, not in)
c. Comparison Operators (==, !=, <, <=, >, >=)

a. Basic Operators: There are two basic operators of strings:

i. String concatenation Operator (+)
ii. String repetition Operator (*)

i. String concatenation Operator: The + operator creates a new string by joining the
two operand strings.
Example:
>>>”Hello”+”Python”
‘HelloPython’
>>>’2’+’7’
’27’
>>>”Python”+”3.0”
‘Python3.0’

Note: You cannot concatenate numbers and strings as operands with +

operator. Example:
>>>7+’4’ # unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and
'str' It is invalid and generates an error.

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ii. String repetition Operator: It is also known as String replication operator. It
requires two types of operands- a string and an integer number.
Example:
>>>”you” * 3
‘youyouyou’
>>>3*”you”
‘youyouyou’

Note:You cannot have strings as n=both the operands with * operator.

Example:
>>>”you” * “you” # can't multiply sequence by non-int of type
'str' It is invalid and generates an error.

b. Membership Operators:
in – Returns True if a character or a substring exists in the given string; otherwise False
not in - Returns True if a character or a substring does not exist in the given string; otherwise False

Example:
>>> "ken" in "Kendriya
Vidyalaya" False
>>> "Ken" in "Kendriya
Vidyalaya" True
>>>"ya V" in "Kendriya Vidyalaya"
True
>>>"8765" not in "9876543"
False

c. Comparison Operators: These operators compare two strings character by character

according to their ASCII value.

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 Characters ASCII (Ordinal) Value

‘0’ to ‘9’ 48 to 57

‘A’ to ‘Z’ 65 to 90

‘a’ to ‘z’ 97 to 122

Example:
>>> 'abc'>'abcD'
False
>>> 'ABC'<'abc'
True
>>> 'abcd'>'aBcD' True
>>> 'aBcD'<='abCd'
True

6.4 Finding the Ordinal or Unicode value of a character:

Function Description
ord(<character>) Returns ordinal value of a character

chr(<value>) Returns the corresponding character

Example:
>>> ord('b') 98
>>> chr(65) 'A'

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 6.5 Slice operator with Strings:
The slice operator slices a string using a range of indices.
Syntax:
string-name[start:end]
where start and end are integer indices. It returns a string from the index start to end-1.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
d a t a s t r u c t u r e
-14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

Example:
>>> str="data structure"
>>> str[0:14]
'data structure'
>>> str[0:6]
'data s'
>>> str[2:7]
'ta st'
>>> str[-13:-6]
'ata str'
>>> str[-5:-11]
' ' #returns empty string
>>> str[:14] # Missing index before colon is considered as
0. 'data structure'
>>> str[0:] # Missing index after colon is considered as 14. (length of
string) 'data structure'
>>> str[7:] 'ructure'
>>> str[4:]+str[:4]

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' structuredata'
>>> str[:4]+str[4:] #for any index str[:n]+str[n:] returns original
string 'data structure'
>>> str[8:]+str[:8]
'ucturedata str'
>>> str[8:], str[:8]
('ucture', 'data str')
Slice operator with step index:
Slice operator with strings may have third index. Which is known as step. It is optional.
Syntax:
string-name[start:end:step]
Example:
>>> str="data structure"
>>> str[2:9:2]
't tu'
>>> str[-11:-3:3]
'atc'
>>> str[: : -1] # reverses a
string 'erutcurts atad'

Interesting Fact: Index out of bounds causes error with strings but slicing a string outside the
index does not cause an error.
Example:
>>>str[14]
IndexError: string index out of range
>>> str[14:20] # both indices are outside the
bounds ' ' # returns empty string

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Reason: When you use an index, you are accessing a particular character of a string, thus the
index must be valid and out of bounds index causes an error as there is no character to return
from the given index.
But slicing always returns a substring or empty string, which is valid sequence.

6.6 Built-in functions of

string: Example:
str=”data structure”
s1= “hello365”
s2= “python”
s3 = ‘4567’
s4 = ‘ ‘
s5= ‘comp34%@’
S. No. Function Description Example
1 len( ) Returns the length of a string >>>print(len(str))
14
2 capitalize( ) Returns a string with its first character >>> [Link]()
capitalized. 'Data structure'
3 find(sub,start,end) Returns the lowest index in the string where the >>> [Link]("ruct",5,13)
substring sub is found within the slice range. 7
Returns -1 if sub is not found. >>> [Link]("ruct",8,13)
-1
4 isalnum( ) Returns True if the characters in the string are >>>[Link]( )
alphabets or numbers. False otherwise True
>>>[Link]( )
True
>>>[Link]( )
True
>>>[Link]( )
False
>>>[Link]( )
False
5 isalpha( ) Returns True if all characters in the string are >>>[Link]( )
alphabetic. False otherwise. False
>>>[Link]( )
True
>>>[Link]( )
False
>>>[Link]( )
False
>>>[Link]( )
False
6 isdigit( ) Returns True if all the characters in the string are >>>[Link]( )
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 digits. False otherwise. False
>>>[Link]( )
False
>>>[Link]( )
True
>>>[Link]( )
False
>>>[Link]( )
False
7 islower( ) Returns True if all the characters in the string are >>> [Link]()
lowercase. False otherwise. True
>>> [Link]()
8 isupper( ) Returns True if all the characters in the string are >>> [Link]()
uppercase. False otherwise. False
>>> [Link]()
False
>>> [Link]()
False
>>> [Link]()
False
>>> [Link]()
False
9 isspace( ) Returns True if there are only >>> " ".isspace()
whitespace characters in the string. False True
otherwise. >>> "".isspace()
False
10 lower( ) Converts a string in lowercase characters. >>> "HeLlo".lower()
'hello'
11 upper( ) Converts a string in uppercase characters. >>> "hello".upper()
'HELLO'
12 lstrip( ) Returns a string after removing the >>> str="data structure"
leading characters. (Left side). >>> [Link]('dat')
if used without any argument, it removes the ' structure'
leading whitespaces. >>> [Link]('data')
' structure'
>>> [Link]('at')
'data structure'
>>> [Link]('adt')
' structure'
>>> [Link]('tad')
' structure'
13 rstrip( ) Returns a string after removing thetrailing >>> [Link]('eur')
characters. (Right side). 'data struct'
if used without any argument, it removes the >>> [Link]('rut')
trailing whitespaces. 'data structure'
>>> [Link]('tucers') 'data '
14 split( ) breaks a string into words and creates a list out of it >>> str="Data Structure"
>>> [Link]( )
['Data', 'Structure']

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Programs related to Strings:
1. Write a program that takes a string with multiple words and then capitalize the
first letter of each word and forms a new string out of it.
Solution:
s1=input("Enter a string : ")
length=len(s1)
a=0
end=length
s2="" #empty string
while a<length:
if a==0:
s2=s2+s1[0].upper()
a+=1
elif (s1[a]==' 'and s1[a+1]!
=''): s2=s2+s1[a]
s2=s2+s1[a+1].upper()
a+=2
else:
s2=s2+s1[a]
a+=1
print("Original string : ", s1)
print("Capitalized wrds string: ", s2)

2. Write a program to convert lowercase alphabet into uppercase and vice versa.
choice=int(input("Press-1 to convert in lowercase\n Press-2 to convert in uppercase\
n")) str=input("Enter a string: ")
if choice==1:
s1=[Link]()
print(s1)

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elif choice==2:
s1=[Link]()
print(s1)
else:
print("Invalid choice entered")

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 CHAPTER-9
LISTIN
PYTHON

7.1 Introduction:

 List is a collection of elements which is ordered and changeable (mutable).

 Allows duplicate values.
 A list contains items separated by commas and enclosed within square brackets ([ ]).
 All items belonging to a list can be of different data type.
 The values stored in a list can be accessed using the slice operator ([ ] and [:]) with
indexes starting at 0 in the beginning of the list.

Difference between list and string:

List String
Mutable Immutable
Element can be assigned at specified Element/character cannot be
index assigned at specified index.
Example: Example:

>>>L=[7,4,8,9] >>>str= “python”

>>>L[2]=6 #valid >>>str[2]= ‘p’ #error

7.2 Creating a list:

To create a list enclose the elements of the list within square brackets and separate the
elements by commas.

Syntax:

list-name= [item-1, item-2,..........., item-n]

Example:

mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] # a list with three

items L = [ ] # an empty list

7.2.1 Creating a list using list( ) Constructor:

o It is also possible to use the list( ) constructor to make a list.

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mylist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) #note the double round-
brackets print(mylist)

L=list( ) # creating empty list

7.2.2 Nested Lists:

>>> L=[23,'w',78.2, [2,4,7],[8,16]]

>>> L

[23, 'w', 78.2, [2, 4, 7], [8, 16]]

7.2.3 Creating a list by taking input from the user:

>>> List=list(input("enter the elements: "))

enter the elements: hello python

>>> List

['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']

>>> L1=list(input("enter the elements: "))

enter the elements: 678546

>>> L1

['6', '7', '8', '5', '4', '6'] # it treats elements as the characters though we entered digits

To overcome the above problem, we can use eval( ) method, which identifies the
data type and evaluate them automatically.

>>> L1=eval(input("enter the elements: "))

enter the elements: 654786

>>> L1

654786 # it is an integer, not a list

>>> L2=eval(input("enter the elements: "))

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 enter the elements: [6,7,8,5,4,3] # for list, you must enter the [ ] bracket

>>> L2

[6, 7, 8, 5, 4, 3]

Note: With eval( ) method, If you enter elements without square bracket[ ], it will be
considered as a tuple.

>>> L1=eval(input("enter the elements: "))

enter the elements: 7,65,89,6,3,4

>>> L1

(7, 65, 89, 6, 3, 4) #tuple

7.3 Accessing lists:

 The values stored in a list can be accessed using the slice operator ([ ] and [:])
with indexes.
 List-name[start:end] will give you elements between indices start to end-1.
 The first item in the list has the index zero (0).

Example:
>>> number=[12,56,87,45,23,97,56,27]

Forward Index
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
12 56 87 45 23 97 56 27
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2
Backward Index

>>> number[2]
87
>>> number[-1]
27
>>> number[-8]
12
>>> number[8]
IndexError: list index out of range
>>> number[5]=55 #Assigning a value at the specified index
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>>> number
[12, 56, 87, 45, 23, 55, 56, 27]

7.4 Traversing a LIST:

Traversing means accessing and processing each element.

Method-1:

>>> day=list(input("Enter elements :"))

Enter elements : sunday
>>> for d in day:
print(d)

Output:
s
u
n
d
a
y

Method-2
>>> day=list(input("Enter elements :"))
Enter elements : wednesday
>>> for i in range(len(day)):
print(day[i])

Output:
w
e
d
n
e
s
d
a
y

7.5 List Operators:

 Joining operator +
 Repetition operator *
 Slice operator [:]
 Comparison Operator <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=

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 Joining Operator: It joins two or more

lists. Example:

>>> L1=['a',56,7.8]

>>> L2=['b','&',6]

>>> L3=[67,'f','p']

>>> L1+L2+L3

['a', 56, 7.8, 'b', '&', 6, 67, 'f', 'p']

 Repetition Operator: It replicates a list specified number of

times. Example:

>>> L1*3

['a', 56, 7.8, 'a', 56, 7.8, 'a', 56, 7.8]

>>> 3*L1

['a', 56, 7.8, 'a', 56, 7.8, 'a', 56, 7.8]

 Slice Operator:

List-name[start:end] will give you elements between indices start to end-1.

>>> number=[12,56,87,45,23,97,56,27]

>>> number[2:-2]

[87, 45, 23, 97]

>>> number[4:20]

[23, 97, 56, 27]

>>> number[-1:-6] [ ]

>>> number[-6:-1]

[87, 45, 23, 97, 56]

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 >>> number[0:len(number)]

[12, 56, 87, 45, 23, 97, 56, 27]

List-name[start:end:step] will give you elements between indices start to end-1 with
skipping elements as per the value of step.

>>> number[1:6:2]

[56, 45, 97]

>>> number[: : -1]

[27, 56, 97, 23, 45, 87, 56, 12] #reverses the list

List modification using slice operator:

>>> number=[12,56,87,45,23,97,56,27]

>>> number[2:4]=["hello","python"]

>>> number

[12, 56, 'hello', 'python', 23, 97, 56, 27]

>>> number[2:4]=["computer"]

>>> number

[12, 56, 'computer', 23, 97, 56, 27]

Note: The values being assigned must be a sequence (list, tuple or string)

Example:

>>> number=[12,56,87,45,23,97,56,27]

>>> number=[12,56,87,45,23,97,56,27]

>>> number[2:3]=78 # 78 is a number, not a

sequence TypeError: can only assign an iterable

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 Comparison Operators:

o Compares two lists

o Python internally compares individual elements of lists in lexicographical order.
o It compares the each corresponding element must compare equal and two
sequences must be of the same type.
o For non-equal comparison as soon as it gets a result in terms of True/False,
from corresponding elements’ comparison. If Corresponding elements are
equal, it goes to the next element and so on, until it finds elements that differ.

Example:

>>>L1, L2 = [7, 6, 9], [7, 6, 9]

>>>L3 = [7, [6, 9] ]

For Equal Comparison:

Comparison Result Reason

>>>L1==L2 True Corresponding elements have same value and same
type
>>>L1==L3 False Corresponding values are not same

For Non-equal comparison:

Comparison Result Reason

>>> L1>L2 False All elements are equal
>>> L2>L3 TypeError: '>' not in L2, element at the index 1 is int type
supported between and in L3 element at the index 1 is list
instances of 'int' and
type
'list'
>>>[3,4,7,8]<[5,1] True 3<5 is True
>>>[3,4,7,8]<[3,4,9,2] True First two elements are same so move
to next element and 7<9 is True

>>>[3,4,7,8]<[3,4,9,11] True 7<9 is True

>>>[3,4,7,8]<[3,4,7,5] False 8<5 is False

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List Methods:

Consider a list:

company=["IBM","HCL","Wipro"]

S. Function
Description Example
No. Name
1 append( ) To add element to the list >>> [Link]("Google")
at the end. >>> company
Syntax: ['IBM', 'HCL', 'Wipro', 'Google']
[Link] (element)
Error:
>>>[Link]("infosys","microsoft") # takes exactly one
element TypeError: append() takes exactly one argument (2 given)

2 extend( ) Add a list, to the end of >>>company=["IBM","HCL","Wipro"]

the current list. >>> desktop=["dell","HP"]
Syntax: >>> [Link](desktop)
[Link](list) >>> company
['IBM', 'HCL', 'Wipro', 'dell', 'HP']
Error:
>>>[Link]("dell","HP") #takes only a list as
argument TypeError: extend() takes exactly one argument (2
given)
3. len( ) Find the length of the list. >>>company=["IBM","HCL","Wipro"]
Syntax: >>> len(company)
len(list-name) 3
>>> L=[3,6,[5,4]]
>>> len(L)
3

4 index( ) Returns the index of the >>> company = ["IBM", "HCL", "Wipro",
first element with the "HCL","Wipro"]
specified value. >>> [Link]("Wipro")
Syntax: 2
[Link](element)
Error:
>>> [Link]("WIPRO") # Python is case-sensitive
language ValueError: 'WIPRO' is not in list

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>>> [Link](2) # Write the element, not index
ValueError: 2 is not in list
5 insert( ) Adds an element at the >>>company=["IBM","HCL","Wipro"]
specified position. >>> [Link](2,"Apple")
>>> company
Syntax: ['IBM', 'HCL', 'Apple', 'Wipro']
[Link](index, element)
>>> [Link](16,"Microsoft")
>>> company
['IBM', 'HCL', 'Apple', 'Wipro',
'Microsoft']

>>> [Link](-16,"TCS")
>>> company
['TCS', 'IBM', 'HCL', 'Apple', 'Wipro',
'Microsoft']

6 count( ) Return the number of >>> company = ["IBM", "HCL",

times the value appears. "Wipro", "HCL","Wipro"]
Syntax: >>> [Link]("HCL")
[Link](element) 2
>>> [Link]("TCS")
0

7 remove( ) To remove an element >>> company = ["IBM", "HCL",

from the list. "Wipro", "HCL","Wipro"]
Syntax: >>> [Link]("Wipro")
[Link](element) >>> company
['IBM', 'HCL', 'HCL', 'Wipro']
Error:
>>> [Link]("Yahoo")
ValueError: [Link](x): x not in list
8 clear( ) Removes all the elements >>> company=["IBM","HCL", "Wipro"]
from list.
Syntax: >>> [Link]( )
[Link]( )
>>> company

[]

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 9 pop( ) Removes the element at >>>company=["IBM","HCL", "Wipro"]
the specified position and >>> [Link](1)
returns the deleted 'HCL'
element. >>> company
Syntax: ['IBM', 'Wipro']
[Link](index)
>>> [Link]( )
The index argument is
'Wipro'
optional. If no index is
specified, pop( ) removes and
returns the last item in the list.

Error:
>>>L=[ ]
>>>[Link]( )
IndexError: pop from empty list
10 copy( ) Returns a copy of the list. >>>company=["IBM","HCL", "Wipro"]
>>> L=[Link]( )
Syntax: >>> L
[Link]( ) ['IBM', 'HCL', 'Wipro']
11 reverse( ) Reverses the order of the >>>company=["IBM","HCL", "Wipro"]
list. >>> [Link]()
Syntax: >>> company
[Link]( ) ['Wipro', 'HCL', 'IBM']

Takes no argument,
returns no list.

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12. sort( ) Sorts the list. By default >>>company=["IBM","HCL", "Wipro"]
in ascending order. >>>[Link]( )
>>> company
Syntax: ['HCL', 'IBM', 'Wipro']
[Link]( )
To sort a list in descending order:

>>>company=["IBM","HCL", "Wipro"]
>>> [Link](reverse=True)
>>> company
['Wipro', 'IBM', 'HCL']

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Deleting the elements from the list using del statement:

Syntax:

del list-name[index] # to remove element at specified

index del list-name[start:end] # to remove elements in

list slice

Example:

>>> L=[10,20,30,40,50]

>>> del L[2] # delete the element at the index 2

>>> L

[10, 20, 40, 50]

>>> L= [10,20,30,40,50]

>>> del L[1:3] # deletes elements of list from index 1 to 2.

>>> L

[10, 40, 50]

>>> del L # deletes all elements and the list object too.

>>> L

NameError: name 'L' is not defined

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 Difference between del, remove( ), pop( ), clear( ):

S.
del remove( ) pop( ) clear( )
No.

1 Statement Function Function Function

Deletes a single element Removes the first Removes an

Removes all the
2 or a list slice or complete matching item individual item and
elements from list.
list. from the list. returns it.
Removes all Removes all
3 elements and deletes elements but list
list object too. object still exists.

Difference between append( ), extend( ) and insert( ) :

S.
append( ) extend( ) insert( )
No.
Adds an element at the
Adds single element in the end Add a list in the end of specified position.
1
of the list. the another list
(Anywhere in the list)
Takes one list Takes two arguments,
2 Takes one element as argument
as argument position and element.
The length of the list
The length of the list will The length of the list
3 will increase by the
increase by 1. will increase by 1.
length of inserted list.

ACCESSING ELEMENTS OF NESTED LISTS:

Example:
>>> L=["Python", "is", "a", ["modern", "programming"], "language", "that", "we", "use"]
>>> L[0][0]
'P'
>>> L[3][0][2]
'd'

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>>> L[3:4][0]
['modern', 'programming']
>>> L[3:4][0][1]
'programming'
>>> L[3:4][0][1][3]
'g'
>>> L[0:9][0]
'Python'
>>> L[0:9][0][3]
'h'
>>> L[3:4][1]
IndexError: list index out of range

Programs related to lists in python:

Program-1 Write a program to find the minimum and maximum number in a list.

L=eval(input("Enter the elements:

")) n=len(L)
min=L[0]
max=L[0]
for i in
range(n): if
min>L[i]:
min=L[i]
if max<L[i]:
max=L[i]

print("The minimum number in the list is : ", min)

print("The maximum number in the list is : ",
max)
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Program-2 Find the second largest number in a list.
L=eval(input("Enter the elements: "))
n=len(L)
max=second=L[0]
for i in range(n):
if max<L[i]>second:
max=L[i]
seond=max

print("The second largest number in the list is : ", second)

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 CHAPTER-10
TUPLEIN
PYTHON

8.1 INTRODUCTION:

 Tuple is a collection of elements which is ordered and unchangeable

(Immutable). Immutable means you cannot change elements of a tuple in place.
 Allows duplicate members.
 Consists the values of any type, separated by comma.
 Tuples are enclosed within parentheses ( ).
 Cannot remove the element from a tuple.

8.2 Creating Tuple:

Syntax:
tuple-name = ( ) # empty tuple
tuple-name = (value-1, value-2,............, value-n)
Example:

>>> T=(23, 7.8, 64.6, 'h', 'say')

>>> T

(23, 7.8, 64.6, 'h', 'say')

8.2.1 Creating a tuple with single element:

>>> T=(3) #With a single element without comma, it is a value only, not a tuple

>>>

T3

>>> T= (3, ) # to construct a tuple, add a comma after the single element

>>>

T (3,)

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>>> T1=3, # It also creates a tuple with single element

>>>

T1 (3,)

8.2.2 Creating a tuple using tuple( ) constructor:

o It is also possible to use the tuple( ) constructor to create a tuple.

>>>T=tuple( ) # empty tuple

>>> T=tuple((45,3.9, 'k',22)) #note the double round-brackets

>>> T
(45, 3.9, 'k', 22)

>>> T2=tuple('hello') # for single round-bracket, the argument must be of sequence type
>>> T2
('h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o')

>>> T3=('hello','python')
>>> T3
('hello', 'python')

8.2.3 Nested Tuples:

>>> T=(5,10,(4,8))

>>> T

(5, 10, (4, 8))

8.2.4 Creating a tuple by taking input from the user:

>>> T=tuple(input("enter the elements: "))

enter the elements: hello python

>>> T

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('h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n')

>>> T1=tuple(input("enter the elements: "))

enter the elements: 45678

>>> T1

('4', '5', '6', '7', '8') # it treats elements as the characters though we entered digits

To overcome the above problem, we can use eval( ) method, which identifies the
data type and evaluate them automatically.

>>> T1=eval(input("enter the elements: "))

enter the elements: 56789

>>> T1

56789 # it is not a list, it is an integer value

>>> type(T1)

<class 'int'>

>>> T2=eval(input("enter the elements: "))

enter the elements: (1,2,3,4,5) # Parenthesis is optional

>>> T2

(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

>>> T3=eval(input("enter the elements: "))

enter the elements: 6, 7, 3, 23, [45,11] # list as an element of tuple

>>> T3

(6, 7, 3, 23, [45, 11])

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8.3 Accessing Tuples:

Tuples are very much similar to lists. Like lists, tuple elements are also indexed.
Forward indexing as 0,1,2,3,4……… and backward indexing as -1,-2,-3,-4,………

 The values stored in a tuple can be accessed using the slice operator ([ ] and [:])
with indexes.
 tuple-name[start:end] will give you elements between indices start to end-1.
 The first item in the tuple has the index zero (0).

Example:

>>> alpha=('q','w','e','r','t','y')

Forward Index
0 1 2 3 4 5
q w e r t y
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Backward Index

>>> alpha[5]
'y'
>>> alpha[-4]
'e'
>>> alpha[46]
IndexError: tuple index out of range
>>> alpha[2]='b' #can’t change value in tuple, the value will remain
unchanged TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

8.3.1 Difference between List and Tuple:

S. No. List Tuple

1 Ordered and changeable (Mutable) Ordered but unchangeable (Immutable)

2 Lists are enclosed in brackets. [] Tuples are enclosed in parentheses. ( )

3 Element can be removed. Element can’t be removed.

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 8.4 Traversing a

Tuple: Syntax:

for <variable> in tuple-

name: statement

Example:

Method-1

>>> alpha=('q','w','e','r','t','y')
>>> for i in alpha:
print(i)

Output:
q
w
e
r
t
y

Method-2
>>> for i in range(0, len(alpha)):
print(alpha[i])

Output:
q
w
e
r
t
y

8.5 Tuple Operations:

 Joining operator +
 Repetition operator *
 Slice operator [:]
 Comparison Operator <, <=, >, >=, ==, !=

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 Joining Operator: It joins two or more

tuples. Example:

>>> T1 = (25,50,75)
>>> T2 = (5,10,15)
>>> T1+T2
(25, 50, 75, 5, 10, 15)

>>> T1 + (34)
TypeError: can only concatenate tuple (not "int") to tuple

>>> T1 + (34, )

(25, 50, 75, 34)

 Repetition Operator: It replicates a tuple, specified number of

times. Example:

>>> T1*2

(25, 50, 75, 25, 50, 75)

>>> T2=(10,20,30,40)

>>> T2[2:4]*3

(30, 40, 30, 40, 30, 40)

 Slice Operator:

tuple-name[start:end] will give you elements between indices start to end-1.

>>>alpha=('q','w','e','r','t','y')

>>> alpha[1:-3] ('w',

'e')

>>> alpha[3:65] ('r',

't', 'y')

>>> alpha[-1:-5]

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 ()

>>> alpha[-5:-1]

('w', 'e', 'r', 't')

List-name[start:end:step] will give you elements between indices start to end-1 with
skipping elements as per the value of step.

>>> alpha[1:5:2]

('w', 'r')

>>> alpha[ : : -1]

('y', 't', 'r', 'e', 'w', 'q') #reverses the tuple

 Comparison Operators:

o Compare two tuples

o Python internally compares individual elements of tuples in lexicographical
order.
o It compares the each corresponding element must compare equal and two
sequences must be of the same type.
o For non-equal comparison as soon as it gets a result in terms of True/False,
from corresponding elements’ comparison. If Corresponding elements are
equal, it goes to the next element and so on, until it finds elements that differ.

Example:

>>> T1 = (9, 16, 7)

>>> T2 = (9, 16, 7)
>>> T3 = ('9','16','7')
>>> T1 = = T2
True
>>> T1==T3
False
>>> T4 = (9.0, 16.0, 7.0)
>>> T1==T4
True
>>> T1<T2

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33
 False
>>> T1<=T2
True

8.6 Tuples Built in functions:

Consider a tuple:

subject=("Hindi","English","Maths","Physics")

S. Function
Description Example
No. Name
1 len( ) Find the length of a tuple. >>>subject=("Hindi","English","Maths","Physics”)
Syntax: >>> len(subject)
len (tuple-name) 4
2 max( ) Returns the largest value >>> max(subject)
from a tuple. 'Physics'
Syntax:
max(tuple-name)
Error: If the tuple contains values of different data types, then it will give an error
because mixed data type comparison is not possible.

>>> subject = (15, "English", "Maths", "Physics", 48.2)

>>> max(subject)
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'

3. min( ) Returns the smallest >>>subject=("Hindi","English","Maths","Physics")

value from a tuple. >>> min(subject)
Syntax:
min(tuple-name) 'English'
Error: If the tuple contains values of different data types, then it will give an error
because mixed data type comparison is not possible.

>>> subject = (15, "English", "Maths", "Physics", 48.2)

>>> min(subject)
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'

4 index( ) Returns the index of the >>>subject=("Hindi","English","Maths","Physics")

first element with the

specified value.
Syntax:

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 tuple- >>> [Link]("Maths")
[Link](element)
2
5 count( ) Return the number of >>> [Link]("English")
times the value appears.
Syntax: 1
tuple-
[Link](element)

8.7 Delete a tuple:

The del statement is used to delete elements and objects but as you know that tuples are
immutable, which also means that individual element of a tuple cannot be deleted.

Example:

>> T=(2,4,6,8,10,12,14)

>>> del T[3]

TypeError: 'tuple' object doesn't support item deletion

But you can delete a complete tuple with del statement as:

Example:

>>> T=(2,4,6,8,10,12,14)

>>> del T

>>> T

NameError: name 'T' is not defined

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 CHAPTER-9
DICTIONARYINPYTHON

9.1 INTRODUCTION:

 Dictionary is a collection of elements which is unordered, changeable and indexed.

 Dictionary has keys and values.
 Doesn’t have index for values. Keys work as indexes.
 Dictionary doesn’t have duplicate member means no duplicate key.
 Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces { }
 The key-value pairs are separated by commas ( , )
 A dictionary key can be almost any Python type, but are usually numbers or strings.
 Values can be assigned and accessed using square brackets [ ].

9.2 CREATING A DICTIONARY:

Syntax:

dictionary-name = {key1:value, key2:value, key3:value, keyn:value}

Example:

>>> marks = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }

>>> marks

{'physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 78}

>>> D = { } #Empty dictionary

>>> D

{ }

>>> marks = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }

{'Maths': 81, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Physics': 75, 'CS': 78} # there is no guarantee

that # elements in dictionary can be accessed as per specific

order.
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 Note: Keys of a dictionary must be of immutable types, such as string, number, tuple.

Example:

>>> D1={[2,3]:"hello"}

TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

Creating a dictionary using dict( ) Constructor:

A. use the dict( ) constructor with single parentheses:

>>> marks=dict(Physics=75,Chemistry=78,Maths=81,CS=78)

>>> marks

{'Physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 78}

 In the above case the keys are not enclosed in quotes and equal sign is
used for assignment rather than colon.

B. dict ( ) constructor using parentheses and curly braces:

>>> marks=dict({"Physics":75,"Chemistry":78,"Maths":81, "CS":78})

>>> marks

{'Physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 78}

C. dict( ) constructor using keys and values separately:

>>> marks=dict(zip(("Physics","Chemistry","Maths","CS"),(75,78,81,78)))

>>> marks

{'Physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 78}

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In this case the keys and values are enclosed separately in parentheses and are given as
argument to the zip( ) function. zip( ) function clubs first key with first value and so on.

D. dict( ) constructor using key-value pairs

separately: Example-a

>>> marks=dict([['Physics',75],['Chemistry',78],['Maths',81],['CS',78]])
# list as argument passed to dict( ) constructor contains list type elements.

>>> marks

{'Physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 78}

Example-b

>>> marks=dict((['Physics',75],['Chemistry',78],['Maths',81],['CS',78]))

# tuple as argument passed to dict( ) constructor contains list type elements

>>> marks

{'Physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 78}

Example-c

>>> marks=dict((('Physics',75),('Chemistry',78),('Maths',81),('CS',78)))

# tuple as argument to dict( ) constructor and contains tuple type elements

>>> marks

{'Physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 78}

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9.3 ACCESSING ELEMENTS OF A DICTIONARY:

Syntax:

dictionary-name[key]

Example:

>>> marks = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }

>>> marks["Maths"]

81

>>> marks["English"] #Access a key that doesn’t exist causes an error

KeyError: 'English'

>>> [Link]( ) #To access all keys in one

go dict_keys(['physics', 'Chemistry', 'Maths', 'CS'])

>>> [Link]( ) # To access all values in one

go dict_values([75, 78, 81, 78])

Lookup : A dictionary operation that takes a key and finds the corresponding value, is

called lookup.

9.4 TRAVERSING A DICTIONARY:

Syntax:

for <variable-name> in <dictionary-name>:

statement

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39
Example:

>>> for i in marks:

print(i, ": ", marks[i])

OUTPUT:

physics : 75

Chemistry : 78

Maths : 81

CS : 78

9.5 CHANGE AND ADD THE VALUE IN A DICTIONARY:

Syntax:

dictionary-name[key]=value

Example:

>>> marks = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }

>>> marks

{'physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 78}

>>> marks['CS']=84 #Changing a value

>>> marks

{'physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 84}

>>> marks['English']=89 # Adding a value

>>> marks

{'physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 84, 'English': 89}

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9.6 DELETE ELEMENTS FROM A DICTIONARY:

There are two methods to delete elements from a dictionary:

(i) using del statement

(ii) using pop( ) method

(iii)using popitem()

(i) Using del statement:

Syntax:

del dictionary-name[key]

Example:

>>> marks

{'physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 84, 'English': 89}

>>> del marks['English']

>>> marks

{'physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 84}

(ii) Using pop( ) method: It deletes the key-value pair and returns the value of deleted

element.

Syntax:

[Link]( )

Example:

>>> marks

{'physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 78, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 84}

>>> [Link]('Maths')

81

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 (iii) Using popitem( ) method: It removes and returns the last added key- value pair in the
dictionary

Example:

Output:

9.7 CHECK THE EXISTANCE OF A KEY IN A DICTIONARY:

To check the existence of a key in dictionary, two operators are used:

(i) in : it returns True if the given key is present in the dictionary, otherwise False.

(ii) not in : it returns True if the given key is not present in the dictionary, otherwise

False.

Example:

>>> marks = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }

>>> 'Chemistry' in

marks True

>>> 'CS' not in

marks False

>>> 78 in marks # in and not in only checks the existence of keys not

values False

However, if you need to search for a value in dictionary, then you can use in operator
with the following syntax:

Syntax:
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value in dictionary-name. values( )

Example:

>>> marks = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }

>>> 78 in [Link]( )

True

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 9.8 DICTIONARY FUNCTIONS:

Consider a dictionary marks as follows:

>>> marks = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }

S. Function
Description Example
No. Name
1 len( ) Find the length of
a dictionary. >>> marks = { "physics" : 75,
Syntax: "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78
len (dictionary-name) }
>>> len(marks) 4
2 clear( ) removes all
elements >>> marks = { "physics" : 75,
from the dictionary "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78
}
Syntax:
[Link]( )
>>> [Link]( )

>>> marks

{}

3. get( ) Returns value of a key.

>>> marks = { "physics" : 75,
Syntax: "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }
[Link](key) >>> [Link]("physics") 75
Note: When key does not exist it returns no value without any error.

>>> [Link]('Hindi')

>>>
4 items( ) returns all elements as a
sequence of (key,value) >>> marks = { "physics" : 75,
tuples in any order. "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }
Syntax: >>> [Link]()
[Link]( )
dict_items ([('physics', 75), ('Chemistry',
78), ('Maths', 81), ('CS', 78)])

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5 keys( ) Returns all keys in the
form of a list. >>> marks = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" :
Syntax: 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }
[Link]( )
>>> [Link]()

dict_keys(['physics','Chemistry', 'Maths',
'CS'])
6 values( ) Returns all values in the
form of a list. >>> marks = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" :
Syntax: 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }
[Link]( )
>>> [Link]()

dict_values ([75, 78, 81, 78])

7 fromkeys() Returns a new dictionary x = ( "key1" , "key2", "key3"),

from the given sequence y="Hello"
like string,list,set or tuples print([Link](x,y))
Syntax:
>>>
[Link]( )
{'key1': 'Hello', 'key2': 'Hello', 'key3': 'Hello'}
8 min() Returns the minimum key >>> num={'a':4,'b':2,'c':3}
print(min(num))

>>> a
9 max() Returns the maximum key >>> num={'a':4,'b':2,'c':3}
print(max(num))

>>> c

10 sum() It adds all the key in the >>> num={4:'a',5:'b',6:'c'}

dictionary and returns the print(sum(num))
sum
>>> 15
11 sorted() Returns a new sorted >>>
collection keeping the a={5:"Banana",2:"Apple",3:"Pear",1:"cherry"}
original dictionary print(sorted([Link]()))
unchanged. >>> [(1, 'cherry'), (2, 'Apple'), (3, 'Pear'),
(5,'Banana')]

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12 update( ) Merges two dictionaries. Example:
Already present elements >>> marks1 = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" :
are override. 78, "Maths" : 81 }
>>> marks2 = { "Hindi" : 80, "Chemistry" :
Syntax:
[Link](dictionary2)
88, "English" : 92 }
>>> [Link](marks2)
>>> marks1
{'physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 88, 'Maths': 81,
'Hindi': 80, 'English': 92}

Example:
>>> marks1 = { "physics" : 75, "Chemistry" : 78, "Maths" : 81, "CS":78 }
>>> marks2 = { "Hindi" : 80, "Chemistry" : 88, "English" : 92 }
>>> [Link](marks2)
>>> marks1
{'physics': 75, 'Chemistry': 88, 'Maths': 81, 'CS': 78, 'Hindi': 80, 'English': 92}

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Page
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