REPRODUCTION

1. Which of the following method/s are useful to prevent fertilization even when ovulation
occurs?
P) surgical blocking of the fallopian tube Q) copper-T R) oral pills S) condom
(a) only P (b) only Q and R 1 (c) only P, Q and S (d) only Q, R and S
2. Select the option having correct matching of the organism given in Column I
with the mode of reproduction in Column II.

A. a-iv, b-ii, c-i, d-iii

B. a-iii, b-iv, c-v, d-ii
C. a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
D. a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i
3. Identify the following parts A, B, C, D from the given picture

a) A- Stigma, B- Style, C-Ovary, D- Pollen tube

b) A- Pollen grain , B- Stigma, C- Male germ cell , D- Pollen tube
c) A- Pollen grain , B- Style, C- Male germ cell , D- Pollen tube
d) A- Pollen grain , B- Style, C- Pollen tube , D- Stigma

4. The two organisms that can regenerate fully from their cut body parts are :
A. hydra and planaria B. paramecium and hydra
C. hydra and amoeba D. planaria and leishmania

5. In the binary fission method of multiplication :

(a) only one parent is involved
(b) no gametes are formed
(c) fertilisation does not take place
(d) all the above statements are true

ASSERTION REASONS

1. Assertion (A): Offsprings produced by sexual reproduction show variation.

Reason (R): Each offspring produced by sexual reproduction inherits all the
genes from each parent.

2. Assertion(A): Uterine wall called endometrium breaks down and bleeding

occurs in human females.
Reason(R): It takes place due to non - fertilization of the ovum which leads
to mensuration.

3. Assertion (A): chromosome inherited from the parents decide the sex of a child. Reason (R): X
chromosome in a male child is inherited from his father.

QUESTION ANSWERS
Q1. a) Certain specialized cells in animals called stem cells have the ability to divide and
differentiate into different cell types. This helps in the replacement of a damaged organ. Name
and explain two methods of asexual reproduction that are similar to stem cells and occur mostly
in multicellular organisms.
Ans. (a) Two methods of asexual reproduction similar to stem cells
1. Regeneration

 In this method, an organism can regrow lost or damaged body parts.

 Specialized cells divide rapidly and differentiate into various tissues, similar to stem
cells.
 Example: Planaria, starfish.

2. Vegetative propagation

 New plants grow from parts like roots, stems, or leaves.

 Certain cells retain the ability to divide and form a complete plant, just like stem cells
forming different tissues.
 Example: Potato (stem tuber), Bryophyllum (leaf).

(b) Identify TWO pairs of reproductive organs in males and females that are functionally similar
to each other. Justify.

Ans. (b) Two pairs of functionally similar reproductive organs

1. Testes (male) and Ovaries (female)

o Both produce gametes (sperms and eggs respectively).
o Both also secrete sex hormones.
2. Vas deferens (male) and Fallopian tubes/Oviducts (female)
o Both transport gametes.
o Vas deferens carries sperms, while oviduct carries the egg.

Q2. Ravi cultivated mustard, a plant with bisexual flowers, on his farm. His plants were diseased
due to a gene defect and therefore had reduced yield. Ravi removed the stamens from the
diseased plants and also planted fresh disease2 free mustard plants where he removed the pistils.
How will Ravi's strategy help in improving the yield of mustard?
Ans. Ravi’s strategy helps improve mustard yield through cross-pollination:

 Removing stamens from diseased plants prevents self-pollination.

 Removing pistils from healthy plants ensures they act only as pollen donors.
 This allows pollen from healthy plants to fertilize diseased plants.
 Cross-pollination introduces healthy genes, resulting in:
o Increased genetic variation
o Improved yield
o Disease resistance

Thus, the offspring plants are healthier and more productive.

Q3 i) Name the reproductive and non-productive parts of Rhizopus.

ii) How are the spores protected till they begin to grow?

Ans.3 (i) Parts of Rhizopus

 Reproductive part: Sporangium (produces spores)

  Non-reproductive part: Hyphae/Mycelium

(ii) Protection of spores

 Spores are enclosed in a thick-walled sporangium.

 This protects them from unfavorable conditions like heat and dryness until conditions
become suitable for growth.

Q4. State any three reasons to justify the use of contraceptive methods.
Ans 4. Three reasons for using contraceptive methods

1. To prevent unwanted pregnancies

2. To control population growth
3. To prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS

Q5. Attempt either option A or B.

(A) (i) Explain by giving one example of each- unisexual and bisexual flowers.
(ii) Name the labelled parts A, B, C and D in the diagram given below.
(iii) Mention the post-fertilisation changes that occur in (i) Ovary and (ii) Ovule in the
flower.

OR
(B)(i) What is regeneration ? Name two organisms which exhibits this process.
(ii) State one function of each of the following parts of the human male
reproductive system : (a) Vas deferens (b) Testes (c) Prostate glands
Ans. (B) (i) What is regeneration? Name two organisms which exhibit this process.
Answer: Regeneration is the process by which an organism can regrow its lost or damaged body
parts. In some organisms, a complete new individual can be formed from a body fragment due to
specialised cells.
Examples: Planaria and Starfish.
(ii) State one function of each of the following parts of the human male reproductive system:
(a) Vas deferens
Answer: It transports sperms from the testes to the urethra.
(b) Testes
Answer: They produce sperms and secrete the male sex hormone testosterone.

(c) Prostate glands

Answer: They secrete an alkaline fluid that nourishes sperms and helps in their movement.

Q.6 In the following figure showing a germinating gram seed, name the parts
labelled as A, B and C:
Why is part ‘B’ considered to be important during germination?
Q.7 Explain the events that take place once a sperm reaches the oviduct till it
becomes a foetus. Write the role of placenta in pregnancy. (any two roles)
Ans. When a sperm reaches the oviduct (fallopian tube), it fuses with the ovum. This process is
called fertilisation, resulting in the formation of a zygote.
The zygote undergoes repeated mitotic divisions called cleavage while moving towards the
uterus. It develops into a ball of cells (embryo). The embryo gets implanted in the uterine wall, a
process called implantation. As development continues and body parts begin to form, the embryo
is called a foetus.
Role of placenta (any two):
1. It supplies oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the foetus.
2. It removes waste products like carbon dioxide from the foetus to the mother’s blood.

Q.8 a) Name the following parts in human female reproductive system.

i) That produces egg
ii) Where fusion of egg and sperm takes place
iii) Where zygote is implanted
b) Name and explain any two methods of contraception
OR
a) Why is fertilization not possible without pollination?
b) State the post-fertilization changes that lead to fruit formation in plant.
c) Write any two advantages of vegetative propagation.

Ans. (a) Name the following parts in human female reproductive system

i) That produces egg

Answer: Ovary

ii) Where fusion of egg and sperm takes place

Answer: Fallopian tube (Oviduct)

iii) Where zygote is implanted

Answer: Uterus
(b) Name and explain any two methods of contraception
1. Barrier method
 Prevents sperm from reaching the egg.
 Example: Condoms, diaphragm.
2. Surgical method

 Involves blocking the reproductive ducts to prevent gamete transport.

 Example: Vasectomy (male), Tubectomy (female).
OR

Option 2
(a) Why is fertilization not possible without pollination?
Answer: Pollination transfers pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. Without pollination,
pollen cannot reach the female reproductive part, so fertilization cannot occur.

(b) State the post-fertilization changes that lead to fruit formation in plants

Answer:
 The ovary develops into the fruit.
 The ovary wall forms the fruit wall (pericarp).
 The ovules develop into seeds.

(c) Write any two advantages of vegetative propagation

1. Produces plants identical to the parent with desired traits.
2. Plants grow and mature faster compared to seed-grown plants

Q.9 Attempt either option A or B.

A. The image below shows a banana plant which is growing with the help of suckers. These
suckers are small plant stem outgrowths which can be separated from the main plant and
planted separately and they will grow into a new plant subsequently.

(i) Give the name and type of reproduction that is shown in the image above.
(ii) List two advantages the farmer will have on using the type of reproduction
mentioned above.
(iii) The above plant produces male flowers. Explain how this plant will be involved in
the
process of pollination.
(iv) Why is the offspring of this banana plant not absolutely identical to its parent plant?
OR
B. A developing fetus is connected to the placenta by means of umbilical cord. The
Umbilical vein
and artery run inside the umbilical cord.
(i) Name two substance that moves through the blood vessels.
(ii) If the placenta has less villi how will it affect the baby’s growth?
(iii) Name the region where the embryo develops inside the female body. Explain how
this
region is adapted for nourishing the baby.
(iv) Some of the fetal cells fall off into the amniotic fluid and can be collected by careful
procedure. The cells were screened and found to contain XY chromosome.
a) What is the sex of the fetus?
 b) How is this prenatal sex determination misused?

Ans. B. A developing fetus is connected to the placenta by means of umbilical cord. The
umbilical vein and artery run inside the umbilical cord.

(i) Name two substances that move through the blood vessels.
Answer:
 Oxygen

 Nutrients (such as glucose)

(ii) If the placenta has less villi, how will it affect the baby’s growth?

Answer: Placental villi increase the surface area for exchange of nutrients and oxygen. If the
placenta has fewer villi, the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus will be reduced, leading
to poor or retarded growth of the baby.

(iii) Name the region where the embryo develops inside the female body. Explain how this
region is adapted for nourishing the baby.

Answer:
The embryo develops in the uterus.
The uterus is adapted for nourishing the baby because:

 Its inner lining (endometrium) becomes thick and richly supplied with blood vessels.
 It supports implantation and provides nourishment through the placenta.

(iv) Fetal cells collected from amniotic fluid were found to contain XY chromosomes.

a) What is the sex of the fetus?

Answer: Male

b) How is this prenatal sex determination misused?

Answer: Prenatal sex determination is misused for female foeticide, leading to an imbalance in
the sex ratio in society.

Q.10. Describe various birth control methods with examples. Which contraceptive
method helps to prevent STDs?
OR
(a)Label the parts of the female reproductive system in the following figure.
(b) In which part of the female reproductive system fertilization of egg takes place?
(c)Write the function of the part ‘B’
(d) Mention the part where implantation of embryo takes place.

Answer: Birth control methods are used to prevent unwanted pregnancies and to maintain
reproductive health. The main methods are:
1. Natural methods
  Prevent pregnancy by avoiding fertilization naturally.
 Examples: Periodic abstinence, withdrawal method.
2. Barrier methods
 Physically prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
 Examples: Condoms (male and female), diaphragm.
3. Chemical / Hormonal methods
 Use hormones or chemicals to prevent ovulation or fertilization.
 Examples: Oral contraceptive pills, hormonal injections.
4. Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
 Devices placed inside the uterus to prevent implantation.
 Examples: Copper-T, Loop.
5. Surgical methods
 Permanent methods involving surgery to block reproductive ducts.
 Examples:
o Vasectomy (male)
o Tubectomy (female)

Q.11 Study the given diagram and the following questions

a) Identify A and B that are vital parts of human male reproductive
system and write two functions of these parts.
b) Suggest three contraceptive methods that can be practiced to control the size of human
population which is essential for the health and prosperity of the country. State the basic
principle involved in each.
OR
After pollination, when pollen has landed on the stigma of a suitable flower of the same species,
a chain of events happens.
Describe post pollination changes with the help of a neat labeled diagram showing germination
of pollen on the stigma.

(b) Suggest three contraceptive methods that can be practiced to control the size of human
population. State the basic principle involved in each.

Answer:

To control the size of the human population, the following contraceptive methods can be
practiced:

1. Barrier method

 Example: Condoms, diaphragm

 Basic principle: Prevents the sperm from reaching the egg, thus avoiding fertilization.

2. Hormonal (chemical) method

 Example: Oral contraceptive pills

 Basic principle: Hormones prevent ovulation or make the uterus unsuitable for
implantation.

3. Surgical method

 Example: Vasectomy (male), Tubectomy (female)

 Basic principle: Reproductive ducts are blocked or cut to prevent transport of gametes,
thus preventing fertilization.
These methods help in population control, which is essential for the health and prosperity of the
country.

OR

Describe post-pollination changes with the help of a neat labeled diagram showing
germination of pollen on the stigma.

Answer:

After pollination, when a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a suitable flower of the same
species, the following post-pollination changes occur:

1. The pollen grain absorbs moisture from the stigma and begins to germinate.
2. A pollen tube emerges from the pollen grain.
3. The pollen tube grows down through the style towards the ovary.
4. The male gametes travel through the pollen tube.
5. The pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle, leading to fertilization.

Q.12. a) Label the parts indicated with i, ii, iii and iv : 2+3

b. How does reproduction help in providing stability to population of species?

OR

What are the different categories of contraceptive methods? Write briefly

about each.

Q13. Write one main difference between asexual and sexual mode of
reproduction. Which species is likely to have comparatively better chances
of survival – the one reproducing asexually or the one reproducing
sexually? Give reason to justify your answer.
Or
What happens when
(a) accidently, Planaria gets cut into many pieces-
(b) Bryophyllum leaf falls on the wet soil
(c) on maturation sporangia of Rhizopus bursts?

ANS. Option 1

Write one main difference between asexual and sexual mode of reproduction. Which
species is likely to have comparatively better chances of survival? Give reason.
Answer:
One main difference:
 Asexual reproduction: Involves only one parent and no fusion of gametes.
 Sexual reproduction: Involves two parents and fusion of male and female gametes.
Species with better chances of survival:
Species reproducing sexually have better chances of survival.
Reason:
Sexual reproduction produces genetic variations, which help organisms adapt to changing
environments and resist diseases, increasing their chances of survival.

OR

Option 2

What happens when:

(a) Accidentally, Planaria gets cut into many pieces?
Answer:
Each piece of Planaria regenerates into a complete organism due to the presence of specialised
cells.
(b) Bryophyllum leaf falls on wet soil?
Answer:
New plants grow from the notches along the leaf margins by vegetative propagation.
(c) On maturation, sporangia of Rhizopus burst?
Answer:
The sporangia burst and release spores, which germinate under favourable conditions to form
new Rhizopus plants.

Q.14 The female reproductive system is a complex system of internal and external organs that
enables reproduction and menstruation. It is responsible for Producing eggs A woman is born
with hundreds of thousands of eggs in her ovaries. During puberty, the pituitary gland in the
brain releases hormones that stimulate the ovaries to produce oestrogen and other female sex
hormones. These hormones help a girl develop into a sexually mature woman. The menstrual
cycle is a monthly period that occurs when an ovary releases an egg into a fallopian tube. If the
egg is fertilized by sperm, it moves to the uterus where it can implant in the thickened uterine
lining. If the egg is not fertilized, it leaves the body about two weeks later during menstruation

a) Identify the part of human female reproductive system where

1)egg is produced
2)site of fertilization
3) implantation of embryo
b) How does embryo get nourishment in the mother womb?
c) What are the three different methods to prevent unwanted pregnancy?

ANS. (a) Identify the part of human female reproductive system

1. Egg is produced → Ovary

2. Site of fertilization → Fallopian tube (Oviduct)
3. Implantation of embryo → Uterus

(b) How does embryo get nourishment in the mother’s womb?

Answer:
The embryo gets nourishment through the placenta, which is attached to the uterine wall.
Nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood pass to the embryo via the umbilical cord, while
waste products from the embryo are removed into the mother’s blood.

(c) Three different methods to prevent unwanted pregnancy

 1. Barrier method – Prevents sperm from reaching the egg (e.g., condoms, diaphragm).
2. Hormonal method – Prevents ovulation or makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation
(e.g., oral contraceptive pills, injections).
3. Surgical method – Blocks reproductive ducts to permanently prevent fertilization (e.g.,
vasectomy, tubectomy).

Q 15. A. State the changes that take place in the uterus when
(i) Implantation of embryo has occurred. (ii) Female gamete is not fertilized.
B. What are the effects of contraception on health and prosperity of a family?
OR
A. Explain with the help of a diagram how pollen after landing on the stigma of a flower helps
male germ cell to reach the female germ cell. Label the following: ovary, female germ cell, male
germ cell and pollen grain.
B. What is the fate of ovary, ovule, style and sepals after fertilization?
Ans. Option 1

A. Changes in the uterus

(i) When implantation of the embryo has occurred:

 The uterine lining (endometrium) becomes thick, spongy, and richly supplied with blood
vessels.
 The embryo gets embedded in this lining.
 The uterus starts providing nutrition and oxygen to the developing embryo.
 Menstrual cycle stops, and pregnancy begins.

(ii) When the female gamete is not fertilized:

 The thickened uterine lining is not required.

 It breaks down and is shed as menstrual flow.
 This process is called menstruation, lasting about 3–5 days.

B. Effects of contraception on health and prosperity of a family

 Helps in controlling family size.

 Improves health of the mother by spacing pregnancies.
 Reduces risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (especially barrier methods).
 Ensures better nutrition, education, and care for children.
 Leads to economic stability and improved standard of living.
 Promotes overall family well-being and prosperity.

OR

Option 2

A. How pollen helps male germ cell reach female germ cell

1. Pollen grain lands on the stigma of the flower.

2. It germinates and forms a pollen tube.
3. The pollen tube grows down through the style.
4. Male germ cells travel through the pollen tube.
5. The tube reaches the ovary and enters the ovule.
6. One male germ cell fuses with the female germ cell (egg) to form a zygote.
Labelled diagram (text representation):
Pollen grain
↓
Stigma
│
Style
│
Pollen tube
│
Ovary
│
Ovule
(Female germ cell)
↑
Male germ cell

B. Fate of floral parts after fertilization

 Ovary → develops into fruit

 Ovule → develops into seed
 Style → dries up and falls off
 Sepals → usually dry and fall off (or may remain in some plants)