Scribd
Upload
25 views2 pages

Biomolecules

The document provides an overview of biomolecules relevant to CBSE Class 12, focusing on carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins. It details the classification and structure of carbohydrates and proteins, including key reactions for glucose and the structure of amino acids. Additionally, it outlines the components of nucleic acids and the types of vitamins along with associated deficiency diseases.

Uploaded by

Cyan Blue
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views2 pages

Biomolecules

The document provides an overview of biomolecules relevant to CBSE Class 12, focusing on carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins. It details the classification and structure of carbohydrates and proteins, including key reactions for glucose and the structure of amino acids. Additionally, it outlines the components of nucleic acids and the types of vitamins along with associated deficiency diseases.

Uploaded by

Cyan Blue
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Biomolecules is a high-scoring chapter that bridges biology and chemistry.

For CBSE Class 12,


the focus is heavily on structures, linkages, and specific chemical tests.

1. Carbohydrates
Defined as optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or compounds which produce
such units on hydrolysis.

Classification
●​ Monosaccharides: Cannot be hydrolyzed further (e.g., Glucose, Fructose).
●​ Oligosaccharides: Yield 2–10 monosaccharide units (e.g., Sucrose, Lactose).
●​ Polysaccharides: Yield many units (e.g., Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen). These are
non-sugars.

Glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$)
●​ Structure: An aldohexose.
●​ Key Reactions:
○​ Heating with $HI \rightarrow$ n-hexane (confirms straight chain).
○​ Reaction with $NH_2OH \rightarrow$ Oxime (confirms carbonyl group).
○​ Bromine water $\rightarrow$ Gluconic acid (confirms carbonyl is an aldehyde).
○​ Acetylation with acetic anhydride $\rightarrow$ Pentaacetate (confirms 5 $-OH$
groups).
●​ Cyclic Structure: Glucose exists in $\alpha$ and $\beta$ forms (anomers) which differ
at $C_1$.

2. Proteins
Proteins are polymers of $\alpha$-amino acids.

Amino Acids
●​ Zwitterion: In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group loses a proton and the amino group
gains one, creating a dipolar ion.
●​ Essential vs. Non-essential: Essential amino acids (e.g., Valine, Leucine) cannot be
synthesized by the body and must be taken via diet.
●​ Peptide Linkage: The $-CO-NH-$ bond formed between two amino acid units.

Structure of Proteins
1.​ Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
2.​ Secondary: $\alpha$-helix or $\beta$-pleated sheets (stabilized by H-bonding).
3.​ Tertiary: Overall folding of polypeptide chains (creates fibrous or globular shapes).
4.​ Quaternary: Spatial arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits.
●​ Denaturation: Loss of biological activity due to change in temp or pH (e.g., curdling of
milk, boiling an egg). Secondary and tertiary structures are destroyed, but primary
structure remains intact.

3. Nucleic Acids
The genetic material of the cell, composed of Nucleotides.

●​ Components:
1.​ Pentose Sugar (Ribose in RNA, 2-deoxyribose in DNA).
2.​ Phosphoric Acid.
3.​ Nitrogenous Base (Purines: A, G; Pyrimidines: C, T, U).
●​ Nucleoside: Base + Sugar.
●​ Nucleotide: Base + Sugar + Phosphate.
●​ DNA vs RNA: DNA contains Thymine (T) and is double-stranded; RNA contains Uracil
(U) and is usually single-stranded.

4. Vitamins
Organic compounds required in small amounts for specific biological functions.

Type Examples Deficiency Disease

Fat Soluble A, D, E, K Night blindness (A), Rickets (D)

Water Soluble B-complex, C Beri-beri (B1), Scurvy (C)

Note: Vitamin $B_{12}$ is water-soluble but is stored in the liver for a long time.

You might also like