Human Reproductive System: Parts,
Functions, Diseases and Care
I. Female Reproductive System
1. Labeled Parts and Their Functions
1. Vagina: Muscular passage for menstruation, intercourse, and childbirth.
2. Vaginal Rugae: Internal folds in the vagina allowing for expansion.
3. External Os (Cervical Orifice): Opening from the cervix into the vagina.
4. Cervix: Narrow neck of the uterus; opens into the vagina.
5. Cervical Canal: Tunnel through the cervix.
6. Internal Os (Internal Orifice): Opening from cervical canal into the uterus.
7. Uterus: Hollow organ where a fertilized egg implants and a fetus grows.
8. Fundus of Uterus: Top dome-shaped part of the uterus.
9. Body of Uterus: Main central region of the uterus.
10. Uterine Cavity: Inner space of the uterus that expands during pregnancy.
11. Isthmus of Uterus: Narrow portion between the uterus and cervix.
12. Endometrium: Inner lining that thickens monthly and sheds during menstruation.
13. Myometrium: Thick muscular layer that contracts during labor.
14. Perimetrium: Outer protective layer of the uterus.
15. Mucosal Folds: Folds in internal layers that allow expansion.
16. Ovary: Almond-shaped organ that produces eggs and sex hormones.
17. Primordial Follicle: Basic inactive follicle present from birth.
18. Primary Follicle: First stage of follicle growth.
19. Secondary Follicle: Developing egg follicle.
20. Mature Follicle: Fully developed follicle ready to ovulate.
21. Ovulated Oocyte: Egg released during ovulation.
22. Corpus Luteum: Hormone-secreting structure formed after ovulation.
23. Corpus Albicans: Scar tissue left when pregnancy doesn't occur.
24. Uterine Tube (Fallopian Tube): Passage for eggs from ovary to uterus.
25. Fimbriae: Finger-like ends that guide the egg into the fallopian tube.
26. Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped opening near the ovary.
27. Ampulla: Widest section; where fertilization usually occurs.
28. Isthmus of Uterine Tube: Narrowest part close to the uterus.
29. Uterine Portion of Uterine Tube: Part of the tube that opens into the uterus.
30. Ovarian Ligament: Connects ovary to uterus.
31. Suspensory Ligament of Ovary: Attaches ovary to pelvic wall; carries blood vessels.
32. Mesovarium: Connective tissue supporting the ovary.
33. Mesosalpinx: Part of the broad ligament supporting the uterine tube.
34. Mesometrium: Broad ligament supporting the uterus.
35. Ovarian Artery: Supplies blood to the ovaries.
36. Uterine Artery: Supplies blood to the uterus.
2. Common Diseases, Causes, and Safe Prevention Methods
1. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Hormonal imbalance causing cysts. Prevent with
healthy weight, exercise, and checkups.
2. Endometriosis: Tissue growing outside uterus. No known prevention, but early diagnosis
and hormone therapy help.
3. Cervical Cancer: Caused by HPV. Prevent with HPV vaccine, Pap smears, and safe sex.
4. Yeast Infection: Caused by fungal overgrowth. Prevent with hygiene and avoiding scented
products.
5. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Infection due to untreated STIs. Prevent with safe sex
and early treatment.
6. Ovarian Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs. Most harmless; monitor regularly.
7. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Bacterial imbalance. Prevent by avoiding douching and using
protection.
8. Fibroids: Non-cancerous growths. Prevent with healthy lifestyle and regular monitoring.
II. Male Reproductive System
1. Labeled Parts and Their Functions
1. Penis: External organ for urine and semen expulsion.
2. Glans Penis: Sensitive head of the penis.
3. Prepuce (Foreskin): Skin covering the glans; protects it.
4. Corpus Cavernosum: Erectile tissue that causes erection.
5. Corpus Spongiosum: Surrounds the urethra and prevents compression during erection.
6. Urethra: Tube carrying semen and urine through the penis.
7. Scrotum: Sac that holds the testes and regulates temperature.
8. Testis: Produces sperm and testosterone.
9. Epididymis: Stores and matures sperm.
10. Vas Deferens: Transports sperm to the urethra.
11. Seminal Vesicle: Produces seminal fluid.
12. Prostate Gland: Produces fluid that nourishes sperm.
13. Bulbourethral (Cowper's) Gland: Lubricates urethra and neutralizes acidity before
ejaculation.
2. Common Diseases, Causes, and Safe Prevention Methods
1. Testicular Cancer: Abnormal cell growth in testicles. Prevent with monthly self-exams.
2. Erectile Dysfunction: Inability to maintain erection. Prevent by healthy habits and
reducing stress.
3. Prostatitis: Prostate inflammation. Prevent by staying hydrated and avoiding infections.
4. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Enlarged prostate. Monitor with age; limit caffeine
and alcohol.
5. Hydrocele: Fluid around testicle. Avoid trauma and treat infections.
6. Varicocele: Enlarged scrotal veins. Supportive underwear and surgery if needed.
7. STIs (e.g., Gonorrhea, HIV): Transmitted sexually. Prevent with condom use and regular
testing.