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Fluid Statics: Pressure Distribution

The document discusses fluid statics, focusing on pressure distribution in fluids at rest, where normal stress is defined as fluid pressure and there are no shearing stresses. It explains how pressure varies with depth due to the weight of the fluid and outlines the application of Newton's second law to derive pressure equations. Additionally, it covers various methods of pressure measurement, including piezometer tubes and manometers, and the resultant forces on submerged surfaces.

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p99305117
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8 views11 pages

Fluid Statics: Pressure Distribution

The document discusses fluid statics, focusing on pressure distribution in fluids at rest, where normal stress is defined as fluid pressure and there are no shearing stresses. It explains how pressure varies with depth due to the weight of the fluid and outlines the application of Newton's second law to derive pressure equations. Additionally, it covers various methods of pressure measurement, including piezometer tubes and manometers, and the resultant forces on submerged surfaces.

Uploaded by

p99305117
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Fluid statics: Pressure distribution

❖ Normal stress on any plane through a fluid element at rest is a point property called the
fluid pressure p, taken positive for compression by common convention.
❖ In statics, there will be no shearing stress in the fluid.
❖ Pressure variation occurs only due to the weight of the fluid body.

1
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = Δ𝑥Δ𝑦Δ𝑧 𝜌𝑔
2 3
Fluid statics: Pressure distribution
❖Apply Newton’s second law of motion: F= ma (here a = 0 at rest); it means, sum
of forces must be equal to zero (no acceleration) in both the x and z directions.
𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑: 𝒑𝒙 ∆𝒚∆𝒛 − 𝒑𝟏 ∆𝒚∆𝒔 = 𝟎
𝟏
𝒛 − 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑: 𝒑𝒛 ∆𝒚∆𝒙 − 𝒑𝟐 ∆𝒚∆𝒔 − 𝝆𝒈∆𝒚∆𝒙𝜟𝒛
𝟐
∆𝒛 = ∆𝒔 sin 𝜽 ; ∆𝒙 = ∆𝒔 cos 𝜽 ; 𝒑𝟏 = 𝒑𝒔 sin 𝜽 ;
𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝒔 cos 𝜽
𝟏
𝒑𝒙 = 𝒑𝒔 𝒑𝒛 = 𝒑𝒔 + 𝝆𝒈𝜟𝒛
𝟐
*There is no pressure change in the horizontal direction,
*There is a vertical change in pressure proportional to the density, gravity, and
depth change.
*In the limit, Δz→0; px= pz= ps= p (independent of orientation) 4
Fluid statics: Pressure distribution
❖Consider a fluid volume element dydz (dx =1) 𝝏𝑷 𝒅𝒛
𝑷+
𝝏𝒛 𝟐

𝑧
𝝏𝑷 𝒅𝒚 𝑷 𝑦 𝝏𝑷 𝒅𝒚
𝑷− 𝑷+
𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕

𝑥
𝝏𝑷 𝒅𝒛
𝑷−
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 6
Fluid statics: Pressure distribution
∑𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ; ∑𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∑𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎
𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚
− 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕;
𝝏𝑷 𝝏𝑷
= 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 =𝟎
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒛 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕;
𝝏𝑷 𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝑷 𝒅𝒛
𝑷− 𝒅𝒚 − 𝑷 + 𝒅𝒚 − 𝝆𝒈𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐
𝝏𝑷 𝒅𝑷 𝒅𝑷 𝒅𝑷 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇
= 𝝆𝒈 = 𝜸 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 ; = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝜸
𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛 𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒔
7
Fluid statics: Pressure distribution
න 𝑷 = − න 𝜸𝒅𝒛 +h
Earth surface

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑰: 𝝆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔,


∆𝑷 = 𝜸𝒉; 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒉 = −𝒛

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝑰: 𝝆 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕, 𝒆𝒙: 𝒂𝒊𝒓 g -h


𝑷
𝝆= 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒘 Hydrostatic-pressure distribution
𝑹𝑻 in oceans and atmospheres. Ref. White, 7 th ed. P 71
𝝏𝑷 𝑷
=− 𝒈
𝝏𝒛 𝑹𝑻
𝒈
⇒ 𝐥𝐧 𝑷 = ∆𝒛 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒄
𝑹𝑻
𝒈∆𝒛
⇒ 𝑷 = 𝑷𝟎 𝒆𝒙𝒑 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑻 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕.
𝑹𝑻 8
Pressure measurement
Pressure measurement:

Piezometer tube Simple U-tube manometer Differential U-tube manometer Inclined-tube manometer
𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾1 ℎ1 𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾2 ℎ2 − 𝛾1 ℎ1 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 𝛾2 ℎ2 + 𝛾3 ℎ3 − 𝛾1 ℎ1 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 𝛾2 𝑙2 sin 𝜃 + 𝛾3 ℎ3 − 𝛾1 ℎ1

𝛾1 is the specific weight of the liquid in the container.

9
10
CLL231: Fluid Mechanics for Chemical
Engineers

Somnath Ghosh
somnath@[Link]

Video: [Link]
1
Pressure measurement
Pressure measurement:

Piezometer tube Simple U-tube manometer Differential U-tube manometer Inclined-tube manometer
𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾1 ℎ1 𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾2 ℎ2 − 𝛾1 ℎ1 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 𝛾2 ℎ2 + 𝛾3 ℎ3 − 𝛾1 ℎ1 𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝𝐵 = 𝛾2 𝑙2 sin 𝜃 + 𝛾3 ℎ3 − 𝛾1 ℎ1

𝛾1 is the specific weight of the liquid in the container.

4
Pressure measurement
Pressure measurement:
𝒑 𝑨 + 𝜸 𝟏 𝒉𝟏 − 𝜸 𝟐 𝑯 − 𝜸 𝟑 𝒉 𝟑 − 𝒑 𝑩 = 𝟎
𝑯 = 𝒍𝟐 sin 𝜽
H
𝒑𝑨 − 𝒑𝑩 = 𝜸𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝜸𝟑 𝒉𝟑 − 𝜸𝟏 𝒉𝟏
Inclined-tube manometer

∆𝒑 = 𝜸𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝜸𝟏 𝒉𝟏
air
If the fluid in the pipe is gas, many times,
contribution from the gas is neglected;
∆𝒑 = 𝜸𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
5
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged surface

Resultant force at the


horizontal plane of
area A at a depth h is
𝑭 = 𝜸𝒉𝑨

Pressure distribution inside a liquid container

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