Hello!
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Cause and Effect
Can you match the cause to its
corresponding effect?
CAUSE EFFECT
decrease in the number of
continuous rainy season
grocery items you can buy
increased price of goods increase in umbrella sales
Variable
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Variable
is something you can measure,
control, or observe.
Types of variable
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
It is the variable that, when changed, will
have an effect on the other variable.
Which of the two is
continuous rainy season
an independent
variable?
Why?
increase in umbrella sales
Dependent Variable
It is the variable whose value depends on
the other variable.
Time (in hours) spent
studying:
Exam Score
Which of the two is
4 84
a dependent variable?
3 80 Why?
6 95
2 76
The Effect of Study Time on Academic Performance of
High School Students
1. The Effect of Study Time on Academic Performance of
High School Students
Independent Variable: Study time
Dependent Variable: Academic performance
1. The Effect of Study Time on Academic Performance of
High School Students
Independent Variable: Study time
Dependent Variable: Academic performance
2. The Impact of Social Media Usage on the Academic
Grades of High School Students
1. The Effect of Study Time on Academic Performance of
High School Students
Independent Variable: Study time
Dependent Variable: Academic performance
2. The Impact of Social Media Usage on the Academic
Grades of High School Students
Independent Variable: Social media usage
Dependent Variable: Academic Grades
3. The Relationship Between Sleep Duration and
Concentration Level of College Students
3. The Relationship Between Sleep Duration and
Concentration Level of College Students
Independent Variable: Sleep Duration
Dependent Variable: Concentration Level
3. The Relationship Between Sleep Duration and
Concentration Level of College Students
Independent Variable: Sleep Duration
Dependent Variable: Concentration Level
4. The Effect of Teaching Methods on Learning
Achievement of High School Students
3. The Relationship Between Sleep Duration and
Concentration Level of College Students
Independent Variable: Sleep Duration
Dependent Variable: Concentration Level
4. The Effect of Teaching Methods on Learning
Achievement of High School Students
Independent Variable: Teaching Method
Dependent Variable: Learning Achievement
Statement of
the Problem
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Statement of the Problem
A Statement of the Problem is a
clear and simple explanation
of the issue or question that the
research wants to study.
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How to write SOP?
Use 2-IDOP Method
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2 - IDOP
4 Questions for Specific
2 sentences for Problem
main problem
1. Independent Variable
2. Dependent Variable
3. Objective
1st sentence: variable + 4. Proposed Output
respondents + locale
2nd sentence: proposed
output
Screen Time and Reading Comprehension Skills in
English of Grade 10 students at becuran National
High School
variable +
respondents +
This study aims to investigate the relationship between screen time and locale
the reading comprehension skills in English among Grade 10 students at
Becuran National High School during the school year 2025-2026. The
findings of this study will serve as the basis for a proposed enhancement Proposed
program. output
Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the average screen time of the respondents?
IV
2 What is the level of reading comprehension among the respondents?
DV
3. Is there a significant relationship between screen time and the Objective
respondents level of reading comprehension?
4. What programs can be proposed to encourage regular reading among
the students? Proposed
output
Questionnaire
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Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a research
instrument consisting of a series of
questions designed to gather
information from respondents. It is
developed based on the study’s
Statement of the Problem and research
objectives, ensuring that the collected
data addresses the specific issues
under investigation.
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Researcher-Made Questionnaire
Developed by the researcher for a
specific study.
Tailored to address the unique
objectives of the research.
Standardized Questionnaire
Pre-existing questionnaires that have
been tested for reliability and
validity.
Used widely in research to ensure
consistency and comparability of
results. INSPIRED BY
1. What is the average screen time of the respondents? (SOP1)
On average, how many hours per day do you spend using
electronic screens (cellphone, tablet, computer, TV)?
☐ Less than 1 hour
☐ 1–2 hours
☐ 3–4 hours
☐ 5–6 hours
☐ More than 6 hours
Which device do you use most often?
☐ Cellphone
☐ Tablet
☐ Laptop/Computer
☐ Television
What do you mostly use your screen time for? (You may check
more than one)
☐ Social media
☐ Online games
☐ Watching videos/movies
☐ School-related tasks
☐ Reading (e-books, articles, stories)
Do you use electronic devices before sleeping?
☐ Always
☐ Often
☐ Sometimes
☐ Never
2 What is the level of reading comprehension among the respondents? (SOP2)
Scale:5 – Strongly Agree4 – Agree3 – Neutral2 –
Disagree1 – Strongly Disagree
Statement 5 4 3 2 1
1. I can easily understand English texts that I read. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
2. I can identify the main idea of a reading passage.
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
3. I can answer questions correctly after reading an
English text. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
4 I understand unfamiliar words using context clues. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
5. I can summarize what I have read in English.
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Is there a significant relationship between screen time and the respondents level
of reading comprehension? (SOP3)
Using electronic devices reduces my time for reading
printed materials.
☐ Strongly Agree ☐ Agree ☐ Disagree ☐ Strongly Disagree
I find it easier to read on screens than in books.
☐ Strongly Agree ☐ Agree ☐ Disagree ☐ Strongly Disagree
I feel distracted when reading because of notifications
from devices.
☐ Strongly Agree ☐ Agree ☐ Disagree ☐ Strongly Disagree
Is there a significant relationship between screen time and the respondents
level of reading comprehension? (SOP3)
Using electronic devices reduces my time for reading
printed materials.
☐ Strongly Agree ☐ Agree ☐ Disagree ☐ Strongly Disagree
I find it easier to read on screens than in books.
☐ Strongly Agree ☐ Agree ☐ Disagree ☐ Strongly Disagree
I feel distracted when reading because of notifications
from devices.
☐ Strongly Agree ☐ Agree ☐ Disagree ☐ Strongly Disagree
4. What programs can be proposed to encourage regular reading among
the students? (SOP4)
How often do you read English materials for pleasure?
☐ Daily
☐ Weekly
☐ Monthly
☐ Rarely
☐ Never
What reading activities would encourage you to read
more? (Check all that apply)
☐ Reading challenges
☐ Book clubs
☐ Library reading hour
☐ Digital reading apps
☐ Teacher-guided reading sessions
What programs do you suggest to encourage regular
reading among students?