SCIENCE - PHYSICS GRADE 8

THIRD QUARTER QUARTERLY EXAMINATION

Q.E. Day #1: January 26, 2026

This Reviewer Contains

- Force and Motion

● Contact and Noncontact Force

● Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration

- Newton’s Law of Motion

● Inertia

● Acceleration

● Interaction

- Distance

● Time

● Velocity

- Energy

● Potential Energy

● Kinetic Energy

- Work and Power

- Light

● Properties of Light

● Sources of Visible Light

● Light and Its Activities

Force and Motion

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FORCE

Force is characterized as any push or pull causing a change in the motion of an object.

Force has two types,

1. Contact Force
● Physical Contact
● It is present when two or more media or surfaces are touching and interacting.
2. Noncontact Force
● Non-physical Contact
● It is constantly present in nature. Noncontact force does not require human
interaction. (e.g., gravitational force)

MOTION

Motion is caused by unbalanced forces. (An unbalanced force is a force that is a net force
that is not zero, which occurs when the forces acting on an object are not equal in
magnitude.)

Motion is generally split into three,

1. Speed
● The distance travelled in a certain amount of time. (Speed is known for distance and
time.)
2. Velocity
● The rate of chance of displacement
● Vi or initial velocity is the start, meanwhile Vf or final velocity is the end.
3. Acceleration
● The rate of change of the velocity of an object
● Change in velocity. Uses the words “accelerates
Or “then”.

LAW OF INERTIA, ACCELERATION, AND INTERACTION

The Law of Inertia

● States that an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced
force.
● An object in motion continues to move with the same velocity unless acted on by an
unbalanced or frictional force.
● Inertia is an inherent property of an object to resist change. It is independent of
external force and is mass-dependent.
● Massive objects generate greater inertia, while smaller objects generate lesser
inertia.

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● Inertia uses the keyword “unless”.

Law of Acceleration
● States that: An object is directly proportional to the net force on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.
● Directly Proportional: If 2 things increase, then the rest will increase.
● Inversely Proportional: If 2 things increase, then the other things will decrease.

FORMULAS

Force: mass x acceleration

Acceleration: force divided by mass

Mass: Force divided by acceleration

UNITS

Force: Newton (N) or kg * m/s2

Acceleration: m/s2

Mass: kg

CONSTANTS:
Gravity: 9.8 m/s2

The Law of Interaction

- Interaction means to have an action that results in a reaction.

- The Law of Interaction states that “for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.”
1. Equal Reaction (Force = Action = Reaction)
2. Opposite Reaction (≠ Force ≠ Action ≠ Reaction)

Work

- Work is done:

1. By an object: Loses energy

2. On an object: Gains energy

- Work involves force in the sense that objects move in the direction of the force

applied.

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- The Two Types of Work are:

1. Work Done: Force is done in the direction of motion, and it moves

2. No Work Done: Force is done in the direction of motion,n but it does not

move

- Work (W) is done when the force (F) applied to the object causes the object to have

a displacement (d) in the same direction as the force applied.

- Formula: W = Fd

- Unit of Work = Nm - Newton * Meter, or J - Joule. (1 Nm - 1 J)

- James Prescott Joule formulated work and joule.

Energy

- Utilizes the ability to do work.

- Has the unit J Joule.

POTENTIAL ENERGY

- Has stored energy due to the position of an object. It has energy ready to be

released.

- Chemical Potential Energy: Energy stored in items. It is considered potential

because it is stored inside the item, still.

Examples of Chemical Potential Energy: Food (Fuels the body), Batteries (Fuels items

needing batteries), Gasoline (Fuels vehicles)

- Physical Potential Energy

- Also includes Gravitational Potential Energy, which is the stored energy an

object has due to its position.

- Formula for Potential Energy: PE = mgh or PE = mass * gravity * height

- - The constant for gravity is 9.8 m/s^2

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KINETIC ENERGY

- The energy of a moving object / an object in motion

- Kinetic comes from the word Kinetikos, meaning Motion.

- Energy Transformation: Processes that convert energy from one form to another.

- Law of Conservation of Energy - Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only

transformed from one form to another.

- Formula for Kinetic Energy:

- KE - ½ mv^2 or KE = ½ mass * velocity squared wherein ½ is the constant

- In finding the mass, the formula is 2KE / v^2 = M

Light

- A type of electromagnetic radiation that allows the human eye to see or make

objects visible.

- 2 Types Of Electromagnetic Waves

1. Transverse Wave - Perpendicular / Left-Right movement

2. Longitudinal - Parallel / Up-down movement

2 Theories of Light

- Particle Theory of Light: Proposed by Isaac Newton, also known as the Corpuscular

Theory.

- Wave Theory of Light - Proposes that light travels as waves, explaining phenomena

such as:

1. Refraction - The bending of light

2. Reflection - The bouncing back of light

- Speed of Light - 3 x 10^8 m/s or 299 792 458 m/s

- Apparent Depth - An illusion that happens in water that is caused by light that

allows the object to appear nearer to the surface than it actually is.

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POWER

- The rate at which work is done.

- Unit of Power: Watt or W (Not to be confused with W or Work)

- P - W/T or Power - Work/Time

- - One Watt = 1 Joule / 1 Second.

𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘬 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘺 𝘳𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘦𝘸𝘦𝘳!