BCA 1st Semester – Mathematics (Foundation of
Mathematics)
Chapter-wise Notes
Chapter 1: Logic
• Statements, Simple & Compound • Truth tables • Logical connectives: AND, OR, NOT,
IMPLICATION, BICONDITIONAL • Tautology, Contradiction, Contingency • Logical equivalence •
Predicates & Quantifiers
Chapter 2: Sets
• Definition of a Set • Types of sets: Finite, Infinite, Equal, Null, Subset • Set operations: Union,
Intersection, Complement, Difference • Venn diagrams • Cartesian product
Chapter 3: Relations & Functions
• Definition of Relation • Types: Reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive, Equivalence • Functions:
Definition, Domain, Codomain, Range • Types of functions: Injective, Surjective, Bijective
Chapter 4: Matrices
• Types of matrices • Matrix addition, subtraction, multiplication • Scalar multiplication • Transpose •
Inverse of matrices (2x2) • Rank of matrix (basic idea)
Chapter 5: Determinants
• Determinant of 2×2 and 3×3 matrices • Properties of determinants • Cofactor and adjoint • Area of
triangle using determinant
Chapter 6: Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
• Definition of eigenvalues & eigenvectors • Characteristic equation det(A – λI) = 0 • Steps to find
eigenvalues • Steps to find eigenvectors • Properties: – Sum of eigenvalues = trace(A) – Product of
eigenvalues = determinant(A)
Chapter 7: Basics of Calculus
• Limits (basic idea) • Continuity (intro) • Differentiation rules: – Power rule – Product rule – Quotient
rule – Chain rule • Maxima & minima (intro)