1.
What is the time, space complexity of the following code:
int a = 0, b = 0;
for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
a = a + rand();
for (j = 0; j < M; j++) {
b = b + rand();
Options:
1. O(N * M) time, O(1) space
2. O(N + M) time, O(N + M) space
3. O(N + M) time, O(1) space
4. O(N * M) time, O(N + M) space
Output:
3. O(N + M) time, O(1) space
Explanation: The first loop is O(N) and the second loop is O(M). Since we
don’t know which is bigger, we say this is O(N + M). This can also be written as
O(max(N, M)).
Since there is no additional space being utilized, the space complexity is
constant / O(1)
2. What is the time complexity of the following code:
int a = 0;
for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
for (j = N; j > i; j--) {
a = a + i + j;
Options:
1. O(N)
2. O(N*log(N))
3. O(N * Sqrt(N))
4. O(N*N)
Output:
4. O(N*N)
Explanation:
The above code runs total no of times
= N + (N – 1) + (N – 2) + … 1 + 0
= N * (N + 1) / 2
= 1/2 * N^2 + 1/2 * N
O(N^2) times.
3. What is the time complexity of the following code:
int i, j, k = 0;
for (i = n / 2; i <= n; i++) {
for (j = 2; j <= n; j = j * 2) {
k = k + n / 2;
Options:
1. O(n)
2. O(nLogn)
3. O(n^2)
4. O(n^2Logn)
Output:
2. O(nLogn)
Explanation: If you notice, j keeps doubling till it is less than or equal to n.
Several times, we can double a number till it is less than n would be log(n).
Let’s take the examples here.
for n = 16, j = 2, 4, 8, 16
for n = 32, j = 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
So, j would run for O(log n) steps.
i runs for n/2 steps.
So, total steps = O(n/ 2 * log (n)) = O(n*logn)
4. What does it mean when we say that an algorithm X is asymptotically
more efficient than Y?
Options:
1. X will always be a better choice for small inputs
2. X will always be a better choice for large inputs
3. Y will always be a better choice for small inputs
4. X will always be a better choice for all inputs
2. X will always be a better choice for large inputs
Explanation: In asymptotic analysis, we consider the growth of the algorithm in
terms of input size. An algorithm X is said to be asymptotically better than Y if X
takes smaller time than y for all input sizes n larger than a value n0 where n0 >
0.
5. What is the time complexity of the following code:
int a = 0, i = N;
while (i > 0) {
a += i;
i /= 2;
}
Options:
1. O(N)
2. O(Sqrt(N))
3. O(N / 2)
4. O(log N)
Output:
4. O(log N)
Explanation: We have to find the smallest x such that N / 2^x N
x = log(N)
6. Which of the following best describes the useful criterion for comparing
the efficiency of algorithms?
1. Time
2. Memory
3. Both of the above
4. None of the above
3. Both of the above
Explanation: Comparing the efficiency of an algorithm obviously depends on
time and memory taken by an algorithm,
7. How is time complexity measured?
1. By counting the number of algorithms in an algorithm.
2. By counting the number of primitive operations performed by the
algorithm on given input size.
3. By counting the size of data input to the algorithm.
4. None of the above
Option:
2. By counting the number of primitive operations
performed by the algorithm on given input size.
8. What will be the time complexity of the following code?
for(var i=0;i<n;i++)
i*=k
1. O(n)
2. O(k)
3. O(logkn)
4. O(lognk)
Output:
3. O(logkn)
Explanation: because loops for the k n-1 times, so after taking log it becomes
logkn.
9. What will be the time complexity of the following code?
var value = 0;
for(var i=0;i<n;i++)
for(var j=0;j<i;j++)
value += 1;
1. n
2. (n+1)
3. n(n-1)/2
4. n(n+1)/2
Output:
3. n(n-1)/2
Explanation: First for loop will run for (n) times and another for loop will be run
for (n-1) times so overall time will be n(n-1)/2.
10. Algorithm A and B have a worst-case running time of O(n) and
O(logn), respectively. Therefore, algorithm B always runs faster than
algorithm A.
1. True
2. False
False
Explanation: The Big-O notation provides an asymptotic comparison in the
running time of algorithms. For n < n 0, algorithm A might run faster than
algorithm B, for instance.
3) Consecutive statements: Add the time complexities of each statement