Moulding Manual TRP 30

Crastin PBT and Rynite

® ®

PET
Thermoplastic Polyester Resins

Moulding Manual

R
TE
ES
LY
PO

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with DuPont
Engineering Polymers ® DuPont registered trademark
Moulding manual for CRASTIN ®
PBT and RYNITE® PET

Table of contents
1 General information .................................................... 3 4 Mould........................................................................... 13
1.1 Foreword ....................................................... 3 4.1 Mould temperature control ............................ 13
1.2 Description .................................................... 3 4.2 Mechanical structure ..................................... 14
1.3 Safety precautions ......................................... 3 4.3 Runner system and gate layout ...................... 14
1.4 Handling and preparation of materials .......... 4 4.4 Hot runner...................................................... 15
1.4.1 Packaging ............................................ 4 4.5 Venting........................................................... 16
1.4.2 Storage................................................. 4 4.6 Draft angles ................................................... 16
1.5 Environment and disposal of waste ............... 4 4.7 Sharp corners ................................................. 16
2 Drying principles......................................................... 5 5 Material behaviour...................................................... 19
2.1 Effects of moisture ........................................ 5 5.1 Chemical structure......................................... 19
2.2 Moisture absorption....................................... 5 5.2 Flow length.................................................... 19
2.3 Drying conditions .......................................... 6 5.3 Shrinkage....................................................... 21
2.4 Drying equipment .......................................... 6 5.4 Post-shrinkage ............................................... 22
3 Moulding...................................................................... 7 6 Auxiliary operations.................................................... 23
3.1 Process........................................................... 7 6.1 Regrind .......................................................... 23
3.1.1 Injection unit ....................................... 7 6.2 Colouring....................................................... 23
[Link] Screw...................................... 7
[Link] Back flow valve...................... 7
[Link] Corrosion / abrasion ................ 7
[Link] Nozzles................................... 7
[Link] Accumulator for thin wall
applications ............................ 8
3.1.2 Start-up and shutdown procedures ...... 8
[Link] Purging ................................... 8
[Link] Start-up................................... 8
[Link] Shutdown................................ 9
[Link] Interruptions ........................... 9
3.2 Parameters .................................................... 9
3.2.1 Melt and cylinder temperature............. 9
3.2.2 Cavity temperature .............................. 10
3.2.3 Injection phase..................................... 10
3.2.4 Hold pressure phase............................. 11
3.2.5 Screw retraction phase......................... 11
3.2.6 Processing recommendation table ....... 11

We recommend that you refer to the injection moulding recommendations

for CRASTIN® and RYNITE® on pages 35 and 36.

1
1 General information
1.1 Foreword A. Since CRASTIN® and RYNITE® resins are moulded
at high temperatures, the molten resin can inflict
CRASTIN® and RYNITE® glass reinforced thermoplastic severe burns. Furthermore, above the melting point,
polyester resins are unique among polyester systems. moisture and other gases may generate pressure in
These products contain uniformly dispersed glass fibres the cylinder which, if suddenly released, can cause
and/or other fillers, specially formulated for rapid crys- the molten polymer to be violently ejected through
tallisation during the injection moulding process. This the nozzle.
makes possible the production of high performance
parts by conventional injection moulding techniques. To minimize the chance of an accident, the instruc-
tions given in this manual should be followed care-
In this brochure, general handling and processing tech- fully. Potential hazards must be anticipated and
niques are discussed. either eliminated or guarded against by following
established procedures including the use of proper
protective equipment and clothing.
1.2 Description Be particularly alert during purging and whenever
RYNITE® thermoplastic polyester resins contain uniformly the resin is held in the machine at higher than usual
dispersed glass fibres or mineral/glass combinations in temperatures or for longer than usual periods of time
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin which has been – as in a cycle interruption. Pay particular attention
specially formulated for rapid crystalllisation during to the section on moulding conditions.
the moulding process. RYNITE® thermoplastic polyester
In purging, be sure that the high volume (booster)
resins have an outstanding combination of properties –
pump is off and that a purge shield is in place.
high strength, stiffness, excellent dimensional stability,
Reduce the injection pressure and “jog” the injection
outstanding chemical and heat resistance and good
forward button a few times to minimize the possibil-
electrical properties.
ity that trapped gas in the cylinder will cause “splat-
tering” of the resin.
RYNITE® resins are noted for their excellent melt flow
characteristics, close moulding tolerances and high Put the purged resin immediately into a metal con-
productivity from multicavity moulding. The properties, tainer with cold water to limit the evolution of smell
processing characteristics and competitive price of and gasing.
RYNITE® resins lead to high value-in-use and lower part
If there is any suspicion that gases are being formed
costs. CRASTIN® PBT thermoplastic resins are based on
in the cylinder, move the purge shield in place, back
polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) resin, which have
the nozzle away from the mould, turn off all heat
been specially formulated for rapid crystallisation during
except to nozzle and the nozzle adapter, and leave
moulding process and may contain uniformly dispersed
the machine until it cools below the melting point of
glass fibres or glass beads.
the resin (225° C for CRASTIN®, 245° C for RYNITE®).
Then, with purge shield still in place reheat the
As with RYNITE®, the CRASTIN® resins have an outstand-
cylinder to the minimum or screw temperature. If
ing combination of properties, so that they can fulfil
jogging the injection or screw rotation buttons do not
the demands of various applications.
produce melt flow, a plug exists. In that case, shut
The melting points of PBT resins is about 30 K lower off cylinder heat as before and follow your estab-
than that of PET resins, resulting in lower melt temper- lished safety practices for removing the nozzle. A
atures during moulding as well as slightly lower allow- face shield and protective long sleeve gloves should
able design temperatures for moulded parts. be used.
In the event that molten polymer does contact the
Please refer to the RYNITE® and CRASTIN® Product and
skin, cool the affected area immediately with cold
properties guide for more destailed product descriptions
water or an ice pack and get medical attention for
and their properties.
thermal burn. Do not attempt to peel the polymer
from the skin.
1.3 Safety precautions B. Since CRASTIN® and RYNITE® resins are dried at high
While processing C RASTIN® and R YNITE® resins is ordi- temperature, contact with hot hoppers, ovens or air
narily a safe operation, consideration should be given hose lines could result in severe burns. Insulation
to the following: of these components will reduce this possibility.

3
C. Small amounts of gases and particulate matter (i.e. Broken bags should be well closed or best sealed in
low molecular weight modifiers) may be released order to prevent excessive moisture pick-up over time.
during the moulding, purging or drying of CRASTIN®
or RYNITE®. We recommend that adequate local Full details of packaging types are given in the brochures:
exhaust ventilation be provided during the process- “Introduction to Engineering Polymers Packaging
ing of CRASTIN® or RYNITE®. We have calculated Materials” (H-51358) and “Silo Shipment” (H-38473).
that a ventilation rate of 5 m3 of air per minute per
kg of resin processed per hour will keep the concen- 1.4.2 Storage
tration of dust particles below 10 mg/m3 while being
processed at the maximum recommended times and Both CRASTIN® and RYNITE® resins should be stored dry
temperatures (moulding, purging and drying). and storage should allow a “first in/first out” inventory
policy. Even though the bags are protected against
D. CRASTIN® and RYNITE®, like all thermoplastic poly- moisture by a special lamination, some pickup could
mers, can form gaseous decomposition products occur over time.
during long hold-up times at the maximum recom-
mended melt temperatures.

E. Adequate local exhaust ventilation should also be

1.5 Environment and disposal of waste
provided during the regrind operation.
RYNITE® PET is based on the same polymer which is
F. Prior to cleaning of any barrel that contains CRASTIN® largely used for soft drink bottles with respect to its
or RYNITE® resins, the machine should be thoroughly good environmental behaviour.
purged with polyethylene or polystyrene. The good melt stability of CRASTIN® and RYNITE® allows
in general the recycling of properly handled production
G. If CRASTIN® and RYNITE® resin is accidentally
waste. If recycling is not possible, DuPont recommends,
purged over the heater bands, it should be removed
as the preferred option, incineration with energy recov-
and not allow to degrade.
ery. The incinerator has to be equipped with a state of
H. Adequate local exhaust ventilation must be provided the art scrubber in order to clean the flue gases before
during the burnout of any equipment that contains release.
CRASTIN® or RYNITE® resin, e.g. nozzles, etc.
CRASTIN® and RYNITE® are not soluble in water and have
practically no additives which can be extracted by water.
I. Granules of CRASTIN® or RYNITE® present a slipping
Therefore CRASTIN® and RYNITE® represent no known
hazard if spilled on the floor. They are cube shaped
risk to human health or the environment when land
and have a low coefficient of friction. They should
filled.
be swept up immediately.
For any disposal, local regulations have to be observed
J. Avoid to mould/purge with polycarbonate (PC)
which can vary significantly from locality to locality.
before or after RYNITE®. Use some intermediate
purging steps as described in chapter 3.1.2. Polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthal-
ate are mentioned on the ‘green list’ of the European
K. For any further information please refer to the Regulation EEC 259/93, Annex II. Thus, CRASTIN® and
Safety Data Sheets. RYNITE® are not restricted for inter European transport
of waste destined for recovery.

1.4 Handling and preparation of materials

1.4.1 Packaging

The precautions for handling CRASTIN® and RYNITE®

resins are generally the same as those for similar glass-
reinforced hygroscopic materials, e.g. polyesters, poly-
carbonates. CRASTIN® and RYNITE® resins are packaged
in moisture-proofed bags, but the moisture content of
the resins in this special moisture-proof bag can be
higher than the maximum allowed moisture level for
moulding.

4
2 Drying principles 100

Tensile strength
2.1 Effects of moisture
90
Elongation

C RASTIN® and R are very critical where the mois-

YNITE®
ture is concerned and must always be dried to ensure 80
that optimum mechanical properties are obtained.

% of optimum
The symptoms of moulding resin with excessive mois- 70
ture are shown in Table 2.1 and Figures 2.1-2.2.
Unnotched impact

Table 2.1 How to recognize excess moisture content 60

Visible Maximum moisture limit

Influence symptoms Symptoms prior moulding
50
on mechanical on moulded when
Polymer properties parts moulding
CRASTIN® Reduction in impact 40
and tensile strength • No significant 0 0,02 0,05 0,10 0,15 0.20
Surface streaks Moisture, %
symptoms
(splaying) are
RYNITE® Drastic reduction visible • More flash Fig. 2.2 Effect of resin moisture level on properties of RYNITE® 530
in impact and tensile formation
strength
2.2 Moisture absorption

CRASTIN® and RYNITE® have different behaviours in

100
terms of moisture absorption.
Flexural Strength Well dried CRASTIN® PBT will reach the maximum
90 recommended moisture level for processing within
Unnotched Impact approximately 2 hours at ambient conditions of 23° C
and 50% RH, whereas RYNITE® PET will reach this
80
state already within 10 minutes at 23° C and 50% RH.
(See Figure 2.3 and Table 2.2).
% of optimum

70
0,18
CRASTIN® PBT
0,16
60 0,14
Maximum moisture limit
prior moulding 0,12
Moisture, %

0,10
50 0,08
0,06
0,04
40
0 0,05 0,10 0,15 0.20 0,02
Moisture, % 0
0 50 100 150
Time, h
Fig. 2.1 Effect of resin moisture level on properties
of CRASTIN® SK605 Fig. 2.3 Moisture pick up of CRASTIN® S600F10

Table 2.2 Time required for RYNITE® to reach 0,02% moisture

Exposure time in minutes at 23°C
Granules initial moisture 20% RH 50% RH 90% RH
0,005% 235 30 8
0,010% 110 13 4
0,015% 27 3 1

5
2.3 Drying conditions
18
Dew point: –20°C RYNITE® PET
Moisture in the granules results in an hydrolytic reduc- 16
tion of the molecular weight during processing which

Minimum required drying time, h

causes a reduction in strength and toughness of 14

moulded parts. 12

CRASTIN® and RYNITE® PET need always pre-drying 10

to obtain the best properties for moulded parts. 8

6
Table 2.3 summarizes the drying recommendations.
Wet resin
Further details are in the processing recommendations 4
table at pages 35-36.
2
Resin as received
Table 2.3 Recommended drying conditions 0
100 110 120 130 140
Drying
Drying temperature, °C
Maximum allowed moisture temper. Drying time
for processing (%) (°C) (h)
CRASTIN® 0,04 120 3-4 Fig. 2.5 Drying time vs. air temperature to obtain 0,02% moisture
for RYNITE®
RYNITE® 0,02 130 3-4

Too low drying temperatures, i.e. 80° C as used for determination of the dew point. The dew point indi-
polyamides, result in insufficient drying, which means cates directly the proportion of water in the air.
that the required moisture limit can not be reached. Values of –20° C and below for the dew point make
This fact is important when using central drying sys- for efficient drying. Drying with desiccant driers is
tems, that do not allow individual temperature setting independent of atmospheric influences.
of the drying containers.
b. Circulating air oven
The quality of the drying depends on the atmospheric
2.4 Drying equipment conditions. High humidity of the air reduces the
acceptable level of drying. Therefore we can not
a. Desiccant driers recommend the use of such dryers.
Pre-drying with desiccant driers is the most reli-
c. Vacuum driers
able and economical drying method. Monitoring
and controlling of desiccant driers takes place by Vacuum driers are for economical reasons normally
used only in laboratories. In vacuum, heat energy is
transferred almost exclusively by radiation. This
0,5
CRASTIN® PBT
results in a long heating time. The recommended
drying time is therefore 50% longer than the recom-
mended drying time in Table 2.3.
0,4

d. Degassing
0,3
The use of degassing units on injection moulding
Moisture, %

machines is, with the current state of the art, not a

fully equivalent alternative to pre-drying. The main
0,2 reason for this is the CRASTIN® and RYNITE® hydro-
litical degradations of the polymer melt until it
80°C reaches the vent port.
0,1
100°C
e. Conveying systems
120°C Taking into account the relative short moisture
0
0 2 4 6
absorption time of polyester (especially RYNITE® PET)
Drying time, h it is recommended to use dryed air in the conveying
system. The dryed resin should not stay longer than
Fig. 2.4 CRASTIN® PBT never reaches 0,04% moisture when dried 10 minutes in the hopper under normal atmospheric
at 80°C conditions.

6
3 Moulding
3.1 Process The seating of the fixed ring is cylindrical where it joins
both the end of the screw (F) and the screw tip (G) to
3.1.1 Injection unit permit accurate matching of these diameters and avoid
[Link] Screw holdup.

CRASTIN® and RYNITE® can be processed on all commer- The screw tip thread has a cylindrical section (H) ahead
cially available screw injection moulding machines. of the threads that fits closely in a matching counterbore
In order to obtain good homogenization and to ensure for support and alignment of the screw tip and seat ring.
careful processing, the L/D ratio of the screws used
should not be too small (min. 20D). Standard three-zone The screw tip and check ring seat should be harder
screws with shut-off rings, such as those commonly used (about Rc 52) than the floating ring (Rc 44), because
for polyamides, can be used for CRASTIN® and RYNITE®. it is less expensive to replace the floating ring when
wear occurs.
[Link] Back flow valve
Wear resistant steel is suggested for the tip. Good
matching of cylindrical diameters is essential to avoid
holdup spots.
Adaptor

A B

[Link] Corrosion/abrasion
E
D H

CRASTIN® and RYNITE® resins, like other glass-reinforced

resins, can cause wear in certain areas of the barrel,
G F
C screw and mould. When moulding large quantities
Nozzle of these resins, certain precautions should be taken to
minimize wear effects in the equipment and moulds.
To improve the injection unit when processing glass-
Fig. 3.1 Design of adaptor and back flow valve reinforced resins such as CRASTIN® and RYNITE®, hard
surfacing alloys and /or high loaded steels should be
The back flow valve or check ring shown in Fig. 3.1 used for barrels, screws and back flow valves. Tests on
prevents melt from flowing backward during injection. bi-metallic specially treated injection units (barrel, screw
It may happen that this unit is not properly designed and back flow valve) show a lifetime improvement of
to eliminate holdup of resin and flow restrictions. Mal- 5 to 10 times compared to standard equipment. In order
functioning that allows resin backflow is also a com- to minimize screw wear, special abrasion and corrosion
mon experience and is caused by poor design or main- resistant steels and treatments are available.
tenance. A leaking non-return valve will add to screw
retraction time, which can increase cycle, and it will Please contact your machine and screw manufacturer
also cause poor control of packing and dimensional for further details and recommendations. Specific cor-
tolerances. rosion resistance treatments of the injection unit is nor-
mally not required for moulding.
The non-return valve must meet the following require-
ments:
• No holdup spots. [Link] Nozzles
• No flow restrictions.
• Good seal. CRASTIN® and RYNITE® can be processed with open
• Control of wear. nozzles. However, decompression of the melt must
be carried out after the end of plasticising.
These requirements are provided for in the back flow
valve shown in Fig. 3.1. Long, unheated nozzles are unsuitable, as the melt can
freeze very rapidly if the tip of the nozzle touches the
The slots or flutes (D) in the screw tip are generously cold tool. If extended machine nozzles are used, good
proportioned, and the space (E) between the check ring temperature control must be maintained over the whole
and tip is sufficient for resin flow. nozzle length in order to prevent overheating.

7
 3.1.2 Start-up and shutdown procedures
Heater Band Thermocouple well
[Link] Purging

Purging is essential before and after moulding RYNITE®

resins because many other plastics degrade at the
RYNITE® melt processing temperature. Contamination
of RYNITE® with other resins such as nylon, poly-
carbonate, acetal, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT),
Heater Band or polyarylate may cause moulding difficulty and/or
resin decomposition.

The best purging materials are polystyrene, cast acrylic

(the nozzle must be removed during purging) and high
density polyethylene (or glass-reinforced polyethylene,
followed by high density polyethylene). The following
Thermocouple well purge procedure is recommended for standard injection
moulding equipment:
Fig. 3.2 Recommended open nozzles A. Retract screw injection unit from sprue bushing and
keep the screw in the forward position.
B. Run the screw at high RPM and pump out as much
Self-closing nozzles, particularly those with complic- of the material as possible. Add and extrude purge
ated flow channels, should not be used. With certain compound until it comes out clean. Cylinder tem-
needle-type self-closing nozzles, problems due to wear peratures may have to be adjusted, depending on
and blocking of the needle can occur when glass fibre purge material used.
reinforced materials are processed. C. It is good practice to “shoot” several air shots at a
fast injection rate to scrub walls of cylinder before
If self-closing nozzles are used for processing CRASTIN® switching to another resin. Care should be employed
containing glass fibres, the cylinder and nozzle should to avoid possible splatter of molten resin when this
be purged with an unreinforced material (e.g. PE) is done.
before shutting down the machine. This prevents glass
fibres from being deposited when the machine is The following purge procedure is recommended for hot
reheated. runner systems:
A. Shield personnel from mould.
Except in the case of hot runner tools, the nozzle should
be withdrawn from the tool after completion of the B. Raise manifold temperatures 30° C above first
metering operation. If the nozzle remains in contact resin’s melt temperature or 10° C above desired
with the tool it cools rapidly and consequently the tem- RYNITE® melt temperature (but less than 310° C
perature of the nozzle must be increased to prevent actual), whichever is lower.
freezing. This, in turn, leads to thermal degredation C. Extrude dried RYNITE® through open mould using
of the melt. Nozzle diameters should not be too small, machine back pressure, until purge is “clear”.
again in order to prevent premature freezing.
D. Drop manifold temperature to operating conditions.
Purge out “hot” RYNITE® (1 to 2 minutes maximum).
The nozzle should always be equipped with an inde-
pendent temperature controller. A simple power con- E. Drop pressures to usual lower RYNITE® levels.
trol is often too inaccurate to guarantee precise temper-
ature regulation. [Link] Start-up

A. Start with a clean machine and a closed feed hopper

[Link] Accumulater for thin wall applications slot.
B. Set the cylinder temperature to 30° C below the
CRASTIN® and RYNITE® glass-reinforced grades gener- minimum moulding temperature and the nozzle at
ally require fast injection speed. Machines equipped the operating temperature. Allow heat to “soak in”
with an accumulator may help to increase flow length for at least 20 minutes. Raise cylinder temperature
especially in applications with thin walls. to the operating levels.

8
C. Check to see if the nozzle is at the right temperature. These measures are also necessary when processing
D. Jog screw. If the screw will not rotate, allow a longer CRASTIN® and RYNITE® on hot runner moulds. Particu-
soak time for cylinder temperature. larly with small shot weights, the hot runner must also
be purged with fresh granulate after a cycle interruption.
E. When the screw begins to rotate, open feed slot brief- If the moulding interruption duration exceeds 15 min-
ly and then close it. Check the torque on the screw utes, it is recommended to empty the cylinder and to
drive. If it is excessive, increase rear zone tempera- lower the cylinder temperature to 215° C for CRASTIN®
ture. The nozzle must be open at this time. and 245° C for RYNITE® in order to avoid excessive
F. Open the feed slide and keep the screw in forward thermal degredation.
position. Start screw rotation and increase the front
zone temperature if unmelted particles are seen.
3.2 Parameters
G. Adjust the stroke to the approximate shot weight
and run a few minutes at the approximate overall 3.2.1 Melt and cylinder temperature
cycle. The melt temperature should now be checked
with a needle probe pyrometer. Make any adjust- The melt temperature is taken directly from the molten
ments in the cylinder temperatures necessary to polymer (using a needle pyrometer) and should be
obtain the recommended melt temperature. (This checked periodically during a moulding run to ensure
procedure should be repeated when a significant that it does not exceed the recommended limits.
cycle change occurs.)
H. Bring injection cylinder forward. Start at a low injec- Figure 3.3 shows the relationship between shot weight,
tion pressure (except where short shots will interfere cycle time and melt temperatures for CRASTIN®. In
with part ejection) and adjust the moulding variables order to take into account the sensitivity of the melt
for the best part appearance and maximum part to overheating, processing temperatures must be
weight. matched to hold up times. The longer the residence
time of the melt in the cylinder, because of low shot
weight or long cycle times (e.g. due to insert placing),
[Link] Shutdown the lower should be the cylinder temperatures. When
selecting the machine or the screw diameter, care
The machine should be purged thoroughly (see [Link] should be taken that the resulting shot weight is not
“Purging”) which cuts the time required for subsequent too low.
start-up and reduces problems of contamination. The
following shutdown procedure is suggested:
Melt temperature, °C
A. Shut hopper feed slide, while continuing to mould 270 260 250 240
100
on cycle.
B. Empty hopper, add a quantity of polystyrene or poly- 80
Machine capacity, %

ethylene, extrude until the screw pumps itself dry.

60
C. Leave screw in forward position.
D. Shut down power supply. 40

20

[Link] Interruptions CRASTIN® PBT

0
0 50 100 150 150
If short moulding interruptions occur which exceed Cycle time, s
2 minutes, it is essential that the cylinder be purged
with fresh granulate. Failure to purge after such inter- Fig. 3.3 Permissible cycle times for CRASTIN® as a function of shot
ruptions to the moulding cycle will lead to defective weights at various melt temperatures
parts being produced due to thermal degradation of the
material. The actual number of unacceptable parts will Figure 3.4 displays the maximum permissible residence
depend upon the shot weight. time of RYNITE® PET versus melt temperature.

9
 For CRASTIN® processing can be carried out with mould
310 temperatures in the range of 30-130° C. Mould tem-
perature should be increased as the wall thickness
300 of moulded parts is reduced.
Melt temperature, °C

Standard
resins Generally, a mould temperature of approximately 80° C
290
FR, is sufficient to obtain parts with low post-shrinkage.
toughened
resins
For precision parts which will be subject to high tem-
280 perature in service a mould temperature of over 100° C
may be necessary, particularly with unreinforced
270 CRASTIN®. High mould temperatures reduce the risk
of dimensional changes caused by post-crystallization
(post-shrinkage).
260
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Residence time, minutes For some CRASTIN® types, a minimum mould tempera-
ture of 80° C must be observed.
Fig. 3.4 Processing range:
PET melt temperature vs. residence time As for RYNITE® a mould surface temperature of 110° C
is suggested for optimum properties, dimensional sta-
Generally for moulding semi-crystalline polymers like bility and surface appearance of moulded parts. For
CRASTIN® PBT and RYNITE® PET, the cylinder tempera- thicker parts, due to insulating properties of plastics,
ture profile should be relatively flat. Figure 3.5 pro- a mould temperature of 90° C will still result in good
poses temperature profiles as function of residence time properties and dimensional stability. High mould tem-
and per cent of stroke. Il should be avoided to set any peratures yield a better surface with higher gloss. When
cylinder temperature zone below the melting point of mould temperatures between 60° C and 85° C are used,
polymer. the initial warpage and shrinkage will be lower, but the
surface appearance may be poorer and the dimensional
change of the part will be greater when the part is heated
Use of cylinder above 85° C. If a minimum as-moulded warpage is the
K
3 min HUT 80% stroke
only requirement, RYNITE® resins can be processed
20 (decreasing)
15
7 min HUT with mould surface temperatures of less than 60° C.
11 min HUT
10
Recommended 5
melt 0
50% stroke
(flat)
3.2.3 Injection phase
temperature –5
–10 Glass-reinforced CRASTIN® and RYNITE® grades gener-
–15 20% stroke
–20 (increasing) ally require medium to fast injection speeds.

The optimum filling time is dependant on part design,

FRONT ZONE CENTRE ZONE REAR ZONE
wall thickness, flow length, shot volume, gate and
Nozzle Hopper
runner design. Therefore, no more specific recommen-
dations can be given in this guide. It is important to
Fig. 3.5 Cylinder temperature profile for a constant melt provide adequate venting to avoid burn marks.
temperature
The injection pressure during the dynamic mould fill-
ing phase is a function of:
For more detailled information please refer to process- – the programmed injection speed;
ing recommendation table.
– material viscosity at its melt temperature;
– material crystallisation speed;
3.2.2 Cavity temperature – cavity flow resistance (geometry, wall thickness,
flow length).
In order to produce moulded CRASTIN® and RYNITE®
parts with optimum characteristics and low post- The resulting injection pressure may be much lower
shrinkage, a sufficient degree of crystallization of than hold pressure, i.e. for thick parts and short flow
the polymer must be achieved. This is influenced length, or even much higher than hold pressure, i.e.
to a great degree by the mould temperature. for thin parts and long flow length.

10
3.2.4 Hold pressure phase
350
The recommended specific hold pressure levels are: 0,3 m/s

Maximum rotational speed, RPM

– for CRASTIN® 60 MPa 300

– for RYNITE® 80 MPa 250

0,2 m/s
As for any other semi-crystaline polymer the hold pres- 200

sure level should be constant over the hold pressure 150

time. Limit for unreinforced
100
The correct hold pressure time is easy to determine on Limit for glass reinforced
50
the injection moulding machine. Several different hold
times are set, 0,5 to 1,0 s a part, depending on the 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
required resolution, and the resultant mouldings Screw diameter, mm
weighed on a laboratory balance after removing the
runner and sprue. The optimum hold pressure time
will be in the region where there is no longer any Fig. 3.6 Screw speed vs. screw diameter
change in the weight of moulded parts. This presup-
poses that the gate has been correctly positioned and back pressure increases the work done by the screw on
designed. the molten polymer. This could incrementally increase
melt temperature and uniformity. Where melt quality
Table 3.1 helps to roughly estimate the required hold is marginal, higher back pressure may reduce unmelted
pressure time for a given wall thickness. particles, but it will not substantially increase melt
quality.
Table 3.1 Crystallisation rate for a wall thickness of 3 mm
Crystallisation time Increasing back pressure also increases recovery time.
Material per mm wall thickness The lowest possible back pressure consistent with good
PET GF30 3,0-4,0 s/mm melt quality is recommended during the moulding of
DuPont polyester resins.
PBT 3,5-4,5 s/mm
PBT GF30 2,5-3,5 s/mm Normally only melt decompression, is required in order
to avoid leakage of material from the nozzle. The use
of decompression helps to prevent nozzle drool from
In order to optimize the cycle time, the cooling time is hot-runner tools and to stop vent discharge in vented
usually set just above the plasticising time. cylinders.

Use of excessive decompression can cause air to be

3.2.5 Screw retraction phase
sucked in through the nozzle. This can result in oxida-
tion of material which will be seen as areas of dis-
Even though CRASTIN® and RYNITE® grades are not spe-
colouration in the moulding. Another consequence
cifically sensitive to high shear, it is recommended to
could also be the injection of a cold slug in the next
respect the maximum rotational speed as in Figure 3.6.
shot leading to surface defect and to part weakness.
This will limit screw abrasion for glass reinforced grades
and will avoid excessive heat through shear. 3.2.6 Processing recommendation table

No or low back pressure should be used. The effect The injection moulding recommendations on pages
of back pressure is to produce additional screw work- 35-36 contain specific information about drying condi-
ing which can cause fibre breakage with reduction in tions, melt temperature, mould temperature and ISO
physical properties of the moulded part. Increasing shrinkage.

11
4 Mould
4.1 Mould temperature control

Mould temperature control must be a part of the overall

design concept for the mould. As already mentioned
mechanical properties, cycle time, dimensional accu-
racy and distorsion of the part are influenced by mould
temperature.

In order to achieve a consistent cavity surface tempera-

ture, it is essential to have a well designed regulation
Head conducting pin Divided tube
circuit in the mould beside the temperature controller
with suitable pressure, heating and cooling capacity.

Basic recommendations:
• When moulding CRASTIN® and RYNITE® mould sur-
face temperature is much higher than room tempera-
ture. In order to shorten the time needed to heat the
mould and to maintain constant temperature, insul-
ating plates should be provided between mould and
machine.
• For large moulds and temperatures above 100° C,
it is recommended to thermally insulate the mould
Fountain Internal core with spiral channel
on its outside walls.
• Flat mould areas should be adapted with spiral- or Fig. 4.2 Possible methods of cooling cores
drilled cooling channels. Recommended diameters
and their approx. distance from the surface of the • A separate or serial cooling circuit is recommended
mould are shown in the table of Fig. 4.1. Depending for multi-cavity tools, because the flow rate can
on the size of the part it may be necessary to pro- easily be controlled. A parallel configuration may
vide several separate cooling circuits. The tempera- lead to different surface temperature as chocking
ture difference between entering and exiting fluid over time causes different flow rates in the parallel
should be as small as possible (< 5° C). channels.

out

in

d b d
b

s s

Wall thickness of the moulding Channel diameter or width (d) Distance (s) Channel spacing (b)
up to 2 mm 8 mm 4 mm ~1d
up to 4 mm 10 mm 7 mm ~1d
up to 6 mm 12 mm 9 mm ~1d
Fig. 4.1 Mould temperature control for flat parts

13
• It is important to have an efficient core cooling 4.3 Runner system and gate layout
in order to obtain possible shortest cycle time.
Figure 4.1 shows some constructions of cooling In designing the feed system, the first point to be con-
cores. sidered is the wall thickness (t) of the moulded part (see
diagram). Nowhere should the diameter of the runner
• Temperature control should also be provided in slides be less than the wall thickness of the injection mould-
and pulling cores. ing. Starting out from the gate, the runner diameter at
each branch point can be widened so that an almost
4.2 Mechanical structure constant shear rate is maintained.
To prevent the inevitable cold slug reaching the mould-
CRASTIN® and RYNITE® require medium to fast injection ing from the injection nozzle, the gate should always
speeds. Especially in thin wall applications the specific be extended so that the cold slug can be intercepted.
injection pressure may exceed 100 MPa. Therefore a This extension should have roughly the same diameter
stiff mould construction will have an important contri- as the gate to ensure that the cold slug really is retained.
bution to:
When moulding partially crystalline, unreinforced poly-
• flash free moulding;
mers, the minimum gate thickness should be 50 per cent
• longer mould lifetime; of the wall thickness of the moulded part. This would
• larger processing window (i.e. faster injection speed). also be adequate for reinforced compounds. To mini-
mise the risk of damage to the fibres and also bearing
Recommendations for increasing mould stiffness:
in mind the higher viscosity of these compounds, the
• use thick platens; gate thickness should be up to 75 per cent of the wall
• use large spacer blocks; thickness of the moulded part.
• use very stable frame when using many inserts Gate length is especially crucial. This should be <1 mm
or large hot runner systems; to prevent premature solidification of the gate. The
• use support blocks between rear clamping plate mould will heat up near the gate, so that the holding
and support plate. pressure is at its most effective.

LOCATING RING

SPRUE BUSHING

FRONT CLAMPING PLATE

FRONT CAVITY PLATE

‘A’ PLATE

LEADER PINS

LEADER PIN BUSHINGS

REAR CAVITY PLATE
‘B’ PLATE

SUPPORT PLATE

CAVITY

SPACER BLOCK

EJECTOR RETAINER PLATE

RETURN PIN
EJECTOR PLATE
KNOCK OUT PINS
REAR CLAMPING PLATE
SPRUE PULLER
SUPPORTING PULLER
STOP PIN

Fig. 4.3 Exploded view of mould

14
All types of gates have been used successfully with
DuPont polyester resins. The location, size and number
of gates are important considerations. Diaphragm

Fan
Round gates are preferred for automatic three-plate
(pin gates) and tunnel-gated (submarine gates) moulds
because of ease of gate separation and part ejection.

In addition to round and rectangular gates, there are

many other types of gates such as film gate, fan gate,
rectangular gate illustrated on Figure 4.4. “Banana”
gates however are not recommended. Pin
Diaphragm

Generally, gate thickness should be 50% to 75% of the

part thickness. Figures 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 show design
recommendations for the most commonly used gate
designs.

To summarise the basic rules:

• always provide a means of intercepting the cold slug;
Sprue / Direct Ring
• make the runner diameter bigger than the moulded
part wall thickness;
• gate thickness should be at least 50% of the moulded
part wall thickness.

4.4 Hot runner

When injection moulding partially crystalline engineer-

ing thermoplastics like Rynite PET and Crastin PBT, the Rectangular edge

choice of the correct hot runner system and its installa-

tion determines the function of mould and moulded
part quality. Hot runner tools are thermally very com-
plex systems. Therefore it is important to consult the
hotrunner manufacturer in order to get advice on the
manifold and nozzle type selection, dependant on the
choosen polymer.

Some basic rules can be applied when planning a hot-

Film
runner mould with semi-crystalline PET and PBT: The
manifold must be naturally balanced. Rheological bal-
ancing (i.e. adapting nozzle or subrunner gate size) can
only optimize for either equal Filling Time (dynamic
balancing) or Hold Pressure Level (static balancing).
Both together are often contradictory.
Direct gating on the part should be avoided: Fig. 4.4 Different types of gate

• for small shot weights or long cycle times (total hold

up time above 10 minutes);
• for esthetical parts, as surface defects may occur in
gate area;
• for safety relevant parts, as there is always a cold or
inhomogeneous slug coming from the nozzle tip,
which might move to a mechanically critical area;

15
• when no hanging over residue or filaments from gate 4.5 Venting
breakage can be accepted.
Inadequate mould venting can cause the following
Manifold and nozzles must be perfectly streamlined, problems:
in order to avoid any hold-up spot.
• Poor weld line strength.
Externally heated manifolds are preferred versus inter- • Discolouration (burning).
nally heated ones, as they allow better streamlining at • Erosion or corrosion of the mould.
intersections and generate less shear for the polymer. • Dimensional variation on the moulded part.
• Short shots.
The thermal balance must be optimal. Temperature
differentials of more than 20 K can not be tolerated in
Both cavities and runners should be vented at the part-
a hotrunner system. Therefore it is essential to have
ing line or at the ejector as recommended on Fig. 4.11
the right combination of hardware (manifold, nozzles,
and 4.12.
heaters), software (heating control) and set-up (optimum
thermal insulation between hotrunner and mould).
The area of the vent must be large enough (W × d)
to prevent a rise of gas pressure in the mould cavity.
“Self-insulating” nozzles should be avoided. This kind
The vent length should not exceed 1 mm. The area
of nozzle requires the polymer to flow into a calotte
of the escape passage leading from the vent should
shaped gap between nozzle tip and mould surface, in
increase in proportion to its distance from the cavity
order to optimize the thermal insulation of the nozzle
edge. In the case of low viscosity grades and where
tip. However, with semi-crystalline polymers, like PBT
there must be a minimum of flash, vent slits should
and PET, the resin in this gap stays in most systems at
be shallower to start with.
a temperature above the freezing point and will there-
fore thermally degrade. This can create surface defects
in irregular intervals.
4.6 Draft angles
“Free Flow” nozzle types are preferred to those with
torpedos at the tip, unless there are specific require- Mould surfaces that are perpendicular to the parting
ments for the breaking at the gate area. line should be tapered to allow easy part ejection.
These include ribs, bosses and sides. A taper (draft
Specific abrasion resistant metals or treatments are pre- angle) of 0,5 to 1° is usually satisfactory with CRASTIN®
ferred for reinforced grades, specifically at the nozzle and RYNITE®.
tip, where shear is highest. Hard metal tips have led
to much longer life-times of the tip.
4.7 Sharp corners
Nozzle tips should be exchangeable. This allows an
easier control of abrasion, and reduces the cost in case Part design and mould finish should consider the basic
of necessary modifications. rule to rounden sharp corners. As shown in Fig. 4.9,
unreinforced resins are by far more sensitive to the
When heating up a hotrunner which contains CRASTIN® notch effect of sharp corners.
or RYNITE®, it is important first to heat up to approxi-
matively 20 K below the melting point, thus 210° C for
90
CRASTIN® and 230° C for RYNITE® and to wait at least
80
30 minutes at this temperature before heating up to CRASTIN® S600F10 NC010
operation temperature. This allows to soak in the heat 70
Impact strength, kJ/m2

and to get a convenient heat balance. Modern control- 60

lers allow such an automated stepwise start-up procedure. 50

40
When there is a doubt about a hold-up spots in the hot-
30
runner, it is adviseable to make a colour change on the CRASTIN® SK605 NC010
20
cylinder and then to mould during 10 minutes contin-
ously. Then the system can be shut down and the hot- 10
RYNITE® 530 NC010
runner/nozzle should be disassembled to identify the 0
0,1 0,5 1
spots, which still contain the first colour. With the help Notch radius, mm
of the hotrunner manufacturer it should be possible to
improve the streamlining of the hotrunner/nozzle. Fig. 4.9 Effect of notch radius on impact performance

16
 Recommended diameters
Thin-walled part, Thick-walled part,
large volume, small volume,
high viscosity low viscosity

A T+2 T+1 D 2
B T+3 T + 1,5
C T+4 T+2 D 1
D1 ≥C
D2 >A

C
B Recommended
cross-sections
10

A
T

Fig. 4.5 Design of a multiple runner

25° 5 5°
a ≈ 0.5 ... 0,7 • t ° a ≈ 0.5 ... 0,8 • t
10 ° 25
a min = 0,5 mm ° 10 ≈1 a min = 0,8 mm
a max = 2,5 mm a max = 2,5 mm

ø t + 0,5
t + 0,5
a

øa

t 4 t

unreinforced compound reinforced compound

Fig. 4.6 Tunnel gates

D=t+1
a ≥ 0,5 t

0,5 ... 1,0 • t t

D

2°

D
1

1
øa
t

Fig. 4.7 3-Plate gate Fig. 4.8 Direct gate

17
 t

Ejector Venting
Fig. 4.10 Ejector Venting

Vent channel
Vent land End of flow

Fig. 4.11 Vent geometries ejector

Cavity side
L ≤ 0,8 mm

W > 2 mm

0,012 mm < Depth < 0,02 mm

Mould edge

Fig. 4.12 Parting Line Venting

18
5 Material behaviour
5.1 Chemical structure
Melt temperature 300°C;
Mould temperature 93°C
The chemical composition of the R YNITE® PET is as 1200
follows: RYNITE® PET 530

1000 Thickness
2,5 mm

545

Flow length (mm)

800

600
O O
C C O ( CH2)2 O 400
530
n Thickness
545 1,00 mm
200

0 60 80 100 120 140

Whereas the chemical structure of CRASTIN® PBT is: Injection pressure (MPa)

Fig. 5.1 Flow length of RYNITE® resins

O O Figure 5.1 shows the flow length of RYNITE® resins

using various moulding conditions.
C C O ( CH2)4 O
n
Figure 5.2 shows the flow properties of standard
CRASTIN® types. The indicated flow lengths, at wall
thickness of 1, 2 and 3 mm, were determined with the
RYNITE® PET exhibits higher modulus, strength, melting aid of a test spiral.
point, glass transition temperature and lower mobility –
slower crystallisation compare to CRASTIN® PBT, since
RYNITE® PET units is shorter than CRASTIN® PBT. Injection pressure: 100 MPa
Melt temperature: 250°C
Mould temperature: 80°C

CRASTIN® PBT
5.2 Flow length
800
Flow length (mm)

CRASTIN® and RYNITE® polyester resins have very good 600

flow properties. Parts with long flow paths and narrow
wall thickness are easily moulded. The good flow pro- 400
perties also contribute to achieving high surface finish
quality, even with glass fibre reinforced products. Mould 200

details are precisely reproduced. 0

S600F10
S620F20
SK602
SK603
SK605
SK641FR
SK642FR
SK643FR
SK645FR
SO653
SO655

Flow length data are generated on moulds with a “spi-

ral” or “snake” flow pattern. Data from one study can 1 mm 2 mm 3 mm
vary a lot compared to some from other studies, as flow
length is highly dependent on: Fig. 5.2 Flow length with wall thickness of 1, 2 and 3 mm for
• moulding parameters (melt temperature, moisture, several grades of CRASTIN®
hold up time);
• mould layout (channel width, gate design); Figures from a.1 to a.66 show flow length in the sections
• type of moulding machine (valve response time, up to 1 mm. On page 20, the table 5.1 indicates the
ability to avoid hydraulic pressure peaks at v/p page where the flow length diagram of each polyester
switch point). grade may be found.

19
Table 5.1 Thin-flow data are available for these fine products
No. fig page No. fig. page No. fig page
CRASTIN® 6130 a.1 24 CRASTIN® T803 a.23 27 CRASTIN® LW9330FR a.45 31
CRASTIN® S600F20 a.2 24 CRASTIN® T805 a.24 27 CRASTIN® HTI668FR a.47 31
CRASTIN® S600F10 a.3 24 CRASTIN® SO653 a.25 28 CRASTIN® HTI619 a.46 31
CRASTIN® S620F20 a.4 24 CRASTIN® SO655 a.26 28 CRASTIN® HTI681FR a.48 31
CRASTIN® SK601 a.5 24 CRASTIN® CE1064 a.27 28 CRASTIN® HTI688FR a.49 32
CRASTIN® SK602 a.6 24 CRASTIN® S650FR a.28 28 CRASTIN® SK662FR a.50 32
CRASTIN® SK603 a.7 25 CRASTIN® S680FR a.29 28 CRASTIN® SK665FR a.51 32
CRASTIN® SK605 a.8 25 CRASTIN® T850FR a.30 28 CRASTIN® SK655FR1 a.52 32
CRASTIN® SK608 a.9 25 CRASTIN® SK641FR a.31 29 RYNITE® 415HP a.53 32
CRASTIN® SK609 a.10 25 CRASTIN® SK642FR a.32 29 RYNITE® 408 a.54 32
CRASTIN® HR5015F a.11 25 CRASTIN® SK643FR a.33 29 RYNITE® 520 a.55 33
CRASTIN® HR5030F a.12 25 CRASTIN® SK645FR a.34 29 RYNITE® 530 a.56 33
CRASTIN® LW9020 a.13 26 CRASTIN® CE7910 a.35 29 RYNITE® 545 a.57 33
CRASTIN® LW9030 a.14 26 CRASTIN® CE7931 a.36 29 RYNITE® 555 a.58 33
CRASTIN® LW9320 a.15 26 CRASTIN® SK645FRC a.37 30 RYNITE® 935 a.59 33
CRASTIN® LW9330 a.16 26 CRASTIN® SK673GW a.38 30 RYNITE® 940 a.60 33
CRASTIN® SK9215 a.17 26 CRASTIN® T841FR a.39 30 RYNITE® 530CS a.61 34
CRASTIN® SK9220 a.18 26 CRASTIN® T843FR a.40 30 RYNITE® 536CS a.62 34
CRASTIN® SK9230 a.19 27 CRASTIN® T845FR a.41 30 RYNITE® FR515 a.63 34
CRASTIN® LW9236 a.20 27 CRASTIN® LW9020FR a.42 30 RYNITE® FR530L a.64 34
CRASTIN® ST820 a.21 27 CRASTIN® LW9030FR a.43 31 RYNITE® FR543 a.65 34
CRASTIN® T801 a.22 27 CRASTIN® LW9320FR a.44 31 RYNITE® FR943 a.66 34

Table 5.2 Measured shrinkage values on plaques of RYNITE® moulded under standard conditions
End gated plate End gated plate
76,2 × 127 × 3,2 mm 76,2 × 127 × 1,6 mm
RYNITE® grades shrinkage in shrinkage in shrinkage in shrinkage in
flow direction transverse direction flow direction transverse direction
(%) (%) (%) (%)
520 0,35 0,90 0,23 0,82
530 0,25 0,80 0,18 0,78
545 0,20 0,75 0,15 0,67
555 0,20 0,70 0,13 0,66
FR515 0,50 0,95 0,34 0,69
FR530L 0,25 0,75 0,16 0,68
FR543 0,20 0,65 0,12 0,47
FR943 0,35 0,70 0,22 0,57
408 0,20 0,75 0,21 0,63
415HP 0,40 0,95 0,24 0,67

20
5.3 Shrinkage between the longitudinal and transverse shrinkage
shown in Figure 5.4. In extreme cases, the difference
For amorphous thermoplastics, shrinkage is caused in shrinkage may be greater than shown.
primarily by contraction of the moulded part as it cools This depends on the degree to which the glass-fibres
to room temperature. orient themselves as determined by the design of
the part and the position of the gate.
In semi-crystalline thermoplastics, which include
CRASTIN® and RYNITE® grades, shrinkage is also influ-
enced considerably by the crystallization of the polymer. 2,4
The degree of crystallization depends largely on the CRASTIN® PBT
2,2 plate 100 × 100 mm
transient and local temperature changes in the mould- fan gated
ing. High mould temperatures and heavy wall thick- 2,0

Shrinkage (%)
ness (high heat content of the melt) promote crystal- 1,8
lization and therefore increase shrinkage.
1,6

Optimum runner and gate design, as well as adequate 1,4

hold pressure time are necessary in order to achieve
1,2
minimum shrinkage with those semi-crystalline
polymers. 1,0
0 1 2 3 4
Wall thickness (mm)
a. Shrinkage of RYNITE®
The mould shrinkage of RYNITE® glass-reinforced Fig 5.3 Shrinkage of unreinforced (e.g. S600F10) and filled
resins depends on the orientation of the glass fibres, (e.g. SO655) CRASTIN® types as a function of wall
part thickness and processing conditions. RYNITE® thickness. Not valid for toughened grades
glass-reinforced resins shrink less in the flow direc-
tion than in the transverse direction. 1,4
CRASTIN®
Special grades of RYNITE® are available with a kage
1,2 Transverse shrin
smaller differential shrinkage than RYNITE® 530
1,0
and 545. These grades are intended for applications
Shrinkage (%)

where minimum warpage is needed. 0,8

For complex precision parts, prototype moulds 0,6

rinkage
(cavities) should be utilised to obtain more accurate dinal sh
Longitu
0,4
dimensional data.
0,2
Table pages 35-36 of recommended processing table con- Plate 100 × 100 mm fan gated
0
tain ISO shrinkage on 2 × 60 × 60 mm plate. Table 5.2 0 1 2 3 4
contains shrinkage data on a plate 76,2 × 127 mm. Wall thickness (mm)

Fig 5.4 Shrinkage of 30% glass-fibre reinforced CRASTIN® types

b. Shrinkage of CRASTIN®
(e.g. SK605, SK645FR) as a function of wall thickness
The influence of wall thickness on shrinkage of
unreinforced CRASTIN® is shown in Figure 5.3. This
shows the shrinkage of plates 100 × 100 mm, with 1,4
CRASTIN®
a wall thickness of 1-4 mm, using standard process- shrinkage
1,2 Transverse
ing conditions.
1,0
Shrinkage (%)

The shrinkage behaviour of filled CRASTIN® types

0,8
or of unreinforced, flame-retardant CRASTIN® types rinkage
dinal sh
is similar to that of CRASTIN® S600F10. 0,6 Longitu

For glass-fibre reinforced CRASTIN®, shrinkage is 0,4

considerably influenced by the direction in which
0,2
the glass-fibres are oriented. As a result, there is a Plate 100 × 100 mm fan gated
difference in shrinkage parallel to and at right angles 0
0 1 2 3 4
to the direction of flow and this makes accurate pre- Wall thickness (mm)
diction of the shrinkage difficult. Depending on the
fibre orientation, which is determined by the way Fig 5.5 Shrinkage of 15% glass-fibre reinforced CRASTIN® types
in which the mould fills, shrinkage can also occur (e.g. SK605, SK645 FR) as a function of wall thickness

21
5.4 Post-shrinkage

Post-shrinkage can be defined as the dimensional change

(in %) of a moulded part measured at 23 ± 2° C after 0,4
CCrastin®
RASTIN® PBT
PBT
annealing for a specific period at a specific temperature.

Post shrinkage, %
0,3
Table “pro list” contains shrinkage values after anneal-
ing (= moulding shrinkage + post-shrinkage). The
0,2
annealing conditions of those plates were 3 h/160° C
for CRASTIN® PBT and 3 h/180° C for RYNITE® PET.
0,1
Complex parts may require lower annealing tempera-
tures and time, in order to minimize deformation at 0
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
annealing temperatures. It is recommended to conduct Conditioning temperature, °C
some trials in order to find optimum annealing condi-
Wall thickness 2 mm Mould temperature 80°C
tions in case that annealing should be necessary. Wall thickness 4 mm Mould temperature 100°C

Within the group of semi-crystalline thermoplastics,

CRASTIN® types exhibit low post-shrinkage values. As Fig 5.6 Post-shrinkage of unreinforced (e.g. S600F10) and filled
can be seen in Figures 5.6 and 5.7, post-shrinkage is (e.g. SO655) CRASTIN® types, as a function of conditioning
an inverse function of processing or mould shrinkage. temperature, mould temperature and wall thickness
Increasing the mould temperature reduces post-shrink-
age for a given, constant conditioning temperature.
However, it increases as the wall thickness increases.
In the case of glass-fibre reinforced types, these effects
are minimal. 0,4
CRASTIN®
This means that precision parts with very narrow toler-
Post shrinkage, %

0,3
ances should be produced using higher mould tempera-
tures, particularly if the parts have thin walls. The
0,2
degree of crystallinity will then be sufficiently high Normal post shrinkage
so that little or no post-shrinkage occurs if the parts are
0,1
used at continuous high temperatures.
As well as processing shrinkage, glass-fibre reinforced 0
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
products also exhibit different degrees of post-shrink- Conditioning temperature, °C
age in parallel and normal orientations (Figure 5.7).
Wall thickness 2 mm, longitudinal fibre orientation
Comparison of Figures 5.6 and 5.7 shows that glass- Wall thickness 4 mm, longitudinal fibre orientation
Mould temperature 80°C
fibre reinforced CRASTIN® and RYNITE® types exhibit Mould temperature 100°C
even lower post-shrinkage than the unreinforced or
filled types.
Fig 5.7 Post-shrinkage of 30% glass-fibre reinforced CRASTIN®
At a given conditioning temperature, post-shrinkage types (e.g. SK605, SK645 FR) as a function of conditioning
is virtually complete after 24 hours. temperature, wall thickness and mould temperature

22
6 Auxiliary operations

Flexural strength as % of optimum

100
25% regrind
90
50% regrind
80
6.1 Regrind 70
100% regrind
60
Only regrind from optimally processed original mate-
50
rial should be used. 40
30
The actual amount of regrind which can be added 20
must be determined for each part by testing. Only 10
the operational and performance requirements of a 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
moulded part can determine the amount of regrind Number of passes
that can be acceptable.

Charpy impact strength as % of optimum

Because of the irreversible chemistry of polyester resins, 100
25% regrind
90
material that has been previously degraded because of 50% regrind
80
its high moisture content and/or too long Hold-Up Time 70
(HUT) in the barrel can not be re-used. Moulded part 60
100% regrind
that become brittle as a result of poor material handling 50
40
(too high moisture content in the granules) or material
30
left in the barrel (too long HUT) must be discarded an 20
not be re-used, thus avoiding any dramatic deterioration 10
in properties when mixed with good regrind and/or 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
virgin resin. Number of passes
In order to keep the loss of strength and toughness at
a low level, not more than 30% by weight of regrind Fig 6.1 Reduction of the flexural and impact strength
should be added to unreinforced products. In the case of CRASTIN® SK605 for various regrind percentages
of glass-fibre reinforced types, increased loss of strength and repeated use
must be expected due to the reduction of fibre length When using masterbatch or dry pigments, special
which occurs during regrinding. For this reason, not attention should be given to these aspects:
more than 25% by weight of regrind should be added
• The dry pigments or masterbatch used have to be
to reinforced materials. The reduction in the flexural
chemically compatible with polyester resins and
and impact strength of CRASTIN® SK605 with various
must have good thermal stability above the process-
regrind percentages and repeated use is shown in
ing temperature of the resin.
Figure 6.1.
• Pigments usually affect the crystallisation rate and
In the case of parts subjected to mechanical loads, regrind consequently the shrinkage. Additionally the carrier
should be used only rarely. A higher amount of regrind of liquid colours has an effect on moulding.
is feasible, for example, when in addition to electrical • The carrier can be considered as a surface lubricant,
insulating properties, the part needs only a high heat which may, theoretically, cause screw slippage lead-
deflection temperature. Recycled material should have ing to filling problems.
approximately the same granule size as fresh granulate.
• The key issue when moulding with colouring tech-
Grinder screens with a mesh size of about 5 mm yield
niques is to ensure a homogeneous dispersion and
a grain size of approximately 3 mm in diameter.
mixing of the pigment in the polymer matrix.
A screen with a mesh of approximately 2,5 mm can be
used for removing dust particles in the regrind. Before When using a colouring technique, the following
processing, the regrind should be dried to avoid the pos- points should be carefully observed:
sibility of degradation due to the presence of moisture • Use of reasonable ratio between polymer and master-
in the granulate. batch.
• Use of high-compression screws.
6.2 Colouring • Use of screw retraction stroke less than 30% of the
maximum screw retraction of the machine.
A range of cube-blended standard colours is available
for certain polyesters. The freedom of design is even Important note
greater in that almost any colouring system can be DuPont cannot give any guarantee for the performance
used: dry pigment, paste, liquid colour or dyes. But and properties of moulded parts when DuPont manu-
such systems can also lead to variations in properties factured polyester resins are mixed with other products
and/or performance. like masterbatches, liquid pigments or colourants.

23
 120 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa
Temperature = 250°C 90 MPa Temperature = 250°C
100 Moisture = 0,02 % 100 Moisture = 0,02 %
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm
80 80

60 MPa 60 MPa
60 60

30 MPa
40 40
30 MPa

20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.1 CRASTIN® 6130 NC010 Fig. a.2 CRASTIN® S600F20 NC010

100 140
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
Temperature = 250°C 90 MPa
120 Temperature = 250°C
80 Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 % 90 MPa
100
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

60 80
60 MPa
60 MPa
40 60
30 MPa 30 MPa
40
20
20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.3 CRASTIN® S600F10 NC010 Fig. a.4 CRASTIN® S620F20 NC010

140 140
Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa
120 Temperature = 250°C 120 Temperature = 250°C
Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 %
100 100
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

80 80
60 MPa 60 MPa
60 60
30 MPa 30 MPa
40 40

20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.5 CRASTIN® SK601 NC010 Fig. a.6 CRASTIN® SK602 NC010

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

24
 140 140
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
90 MPa
120 Temperature = 250°C 120 Temperature = 250°C
Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 %
90 MPa
100 100
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm
80 80
60 MPa
60 MPa
60 60
30 MPa 30 MPa
40 40

20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.7 CRASTIN® SK603 NC010 Fig. a.8 CRASTIN® SK605 NC010

100 80
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
90 MPa 90 MPa
Temperature = 260°C Temperature = 260°C
80 Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 %
60
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

60
60 MPa
60 MPa 40
40
30 MPa 30 MPa
20
20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.9 CRASTIN® SK608 BK Fig. a.10 CRASTIN® SK609 NC010

220 180
Flow channel width = 5 mm
200 Flow channel width = 5 mm 160 Temperature = 250°C
Temperature = 250°C 90 MPa 90 MPa
180 Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 %
140
160
Flow length, mm
Flow length, mm

120
140
120 100
60 MPa 60 MPa
100 80
80 30 MPa 60
30 MPa
60
40
40
20 20
0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.11 CRASTIN® HR5015F BK Fig. a.12 CRASTIN® HR5030F BK

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

25
 140 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
90 MPa
120 Temperature = 250°C Temperature = 250°C 90 MPa
Moisture = 0,02 % 100 Moisture = 0,02 %
100
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm
80
80
60 MPa
60
60 60 MPa

40
40
30 MPa 30 MPa
20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.13 CRASTIN® LW9020 NC010 Fig. a.14 CRASTIN® LW9030 NC010

160 160
Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa Flow channel width = 5 mm
140 Temperature = 260°C 140 Temperature = 260°C
Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 % 90 MPa
120 120
Flow length, mm
Flow length, mm

100 100
60 MPa
80 80
30 MPa 60 MPa
60 60
30 MPa
40 40

20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.15 CRASTIN® LW9320 NC010 Fig. a.16 CRASTIN® LW9330 NC010

200 200
90 MPa 90 MPa
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
180 Temperature = 260°C 180 Temperature = 260°C
160 Moisture = 0,02 % 160 Moisture = 0,02 %
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

140 140
60 MPa
120 120
60 MPa
100 100
80 80
30 MPa 30 MPa
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.17 CRASTIN® SK9215 NC010 Fig. a.18 CRASTIN® SK9220 NC010

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

26
 200 140
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
180 Temperature = 260°C
90 MPa 120 Temperature = 260°C
160 Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 % 90 MPa
100
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm
140
60 MPa
120 80
100 60 MPa
60
80
30 MPa 30 MPa
60 40
40
20
20
0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.19 CRASTIN® SK9230 NC010 Fig. a.20 CRASTIN® LW9236 NC010

100 180
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
Temperature = 250°C 160 Temperature = 250°C
90 MPa
80 Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 %
90 MPa 140
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

120
60
60 MPa 100
60 MPa
80
40
60 30 MPa
30 MPa
20 40
20
0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.21 CRASTIN® ST820 NC010 Fig. a.22 CRASTIN® T801 NC010

160 140
Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa Flow channel width = 5 mm
140 90 MPa
Temperature = 250°C 120 Temperature = 250°C
Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 %
120
100
Flow length, mm
Flow length, mm

100
60 MPa 80
80 60 MPa
30 MPa 60
60
30 MPa
40
40

20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.23 CRASTIN® T803 NC010 Fig. a.24 CRASTIN® T805 NC010

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

27
 100 60
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
Temperature = 250°C Temperature = 250°C
80 Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 % 90 MPa
90 MPa
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm
40
60 60 MPa

60 MPa
40
20
30 MPa
20 30 MPa

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.25 CRASTIN® SO653 NC010 Fig. a.26 CRASTIN® SO655 NC010

160 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa Flow channel width = 5 mm
140 Temperature = 250°C Temperature = 250°C
Moisture = 0,02 % 100 Moisture = 0,02 %
90 MPa
120
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

80
100
60 MPa
80 60
60 MPa
30 MPa
60
40
30 MPa
40
20
20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.27 CRASTIN® CE1064 NC010 Fig. a.28 CRASTIN® S650FR NC010

200 140
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
180 Temperature = 250°C
90 MPa 120 Temperature = 250°C
160 Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 % 90 MPa

100
Flow length, mm

140
Flow length, mm

120
60 MPa 80
100
60 MPa
80 60
30 MPa 30 MPa
60 40
40
20
20
0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.29 CRASTIN® S680FR YL Fig. a.30 CRASTIN® T850FR NC010

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

28
 120 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
Temperature = 250°C 90 MPa Temperature = 250°C
100 Moisture = 0,02 % 100 Moisture = 0,02 %
90 MPa
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm
80 80

60 60
60 MPa 60 MPa
40 40
30 MPa
30 MPa
20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.31 CRASTIN® SK641FR NC010 Fig. a.32 CRASTIN® SK642FR NC010

100 100
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
Temperature = 250°C 90 MPa Temperature = 250°C 90 MPa
80 Moisture = 0,02 % 80 Moisture = 0,02 %
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

60 60
60 MPa
60 MPa
40 40

30 MPa 30 MPa
20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.33 CRASTIN® SK643FR NC010 Fig. a.34 CRASTIN® SK645FR NC010

140 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa
120 Temperature = 250°C Temperature = 250°C
Moisture = 0,02 % 90 MPa 100 Moisture = 0,02 %
100
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

80
80
60 MPa
60
60 MPa
60
30 MPa
40
40
30 MPa
20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.35 CRASTIN® CE7910 NC010 Fig. a.36 CRASTIN® CE7931 NC010

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

29
 120 140
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
Temperature = 250°C 90 MPa
100 120 Temperature = 250°C
Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 %
90 MPa
100
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm
80
80
60 60 MPa
60 MPa 60
40 30 MPa
40
30 MPa
20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.37 CRASTIN® SK645FRC NC010 Fig. a.38 CRASTIN® SK673GW NC010

140 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
90 MPa
120 Temperature = 240°C Temperature = 240°C
Moisture = 0,02 % 100 Moisture = 0,02 %
90 MPa
100
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

80
60 MPa
80
60
60 60 MPa
30 MPa
40
40 30 MPa

20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.39 CRASTIN® T841FR NC010 Fig. a.40 CRASTIN® T843FR NC010

120 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa
Temperature = 240°C Temperature = 250°C
100 Moisture = 0,02 % 100 Moisture = 0,02 %
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

80 80
60 MPa 60 MPa
60 60

30 MPa
40 40
30 MPa
20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.41 CRASTIN® T845FR NC010 Fig. a.42 CRASTIN® LW9020FR NC010

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

30
 120 180
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
Temperature = 250°C 90 MPa 160 Temperature = 250°C
100 Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 % 90 MPa
140
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm
80 120
100
60
60 MPa 60 MPa
80
40 60
30 MPa
30 MPa 40
20
20
0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.43 CRASTIN® LW9030FR NC010 Fig. a.44 CRASTIN® LW9320FR NC010

160 80
Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa Flow channel width = 5 mm
140 Temperature = 260°C Temperature = 250°C
Moisture = 0,02 % Moisture = 0,02 % 90 MPa
120 60
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

100
60 MPa
80 40
60 MPa
60
30 MPa
40 20
30 MPa
20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.45 CRASTIN® LW9330FR NC010 Fig. a.46 CRASTIN® HTI619 NC010

140 80
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa
120 Temperature = 250°C Temperature = 250°C
Moisture = 0,02 % 90 MPa Moisture = 0,02 %
60
100
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

80 60 MPa
40
60 MPa
60

40 30 MPa
30 MPa 20
20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.47 CRASTIN® HTI668FR NC010 Fig. a.48 CRASTIN® HTI681FR YL

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

31
 100 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa Flow channel width = 5 mm
Temperature = 250°C Temperature = 250°C
Moisture = 0,02 % 100 Moisture = 0,02 %
80
90 MPa

Flow length, mm
Flow length, mm

80
60
60 MPa
60
60 MPa
40
30 MPa 40
30 MPa
20
20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.49 CRASTIN® HTI688FR BK851 Fig. a.50 CRASTIN® SK662FR NC010

100 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
90 MPa Temperature = 250°C 90 MPa
Temperature = 250°C 100 Moisture = 0,02 %
80 Moisture = 0,02 %
Flow length, mm
Flow length, mm

80
60
60 MPa
60 MPa 60

40
40
30 MPa
30 MPa
20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.51 CRASTIN® SK665FR NC010 Fig. a.52 CRASTIN® SK655FR1 NC010

180 100
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
160 Temperature = 280°C Temperature = 280°C 90 MPa
Moisture = 0,01 % 90 MPa 80 Moisture = 0,01 %
140
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

120
60
100
60 MPa 60 MPa
80
30 MPa 40
60
30 MPa
40 20
20
0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.53 RYNITE® 415HP NC010 Fig. a.54 RYNITE® 408 NC010

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

32
 200 160
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa
180 Temperature = 285°C 140 Temperature = 285°C
90 MPa
160 Moisture = 0,01 % Moisture = 0,01 %
120

Flow length, mm
Flow length, mm

140
120 100
60 MPa 60 MPa
100 80
80 60
30 MPa 30 MPa
60
40
40
20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.55 RYNITE® 520 NC010 Fig. a.56 RYNITE® 530 NC010

120 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa Flow channel width = 5 mm
Temperature = 285°C Temperature = 285°C 90 MPa
100 Moisture = 0,01 % 100 Moisture = 0,01 %
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm

80 80
60 MPa 60 MPa
60 60

30 MPa 30 MPa
40 40

20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.57 RYNITE® 545 NC010 Fig. a.58 RYNITE® 555 NC010

140 140
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa
90 MPa
120 Temperature = 285°C 120 Temperature = 280°C
Moisture = 0,01 % Moisture = 0,01 %

100 100
Flow length, mm
Flow length, mm

60 MPa
80 80
60 MPa
60 60
30 MPa
30 MPa
40 40

20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.59 RYNITE® 935 NC010 Fig. a.60 RYNITE® 940 BK505

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

33
 120 120
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm
Temperature = 280°C Temperature = 280°C
100 Moisture = 0,01 % 100 Moisture = 0,01 %
90 MPa
90 MPa
Flow length, mm

Flow length, mm
80 80

60 60
60 MPa 60 MPa
40 40
30 MPa 30 MPa
20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.61 RYNITE® 530CS NC010 Fig. a.62 RYNITE® 936CS NC010

200 180
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa
180 Temperature = 280°C 160 Temperature = 280°C
90 MPa Moisture = 0,01 %
160 Moisture = 0,01 % 140
Flow length, mm
Flow length, mm

140 120
120 60 MPa
100
60 MPa
100
80
80 30 MPa
30 MPa 60
60
40
40
20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.63 RYNITE® FR515 NC010 Fig. a.64 RYNITE® FR530L NC010

140 140
Flow channel width = 5 mm Flow channel width = 5 mm 90 MPa
120 Temperature = 280°C 120 Temperature = 280°C
Moisture = 0,01 % Moisture = 0,01 %
90 MPa
100 100
Flow length, mm
Flow length, mm

80 80
60 MPa 60 MPa
60 60
30 MPa
30 MPa
40 40

20 20

0 0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Thickness, mm Thickness, mm

Fig. a.65 RYNITE® FR543 NC010 Fig. a.66 RYNITE® FR943 NC010

The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes
available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated; these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other
materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended
to substitute for any testing you may need to conduct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use
conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate under or a recommendation
to infringe any patent rights.

34
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 Injection moulding recommendations for CRASTIN® and RYNITE® (table continues on page 36)
Moulding shrinkage
Melt Melt Mould Mould ISO 294-4 (2 × 60 × 60 mm)
Drying Drying temperature temperature temperature temperature Annealed
Description Denomination temperature time optimum range optimum range ⊥ || ⊥ ||
°C h °C °C °C °C % % % %
CRASTIN 6129 extrusion grade PBT 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,5 1,7 2,1 2
CRASTIN 6130 extrusion grade PBT 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,45 1,6 2,05 1,95
CRASTIN CE1064 flame retarded, easy flow PBT 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,85 2 2,25 2,45
CRASTIN CE7030 PBT GF30 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,2 0,35 1,45 0,4
CRASTIN CE7910 flame retarded PBT GF10 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,45 0,85 1,70 1
CRASTIN CE7931 flame retarded PBT GF30 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,3 0,35 1,55 0,4
CRASTIN HR5015F hydrolysis stabilized PBT GF15 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 0,95 0,35 1,2 0,5
CRASTIN HR5030F hydrolysis stabilized PBT GF30 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1 0,25 1,25 0,3
CRASTIN HTI619 high tracking PBT (M + GF) 50 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,1 0,4 1,25 0,5
CRASTIN HTI668FR high tracking PBT (GF + M) 45 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 0,85 0,45 1,1 0,6
CRASTIN HTI681FR high tracking, low warpage PBT M10 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,65 2 2 2,4
CRASTIN HTI688FR high tracking PBT (M + GF) 45 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,00 0,30 1,2 0,35
CRASTIN LW9020 low warpage PBT blend GF20 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 0,65 0,35 0,9 0,55
CRASTIN LW9020FR flame retarded, low warpage PBT blend GF20 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 0,75 0,4 1 0,55
CRASTIN LW9030 low warpage PBT blend GF30 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 0,65 0,25 0,95 0,4
CRASTIN LW9030FR flame retarded, low warpage PBT blend GF30 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 0,75 0,3 1 0,4
CRASTIN LW9130 low warpage PBT GF30 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 0,65 0,25 1 0,4
CRASTIN LW9236 high gloss, low warpage PBT blend (G-flake + GF) 36 110-130 2-4 260 260-270 90 80-100 0,55 0,35 0,75 0,5
CRASTIN LW9320 low warpage PBT blend GF20 110-130 2-4 260 240-260 100 30-130 0,65 0,4 0,85 0,5
CRASTIN LW9320FR flame retarded, low warpage PBT blend GF20 110-130 2-4 260 240-260 100 65-130 0,75 0,45 0,95 0,5
CRASTIN LW9330 low warpage PBT blend GF30 110-130 2-4 260 240-260 100 30-130 0,6 0,25 0,85 0,4
CRASTIN LW9330FR flame retarded, low warpage PBT blend GF30 110-130 2-4 260 240-260 100 65-130 0,6 0,2 0,9 0,3
CRASTIN S600F10 high viscous PBT 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,6 1,7 2,1 2
CRASTIN S600F20 easy flow PBT 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,55 1,7 2,1 2
CRASTIN S620F20 fast cycling PBT 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,8 1,9 2,3 2,4
CRASTIN S650FR flame retarded PBT 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,6 1,8 2,15 2,25
CRASTIN S680FR flame retarded, very easy flow PBT 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,8 2,3 2,25 2,8
CRASTIN SK601 PBT GF10 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,15 0,65 1,45 0,8
CRASTIN SK602 PBT GF15 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,1 0,4 1,4 0,55
CRASTIN SK603 PBT GF20 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,05 0,35 1,35 0,5
CRASTIN SK605 PBT GF30 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,1 0,3 1,35 0,4
CRASTIN SK608 PBT GF45 110-130 2-4 260 250-270 80 30-130 1,25 0,3 1,45 0,4
CRASTIN SK609 PBT GF50 110-130 2-4 260 250-270 80 30-130 1,1 0,25 1,25 0,35
CRASTIN SK641FR flame retarded PBT GF10 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,3 0,8 1,6 0,95
CRASTIN SK642FR flame retarded PBT GF15 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,25 0,65 1,5 0,75
CRASTIN SK643FR flame retarded PBT GF20 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,25 0,5 1,45 0,6
The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated;
these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended to substitute for any testing you may need to con-
duct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate
35

under or a recommendation to infringe any patent rights.

36
Injection moulding recommendations for CRASTIN® and RYNITE® (continued)
Moulding shrinkage
Melt Melt Mould Mould ISO 294-4 (2 × 60 × 60 mm)
Drying Drying temperature temperature temperature temperature Annealed
Description Denomination temperature time optimum range optimum range ⊥ || ⊥ ||
°C h °C °C °C °C % % % %
CRASTIN SK645FR flame retarded PBT GF30 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,25 0,35 1,5 0,45
CRASTIN SK645FRC flame retarded, easy flow PBT GF30 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,2 0,4 1,4 0,45
CRASTIN SK673GW Glow wire resistant type PBT GF20 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,25 0,45 1,55 0,55
CRASTIN SK9215 high gloss PBT blend GF15 110-130 2-4 260 260-270 90 80-100 0,85 0,35 1,25 0,55
CRASTIN SK9220 high gloss PBT blend GF20 110-130 2-4 260 260-270 90 80-100 0,75 0,3 1,15 0,45
CRASTIN SK9230 high gloss PBT blend GF30 110-130 2-4 260 260-270 90 80-100 0,7 0,25 1,1 0,35
CRASTIN SO653 low warpage PBT GB20 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,55 1,8 2 2,25
CRASTIN SO655 low warpage PBT GB20 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,55 1,85 1,9 2,3
CRASTIN ST820 impact modified PBT 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,55 1,7 2,25 2,5
CRASTIN T801 toughened PBT GF10 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 0,9 0,55 1,3 0,8
CRASTIN T803 toughened PBT GF20 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 0,85 0,35 1,15 0,45
CRASTIN T805 toughened PBT GF30 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 0,85 0,25 1,15 0,35
CRASTIN T841FR flame retarded, toughened PBT GF10 110-130 2-4 240 240-260 80 30-130 1,15 0,7 1,5 0,9
CRASTIN T843FR flame retarded, toughened PBT GF20 110-130 2-4 240 240-260 80 30-130 1 0,4 1,25 0,5
CRASTIN T845FR flame retarded, toughened PBT GF30 110-130 2-4 240 240-260 80 30-130 1 0,3 1,3 0,35
CRASTIN T850FR flame retarded, toughened PBT 110-130 2-4 250 240-260 80 30-130 1,8 2 2,25 2,5
RYNITE 408 toughened PET GF30 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95 0,85 0,25 1,05 0,35
RYNITE 415HP toughened PET GF15 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95 0,85 0,35 1,2 0,45
RYNITE 520 PET GF20 120 4 285 280-300 110 >95 0,85 0,25 1,3 0,3
RYNITE 530CS colour stable PET GF30 120 4 280 270-300 140 >130 0,6 0,15 1,15 0,25
RYNITE 936CS colour stable PET (Glassflake + GF) 36 120 4 280 270-300 140 >130 0,4 0,2 0,7 0,3
RYNITE 530 PET GF30 120 4 285 280-300 110 >95 0,8 0,2 1,25 0,3
RYNITE 545 PET GF45 120 4 285 280-300 110 >95 0,85 0,25 1,15 0,3
RYNITE 555 PET GF55 120 4 285 280-300 110 >95 0,8 0,25 1,1 0,3
RYNITE GW525CS flame retarded, colour stable PET GF25 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95 0,9 0,35
RYNITE GW515CS flame retarded, colour stable PET GF15 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95 0,45 0,9
RYNITE GW520CS flame retarded, colour stable PET GF20 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95 0,9 0,4
RYNITE 935 low warpage PET (mica + GF) 35 120 4 285 280-300 110 >95 0,7 0,3 0,9 0,35
RYNITE 940 low warpage PET (GF + mica) 40 120 4 285 280-300 110 >95 0,7 0,2 0,9 0,25
RYNITE FR515 flame retarded PET GF15 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95 0,85 0,35 1,15 0,45
RYNITE FR530L flame retarded PET GF30 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95 0,9 0,25 1,1 0,25
RYNITE FR543 flame retarded PET GF43 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95 0,75 0,2 1,05 0,25
RYNITE FR943 flame retarded, low warpage PET (GF + Glassflake) 43 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95 0,65 0,25 0,9 0,3
RYNITE RE4047 toughened, post consumer recycled PET GF30 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95
RYNITE 925ST toughened, low warp,
post consumer recycled PET (mica + GF) 25 120 4 280 270-290 110 >95 0,8 0,45
RYNITE 536 PET GF36 120 4 290 270-300 110 >95 0,8 0,3
The information provided in this documentation corresponds to our knowledge on the subject at the date of its publication. This information may be subject to revision as new knowledge and experience becomes available. The data provided fall within the normal range of product properties and relate only to the specific material designated;
these data may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other materials or additives or in any process, unless expressly indicated otherwise. The data provided should not be used to establish specification limits nor used alone as the basis of design; they are not intended to substitute for any testing you may need to con-
duct to determine for yourself the suitability of a specific material for your particular purposes. Since DuPont cannot anticipate all variations in actual end-use conditions DuPont makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing in this publication is to be considered as a license to operate
under or a recommendation to infringe any patent rights.