Topography Examples
➔ Karakoram highway average height 6000m
➔ K2 height 8611m
➔ Himalayas average height 4000m
➔ Nanga Parbat 8126m
➔ Hindukush average height 5000m
➔ Tirich Mir 7690m
➔ Bridges have been constructed in Balakot, hunza
➔ Satpara lake near Skardu and Saif ul Muluk lake in the northern end
of Kaghan Valley are great examples of cirque/corrie
➔ Siachen, Batura and Baltoro are examples of Glaciers
➔ Bolan pass connects Quetta to Karachi Sibbi plain
➔ Sibi plain is a part of the indus plain located in balochistan.
➔ Takht i Salman 3383 km
➔ In western mountains the population density is lower than 100
persons per sq km
➔ Balochistan plateau is 600 - 3010m
➔ River Hingol which flows in the Arabian sea is the biggest river on
the Makran coast but is seasonal
➔ Lyari river is polluted and has turned into a sewage
➔ Southwestern Balochistan the population density is less than 10
persons per sq km
➔ The barren lands of Balochistan can be used to grow date palm
plantations they have deep roots that can absorb ground water and
grow on sandy soil
➔ The Makran Coastal Highway links Karachi to Gwadar
➔ Around 67% of the population is involved in Agriculture
➔ The annual per capita income of Balochistan in 2018 was US$4628
➔ About 46%of the gas supply in the country comes from Sui
➔ Karachi is the largest market for Balochistan's fruits.
➔ The three main fishing ports are Pasni, Ormara, and Gwadar, much
of the fishing catch is consumed locally; around
➔ 30% is exported to the European Union. Other export countries
include Japan, China, Malaysia, Sri lanka, South Korea, USA
➔ Saindak copper-Gold project is a mining project in Balochistan
➔ The deep sea port at Gwadar is being developed as a part of new
Belt and Road initiative. Plans include 100 berths for container ships,
with the capacity to handle 400 million tonnes of cargo per year.
➔ Transport plans include a new international airport, and a six lane
expressway between the port and Makran Coastal Highway
➔ POtwar Plateau is 300-600m
➔ Kala Chitta and Khairi Murat rise to just over 1000m
➔ Sakesar peak 1527m
➔ Kallar Kahar ( a salt lake 135 km from Rawalpindi) and Khabeki
➔ The motorway between Lahore to Islamabad passes from Salt
range
➔ The volume of Indus has decreased from 250 million km^3 to 100
million km^3
➔ Rohri Cuesta and Ganjo Takkar Cuesta
Water Resources
➔ The Indus Basin covers an area of about one million square km and
more than one hundred and fifty million people live in the basin
defined by 3180 km long Indus and its tributaries. The system
irrigates about 60% of Pakistan's 20 millions hectares if cultivable
land.
➔ River Panjand flows for another 72km before joining Indus at
mithankot
➔ 69% of water is being used for irrigation in Pakistan
➔ In Pakistan around 75% of the cultivable land is under irrigation
➔ The Tarbela dam is 143m high with a reservoir area of 243 square
kilometers and a storage capacity of 119 billion cubic meter of
water. It has nine big gates to control the outflow of water and two
big spillways
➔ The Diamer Bhasha Dam will be 272m high with a reservoir area of
100 sq km. it would generate 4500 mw of electricity
➔ At the Tarbela dam the inflow of silt is 0.5 million tons.
➔ The storage reservoir of chashma barrage has reduced to 42%
➔ Waterlogging and salinity has seriously affected 3.5 million hectares
of agricultural land.
➔ The eucalyptus and poplar seedling nursery in the Fatehjang sub
district area. They act as windbreaks which control soil erosion.
They are also used for reforestation, for fuel wood, to improve soil
fertility and to lower the water table to improve waterlogging and
salinity.
➔ A water Accord was signed in 1991 which was to be carried by IRSA
however it couldnt be completed due to constant drought and
institutional management.
➔ Between 70% to 80% of Indus water comes from glacier, and around
30% of the electricity generated is from HEP
➔ The worst discharge was of 2000 cusecs of untreated waste from
river ravi which has flow of 400 cusecs making it a complete sewer
in 2018
➔ Agriculture contributes 20% to GDP and around 40% of labour force
is employed in this sector
Population
● 240.45 million is population of pakistan
● 287 per km2
● 35.1% population is urban
● 22.8 is median age
● Crude birth rate of 30 per 1000 is high and 18 per 1000 is low.
● Crude death rate of 20 per 1000 is high and 10 per 1000 is low
● Growth rate is 2.55%
● Birth rate is 29/1000
● Death rate is 7.5/1000
● Fertility is 3.56 children/per women
● Life expectancy is 67.7 years
● Infant mortality rate is 53.86/1000 live births
● NGOs that work for family planning programs are sabz sitara, chabi
ka nishan, khair khwa
● Total employed population is 67.25 million
● 35.89% in primary, 25.79% in secondary and 38.32% in tertiary
● Literacy rate is 68%
● Unemployment is 4.4% in 2020
● Agriculture employs 40% of the total population
● Tertiary sector employs 41% of the population
● 52…02% of sindh is the most urbanised province
● The population will reach 300 million by 2040 which is very alarming
● China adopted an ante natal population policy and later
experienced an ageing population with too few economically active
people.
Power Resources
● Pakistan has 175 billion tonnes of reserves in thar, and about 331
years of coal left
● Pakistan imports about 70% of its coal consumption from countries
like australia, brazil and India
● Instead of burning imported coal, if pakistan uses local reserves of
lignite it would save up to 800 million dollars annually.
● Salt range and Gullekal Makerwal (dandhot pit)
● Quetta cola fields ( khost , sharing, harni, soar degari, pir ismail,
mach, chamalang)
● Lower sindh (thar, thatta, sonda, jhimpir, lakhra)
● Brick kilns uses 81% of pakistan's coal production
● Cynergico Pk Limited Pakistan's largest oil refiner with installed
processing capacity of 156,000 barrels per day, accounting for
around 37% of Pakistan's total oil refining capacity.
● Pak-Arab Refinery Company Limited (PARCO)
● Pakistan Refinery Limited
● Attock Refinery Limited
● National Refinery Limited
● The oil marketing companies
○ State Oil Company Limited (PSOCL),
○ Shell Pakistan Limited (SPL)
○ Total Parco Pakistan Limited (TPPL),
○ Attock Petroleum Limited (APL),
○ Gas & Oil Pakistan Private Limited (GOPPL) and
○ Hascol Storage Limited (HPL) are operating in the country.
● Pakistan spends 16 billion dollars on the import of oil annually as it
imports 80% of the consumption
● 0.54 billion reserves of oil in pakistan as of 2010
● Pakistan has reserves 1.7 times its consumption
● Oil rigs can range from 20 million to 1 billion dollars
● White Oil Pipeline Project by PARCO will carry refined oil from
karachi to the north , and after conversion of the PARCO’s existing
pipeline it will carry refined petroleum products to the north and
central region of pakistan that account for 60% of Pakistan oil
consumption
● The pipeline is of 480 million dollars and will carry refined oil from
Pakistan oil refinery in karachi to Mehmood Kot near muzaffargarh
district covering a distance of 817 km.
● The oil and gas Development corporation established in 1961
involved several exploration and extraction projects.
● Natural gas was discovered at sui Balochistan by Pakistan
Petroleum limited (PPL) and is one of the largest gas fields in the
world.
● Pakistan holds 19 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven gas reserves as of
2017, ranking 29th in the world.
● Pakistan has proven reserves equivalent to 12.0 times its annual
consumption. This means it has about 12 years of gas left (at current
consumption levels and excluding unproven reserves).
● Sui Pirkoh,uch,,khandkot,nawabshah,khairpur
● Iran Pakistan pipeline
● Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline(TAPI)
● Diamer Bhasha and Dasu is an under construction multi purpose
dam on River Indus
● Tarbela, Mangla, Warsak
● The HEP accounts for 30 % of the electricity generate
● KANUPPⅠ(decommissioned in 1991) KANUPP Ⅱ,Ⅲ,
● CHANUPPⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ, CHANUPPⅤ(under construction)
● 1 pallet of uranium can generate electricity up to 7500 wind turbines
● 500 grams of uranium has million times more energy than the same
weight of coal.
● Pakistan has 200-300 sunny days per year
● Quaid e Azam solar park project in cholistan desert
● Sindh Solar energy project funded by world bank for 100 million
dollars
● Indus earth trust is to provide electricity to rural areas through solar
power plants
● In Pakistan about 70% of the population lives in some 500000
villages that face the energy crises. They are very thinly populated
that is why extending transmission lines is not economically viable.
There is a good potential of solar power as the country receives 19
MJ per square meter of sunlight
● Gharo Keti Bandar corridor has the potential of generating 40000
mw of electricity plus there is demand since its located near karachi.
The transmission line also doesn't need to be extended.
● The coast of Pakistan is about 1000 km with a population of 10
million and there is wide potential of developing wind power in
jiwani ,pasni and ormara,Sindh the and Balochistan has sufficient
wind to power all the villages in the coastal area
● Pakistan a country of 200 million people and a large agriculture and
a livestock sector (being the fourth largest milk producer in the
world) produces a lot of Biomass and the associated waste. Animal
dung, agri-waste, food and other Bio industry waste, Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW) and sewerage could all generate valuable
Biogas in addition to solving the perennial waste disposal
problems. My estimates indicate that Pakistan has a potential of
producing as much Biogas as it currently produces from its Gas in
Balochistan and Sindh.
● According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2021–22, the installed
electricity generation capacity reached 41,557 MW in 2022.
The maximum total demand coming from residential and industrial
estates stands at nearly 31,000 MW, whereas the transmission and
distribution capacity is stalled at approximately 22,000 MW.
● Thermal power stations account for 64% of electricity
● 41% of energy was lost by KESC and 21% by WAPDA
● 67.5 % of Pakistans population lives rural areas
● Village Aid Basic Democracy and Rural works programme are
working to provide electricity to rural areas.
Wherein the symbol helped in getting the message across to million of
voters that were in the prosecution.