Solution
The solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
pure substances. A true solution consists of a solvent and
one or more solutes.
Types of solutions:
Sr. Solven
Solute L- liquid
no. t
1 solid Liquid S-solid
2 solid Solid g-gas
3 solid Gas
4 liquid Liquid
5 liquid Solid
6 liquid Gas
7 Gas Liquid
8 Gas Solid
9 gas Gas
Types of
solutions:
Saturated solution:
Suppose that a solute is added to a solvent. It dissolves
readily at first. The dissolution then slows down as more
solute is added. If we continue the addition of solute, the
dissolution stops. The solution at this point is said to be
saturated.
Dynamic equilibrium in solution:
A dynamic equilibrium can be reached where the number
of solute molecules leaving the crystal to pass into
solution is equal to the number returning from the
solution to the crystal. Thus,
Supersaturated solution:
A solution containing greater than the equilibrium
amount of solute is said to be supersaturated solution.
Such solutions are unstable.
Solubility:
The solubility of a solute is its amount per unit volume of
saturated solution at a specific temperature.
Unit:- mol L-1 = (mol dm-3)
1L=1dm3
Factors of solubility:
Nature of solute and solvent:
i. Salt & water
Polar polar
ii. Petrol & kerosene
Covalent Covalent
Temperature:
i. Temp ↑ solubility↑
ii. Na2So4 -> solubility ↓ temp ↑
Pressure:
Not effect on solid & liquid
iii. Solubility of gas ↑
pressure↑
Factors affecting solubility
1. Nature of solute and solvent:
Generally the compounds with similar
chemical character are more readily soluble in
each other than those with entirely different
chemical characters. The saying that 'like
dissolves like' guides to predict the solubility
of a solute in a given solvent.
Nonpolar organic compounds like cholesterol
dissolves in nonpolar solvent such as benzene.
Naphthalene dissolves in benzene but not in
water.
Sugar dissolves in water. The dissolution of
sugar in water is due to intermolecular
hydrogen bonding between sugar and water.
C12H22O11 + H+-OH- = intermolecular H-bonding
between sugar and water.
2. Effect of temperature on solubility:
Many solids, for example KCl, dissolve in water by
endothermic process, that is, with the absorption of
heat.
When temperature is increased by adding heat to
the system, the solubility of substance increases
according to the Le - Chatelier principle. Addition of
heat causes a stress on the saturated solution. This
stress favours endothermic process.
On the other hand, when the substance dissolves in
water by an exothermic process its solubility
decreases with an increase of temperature. The
substances such as CaCl, and Li2SO4.H2O dissolve
in water releasing heat.
Anhydrous sodium sulphate dissolves in water
with the evolution of heat.
Na2So4, CaCl2, li2So4 h2o – solubility high, temp
low.
3. effect of pressure on solubility:
Pressure has no effect on the solubilities of solids
and liquids as they are incompressible. However
pressure greatly affects solubility of gases in
liquids.
The solubility of gases increases with increasing
pressure.
Variation of solubilities of some ionic solids with
temperature
i. Solubilities of NaBr, NaCI and KCI change slightly
with temperature.
ii. Solubilities of KNO3 NaNO3 and KBr increase
appreciably with increasing temperature.
iii. Solubility of Na2SO4 decreases with increase of
temperature.
In united states about
1000000 billion galons
of water from rivers
and lakes are used
for industrial
cooling. The cooling
process heats water.
The hot water then returns to rivers and lakes. The
solubility of oxygen decreases in hot water thereby
affecting the life of cold blooded animals like fish.
Before sealing the bottle of soft drink, it is pressurized
with a mixture of air, CO2 saturated with water vapor.
Because of high partial pressure of CO2, its amount
dissolved in soft drink is higher than the solubility of
CO2 under normal conditions. When the bottle of soft
drink is opened, excess dissolved CO2 comes out with
effervescence.
Exceptions to Henry's law:
Gases like NH3 and CO2 do not obey Henry's law. The
reason is that these gases react with water.
Because of these reactions, NH3 and CO2 gases have
higher solubilities than expected by Henry’s law.