DATE of ISSUE
VFR PILOT TRAINING
2019-12-18
EDITION 1
REVISION 1 BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
PAGES 31
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
REVISION RECORD
Rev. No. Date By Changes
00 2019-05-20 Solanská, Pružina New EDITION
01 2019-12-18 Žižka Added P92JS and P2008JC
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
FLIGHT RULES
FLIGHT RULES
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES
VFR IFR
VISUAL METEO CONDITIONS SOURCES INSTRUMENT METEO CONDITIONS
VMC IMC
VISUAL REFERENCES INSTRUMENT REFERENCES
OUTSIDE THE COCKPIT „T“ SCANNING
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
HANDLING OF THE AIRCRAFT IN IMC
FLYING ON INSTRUMENTS IN VMC IS
DIFFERENT THAN IN IMC
HANDLING OF THE AIRCRAFT
TRUST THE
INSTRUMENTS
!!! GOLDEN RULES !!!
FLY – NAVIGATE – COMMUNICATE
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
TRAINING GLASSES
INSTRUMENT view limiting device that simulate the true realism of IMC
The student will see only instruments.
Pilot will not have view outside the aircraft cockpit.
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
FLIGHT LESSON SYLLABUS
Student needs to have instrument training glasses on after take-off, during whole flight until final
approach when traffic and circumstances permit (except for emergency and abnormal situations).
The time allocation of this task counts to Student's instrument time (see condition section of the task).
CONTENT
INSTRUMENT TIME = TIME IN SERVICE
Flight preparation and briefing
Level flight
Transfer to climbing and to descending
Stabilized climbing and descending
Ø Use training areas published Turns with bank 15° and 30°
Stop turning into intended heading
around the airport (airspace Class E) Climbing and descending turns
Completion of 180° turn
Aeroplane recovery from unusual attitudes
PROCEDURES
Procedures according to QRH + using check-lists
R/T communication
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
AIRCRAFT
Cessna C152 equipped with:
Ø Two GARMIN G5
Ø GARMIN GTN650
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
AIRCRAFT
Tecnam P92JS equipped with:
Ø AI, ALT, ASI, HI (analog)
Ø GARMIN GNS430
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
AIRCRAFT
Tecnam P2008JC equipped with:
Ø GARMIN G3X
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
HANDLING OF THE AIRCRAFT
TO HANDLE the ACFT about its 3 axis and to perform basic flight manoeuvres solely by
reference of instruments.
Keep in mind aerodynamic factors:
• Hight Relative Humidity
• Reduced Performance
• Lift
• Engine (output)
• Thrust
• Reduced Rate of climb (RoC)
• Etc.
FORMULA FOR FLIGHT
PITCH – POWER – TRIM
PILOT HAS LIMITED REFERENCES
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
PITCH – POWER – TRIM
FORMULA FOR FLIGHT
PITCH – POWER – TRIM
POWER + ATTITUDE = PERFORMANCE
DON‘T forget aerodynamics factors !!!!!!
PITCH PERFORMANCE
To maintain ALT … PITCH !! CLIMB … PITCH !! DESCENT ….PITCH !!
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
AFTER TAKE-OFF
Put the training glasses on
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
INSTRUMENTS SCANNING
GARMIN G5 – MAIN FLIGHT INSTRUMENT – T SHAPE
Ø Airspeed indicator
Ø Attitude indicator (MAIN CONCENTRATION)
Ø Altimeter
Ø Gyro
BASIC T SCANNING
WITH REGULAR INTERVAL 1-2 SECONDS
Ø Using of ALT BUG and HDG BUG
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
INSTRUMENTS SCANNING
Analog instruments (P92JS)
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
INSTRUMENTS SCANNING
G3X (P2008JC)
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
INSTRUMENTS SCANNING
BASIC T SCANNING SHALL BE
EXTENDED TO CHECK OTHER
INSTRUMENTS ACCORDING TO
PHASE OF FLIGHT:
Ø Variometer
Ø Slip indicator
Ø Turn and bank indicator
Ø Chronometer
Ø Engine instruments
Ø Course Deviation indicator
Ø Radio
Ø Transponder
In case of primary instruments failure
check standby instruments.
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
CROSS CHECKING
Do CROSS CHECK Procedures !!
(between all Instruments + STBY Instruments)
Do CROSS CHECK Procedures !!
(between all Instruments + STBY Instruments + Engine Instruments)
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
BASIC HANDLING
BASIC HANDLING BY INSTRUMENT REFERENCE:
PITCH – POWER – TRIM
STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT
To mantain Straight and Level flight on Instruments, you:
• Set and maintain the Normal Pitch Attitude, as well as Wings Level
• Set and maintain RPM
• TRIM
• HEADING, ALTITUDE, IAS … are constant … ACFT is stabilized …
• NO Rate of turn (RoT)
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
BASIC HANDLING
TO RECOVER FROM A LEVEL TURN TO STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT
• Turn with ailerons and keep balance with rudder
• Set and maintain the Normal pitch
INSTRUMENT TURN (3° per second)
1) The Angle of bank (AoB) reguired for the INSTRUMENT TURN will vary with the
speed!!!
Ø Bank angle = (TAS/10) + 7,5
Ø Example: (90/10) + 7,5 = 16,5° BANK ON ATTITUDE INDICATOR
2) Use Turn and bank indicator
Ø Use indication left (L) or right (R)
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
TURNS TO INTENDED HEADING
Ø According the Gyro
BANK 15° … STOP TURNING 5-10° BEFORE INTENDED HEADING
BANK 30° … STOP TURNING 10°-15° BEFORE INTENDED HEADING
BANK 45° … STOP TURNING 20°-25° BEFORE INTENDED HEADING
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL ATTITUDES
The First Action towards recovery is Assess the Situation
Check the Pitch and Roll
ATTITUDE INDICATOR
Check Air Speed
AIRSPEED INDICATOR
Then need to Recover to Level Flight as soon as possible!!!
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL ATTITUDES
NOSE HIGH AND BANKED:
1) Rudder and ailerons to neutral position, push elevator control below horizon, set full power
2) Monitor acceleration, after reaching safe speed, get aircraft to horizontal flight and roll wings level
FLY SAFE
FORMULA FOR FLIGHT
NOSE LOW AND BANKED:
1) Set power to idle
2) Level wings, elevator pull continuously to recover from dive
3) Monitor speed, increase power settings
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
STALL PRECAUTION
STALL PRECAUTION PROCEDURE in straight flight:
1) After stall warning, controls neutral position, adequately push elevator, when passing horizon
set full power
2) Monitor acceleration, after reaching safe speed, get aircraft to horizontal flight
STALL PRECAUTION PROCEDURE in turning:
1) After stall warning, controls neutral position, adequately push elevator, when passing horizon
set full power
2) Wings level, monitor acceleration, after reaching safe speed, get aircraft to horizontal flight
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
FULL STALL RECOVERY
FULL STALL PROCEDURE in straight flight:
1) Controls neutral position, push elevator, when passing horizon set full power
2) Wings level, monitor acceleration, after reaching safe speed, get aircraft to horizontal flight
FULL STALL PROCEDURE in straight flight with flaps:
1) Controls neutral position, push elevator to horizontal flight, set full power
2) Wings level, monitor acceleration
3) Reduce flaps to T/O position
4) Reach safe speed for flaps position, set power
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
AIRMANSHIP
AIRMANSHIP DEFINITION:
The KNOWLEDGE and ABILITY needed to CONTROL and NAVIGATE the aircraft
4x „S“
SAFETY
SKILL AND KNOWLEDGE
SOUND JUDGEMENT
STRATEGY
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Human Ability to maintain Equilibrium and Orientation depends on:
THE SENSE OF SIGHT
THE MUSCLES OF POSTURAL SENSE
(Touch, Pressure and Tension)
VESTIBULAR SENSE OF SENSATION from the moting sensing organs of the Inner Ear
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
VESTIBULAR ILLUSIONS
CORIOLIS ILLUSION
The coriolis illusion occur when a pilot has been in the turn too long enough
… the Fluid is moving and create the Illusion of Turning
The Disoriented Pilot may manoeuvre the ACFT into a Dangerous Attitude in an attempt to
correct the ACFT‘s perceived attitude
FOR THIS REASON:
It‘s important to develop an instrument cross-check or scan (involves min. head movement)
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
GRAVEYARD SPIRAL
As in other Illusions a Pilot in a prolonged coordinated constant – Rate turn, will have the illusion of
not Turning.
The Disoriented Pilot may return the ACFT to its original turn.
The Absence of any Sensation of Turning creates the Illusion of being in a Level Descent.
The Pilot may pull back on the controls in an attempt to climb or stop the descent.
This Action tightens the Spiral and increase the Loss of Altitude.
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION
A Rapid Decelaration by quick reduction of the throttle(s):
This Action Creates the Illusion of being in Nose-low or Dive Attitude
… if pilot doesn‘t recognize this illusion
it leads to Nose-up reaction and Stall
(in situations without visual references)
A Rapid Acceleration such as experienced during T/O
This Action Creates the Illusion of being in Nose-Up or Climb Attitude
… if pilot doesn‘t recognize this illusion
it leads to Nose-down reaction and exceeding of VNE
FALSE HORIZON, AUTOKINESIS
INVERSION ILLUSION
ELEVATOR ILLUSION
BASIC INSTRUMENT FLYING
PREVENTION OF ILLUSIONS
PREREQUISITES
Ø BE HEALTH
Ø BE FIT
Ø REST CAREFULLY
DURING THE FLIGHT
Ø SIT STRAIGHT IN THE COCKPIT
Ø CAREFULLY ADJUST THE SEATBELTS
RATIONAL TRUST IN THE INSTRUMENTS
(INTENTIONALLY REFUSE THE ILLUSIONS, START THE T SCANNING)
DON‘T BE CONFUSED BY OUTSIDE REFERENCES (CLOUDS LEVEL,
DIRECTION OF SUN BEAM, …)
PILOT TRAINING CENTER
1st CZECH FLIGHT SCHOOL
© F AIR Ltd.
[Link]
CZ/ATO-001