Name:​ Class Period: N/A​ Due Date:

Guided Reading & Analysis: A New World

Chapter 1- A New World of Many Cultures, 1491-1607, pp 1-13
Purpose:
This guide is not only a place to record notes as you read, but also to provide a place and structure for
reflections and analysis using your noggin (thinking skills) with new knowledge gained from the
reading. This guide, if completed in its entirety BOP (Beginning of Period) by the due date, can be
used on the first quiz as well as earn up to 10 bonus points. The benefits of such activities, however,
go far beyond quiz help and bonus points. ☺ Mastery of the course and AP exam await all who
choose to process the information as they read/receive. This is an optional assignment.
So… young Jedi… what is your choice? Do you think so? Or do not? There is no try.
(Image Source: [Link])

Directions:​
1.​ Pre-Read: ​ Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter.
2.​ Skim:​ Flip through the chapter and note titles and subtitles. Look at images and read captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read.
3.​ Read/Analyze:​ Read the chapter. If you have your own copy of AMSCO, Highlight key events and people as you read. Remember, the goal is not to “fish” for a
specific answer(s) to reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order to critically understand what you read!
4.​ Write ​ Write your notes and analysis in the spaces provided OR complete digitally on Canvas. If you are completing paper copy, complete it in INK!

Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 1:

NOTE: College Board released revisions to the APUSH framework July of 2015. The key concepts and objectives addressed in your texts reflect the 2014
version of the framework. This guide includes the 2015 revisions to the key concepts. In general, the expectations are not that different. College Board
simply sought to clarify and simplify the expectations.

Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed
distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and
significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

SECTION 1 - Period Perspectives, p.1

Consider the data in the chart at right as well as page 1 of
the text when completing this section.

1.​ Period 1 begins with 1491. If the American Indian population in

what is now the United States was nearly 10 million before 1492,
why is the United States population in modern times only 2 to 3%
American Indian?

2.​ Period 1 ends with the establishment of Jamestown, the first

permanent British settlement in North America. Explain why
1607 is a major turning point in United States history.
SECTION 2 Guided Reading, pp 2-13
As you read the chapter, jot down your notes in the middle column. Consider your notes to be elaborations on the Objectives and Main Ideas presented in the left
column. When you finish reading the section and taking notes, process and analyze what you read by answering the question in the right hand column. You do not
need to write in complete sentences.

3.​ Cultures pp 2-5

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis
In what ways did native peoples transform North
Before the arrival of Cultures of Central and South America… American environment before European colonization?
Europeans, native Native population was concentrated in 3 highly (list)
populations in North developed civilizations, Mayans, Aztecs, and the Incas
America developed a wide which were based in the Yucatán Peninsula, Central a. Built permanent homes like longhouses, plank houses,
variety of social, political, Mexico, and Peru respectively. All three had organized and eastern lodges.
and economic structures societies, carried on an extensive trade, created
based in part on calendars that were based on accurate scientific [Link] farming techniques including irrigation systems
interactions with the observations, and cultivated crops for a stable food to grow crops like corn, beans and squash.
environment and each supply, particularly corn for the Mayans and Aztecs
and potatoes for the Incas. [Link] totem poles and eastern mounds to preserve
other.
stories and cultural heritage.
As settlers migrated and Cultures of North America…
Native Population in present day United States and Canada was [Link] and managed wildlife such as buffalo for food,
settled across the vast
anywhere from under 1 million to more than 10 million. Societies tools, and clothing
expanse of North America
over time, they developed were smaller and less sophisticated than the Southern Societies.
One reason was the slow spread northward from Mexico of the Identify one key similarity and one key difference
quite different and
cultivation of corn. By the 15th century, populous and complex between societies that developed in Central and South
increasingly complex
societies disappeared. By Columbus most people lived in semi America to those that developed in North America.
societies by adapting to
and transforming their permanent settlement groups rarely exceeding 300 people. The
men were hunters while the woman gathered. Similarity: Both developed complex societies supported by
diverse environments.
farming and trade.
Language…
American Indian cultures were very diverse, especially in Difference: Central and South American societies generally
language. Unlike Europeans, who mostly spoke languages from developed larger, more centralized civilizations with
one language family, American Indians had over 20 language advanced architecture and political systems, while North
families, including Algonquian, Siouan, and Athabaskan. These American societies were often more diverse and less
families contained more than 400 different languages. centralized, with many smaller, distinct tribes and
communities.
Southwest Settlements…
In what is now New Mexico and Arizona, groups like the Hokokam, Explain the significance of the difference between
Anasazi, and Pueblos built complex farming societies using Central /South America and North America.
irrigation. They lived in caves, cliffs, and multistory buildings. The more centralized civilizations of Central and South
Although drought and enemies weakened them before Europeans America, such as the Aztec and Inca empires, allowed for
arrived, their way of life survived through their dwellings and large-scale organization, monumental building projects, and
traditions. extensive control over vast territories. In contrast, the
diversity and smaller scale of North American societies
Northwest Settlements… meant they had more varied ways of life adapted to different
Along the Pacific coast, Native peoples lived in permanent homes environments, but generally lacked the centralized political
and had a rich diet from hunting, fishing, and gathering. They structures seen further south. This difference affected how
carved totem poles to preserve stories, and the mountains in the these societies developed, interacted, and responded to
region kept tribes separated. European colonization.

Great Plains…
On the Great Plains, Native peoples were either nomadic hunters
or settled farmers. Hunters relied on buffalo for food, tools, and
shelter, living in portable tepees. Farming tribes lived in permanent
lodges, grew crops, and traded. After getting horses in the 1600s,
tribes like the Lakota Sioux became more mobile hunters. Tribes
often migrated or changed their lifestyles based on conditions.

Midwest Settlements…
East of the Mississippi River, Woodland American Indians thrived
with abundant food from hunting, fishing, and farming. They built
permanent settlements, including the Adena-Hopewell culture
known for large earthen mounds. Cahokia, a major city near
present-day Illinois, had up to 30,000 people.

Northeast Settlements…
Some descendants of the Adena-Hopewell culture moved into
New York, combining hunting with farming, though poor soil forced
 frequent relocation. The Iroquois Confederation, made up of five
tribes, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk was a
powerful alliance. They lived in large longhouses and played a
major role in regional conflicts from the 1500s through the
American Revolution.

Atlantic Seaboard Settlements…

In the region from New Jersey to Florida, Coastal Plains people
descendants of the Woodland mound builders lived in timber and
bark homes near rivers. They relied on rivers and the Atlantic
Ocean for abundant food.

4.​ Europe Moves Toward Exploration, pp 5-6

Key Concepts &
Main Ideas Notes Analysis

New technology, Improvements in technology… Identify the key difference between Viking voyages of the 12th century to that
new knowledge, During the 15th and 16th centuries, Europe of Columbus in the 15th century.
and new goals experienced the Renaissance, a period of renewed The Vikings explored parts of North America in the 12th century but did not
spurred European interest in classical learning that led to major establish lasting settlements or widespread awareness in Europe. In contrast,
exploration. advances in art and science. Europeans improved Columbus’s 15th-century voyage, supported by new technology and backed by
upon inventions from other cultures, such as Spain, led to lasting contact between Europe and the Americas, beginning a new
gunpowder and the sailing compass from the era of exploration and colonization.
Chinese and Arabs. They also advanced
shipbuilding, mapmaking, and used the newly How did new technology enable Christopher Columbus to dominate the
invented printing press to spread knowledge more “New World?”
widely. New technologies such as the sailing compass (adopted from Arab merchants),
improved shipbuilding, better maps, and the printing press helped Columbus
Religious conflict… navigate more accurately and spread news of his discoveries. These
In the later years of the Renaissance, strong advancements allowed Europeans to travel farther, establish control, and expand
religious passion and conflict emerged. The Roman their influence in the Americas.
Catholic Church faced external threats from the
Muslim Ottoman Turks and internal challenges from What was the impact of the Catholic victory in Spain and the European
people rebelling against the pope’s authority. Reformation on North America?
The Catholic victory in Spain encouraged efforts to spread Christianity to the
Americas. At the same time, the Reformation caused deep religious divisions in
Europe, which later led various religious groups to migrate to North America
seeking freedom to practice their faith, shaping the continent’s religious and
cultural diversity.

5.​ Expanding Trade, pp 6-7

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis

New Routes… List three main effects of Europe’s expanding trade

Economic motives Europeans seek new trade routes to Asia. They considered two options: in the 15th century.
drove exploration, sailing south around Africa or west across the Atlantic. The Portuguese, led
and “discovery” by Prince Henry the Navigator, focused on the southern route and eventually a. Growth of the African slave trade to support labor on
altered the succeeded when Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498. Meanwhile, sugar plantations and, later, in the Americas.
European, African, Columbus tried a western route, mistakenly thinking it was shorter.
and American b. Increased exploration and the discovery of new sea
economically, Slave Trading… routes, such as Vasco da Gama reaching India.
politically, and Slavery existed in Europe, Africa, and Asia since ancient times. In the 15th
culturally. century, the Portuguese began trading for West African slaves to work on c. The rise of powerful nation-states that used trade to
sugar plantations on islands off Africa’s coast. This system was so profitable gain wealth and spread Christianity overseas.
that Europeans later used slave labor in their American colonies as well.

African Resistance… Which effect was most significant? Explain your

Enslaved Africans resisted slavery in many ways, such as running away, answer.
sabotaging work, or rebelling. Despite being far from home and harshly The rise of the African slave trade was the most
treated, they kept their African culture alive, especially through music, religion, significant because it had long-lasting and devastating
and traditions. effects on millions of people, shaped the economies of
the Americas, and left a legacy of racial inequality and
Developing Nation-States… cultural transformation that still impacts the world today.
In the 15th century, small kingdoms were uniting and large multiethnic
empires were breaking apart, leading to the rise of nation-states where people
shared culture and loyalty to a central government. Monarchs like those in
 Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands relied on trade and
the church to support their rule. They used their power to seek wealth
overseas and spread their form of Christianity.

6.​ Early Explorations, pp 7-10

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis

European overseas Christopher Columbus… How did European expansion impact European
expansion resulted in Columbus spent eight years trying to get support for his plan to sail west to society?
the Columbian reach the Indies. In 1492, Spanish monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand agreed European expansion brought new wealth, power, and
Exchange, a series of to fund his voyage and gave him titles over any new lands he claimed. He set resources to European countries, especially Spain,
interactions and sail on September 6 and landed in the Bahamas on October 12. Though which became the richest and most powerful nation in
adaptations among praised at first, his later three voyages were disappointing, as he found little Europe due to the gold and silver brought from the
gold, few spices, and no route to Asia. Americas. It encouraged exploration and competition
societies across the
among European nations like England, France, and the
Atlantic.
Columbus’s Legacy… Netherlands, leading to new colonies and global
The arrival of Columbus died in 1506 still believing he had found a route to Asia, but many influence. Europeans also gained new foods such as
Spaniards saw him as a failure because he had actually discovered a "New beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco, which
Europeans in the
World." Critics mock his mistaken naming of the native people as "Indians" enriched their diets and economies.
Western Hemisphere and note that the Americas were named after another explorer, Amerigo
in the 15th and 16th Vespucci. They also highlight the harm suffered by native peoples after How did European expansion impact Native
centuries triggered European colonization. Despite this, historians recognize Columbus’s skill, American society?
extensive bravery, and the lasting impact of his voyages, which permanently connected Native American societies were devastated by
demographic and people across the world and changed history. European expansion. Europeans brought deadly
social changes on diseases like smallpox and measles, which killed
both sides of the Exchanges… millions due to the natives’ lack of immunity. Many
Atlantic. Europeans and Native Americans had very different cultures before their native communities were wiped out entirely. The arrival
contact, which led to the Columbian Exchange—the first transfer of plants, of Europeans also led to the forced labor of native
European expansion animals, and diseases across the Atlantic. Europeans gained new foods like people through systems like the encomienda and harsh
into the Western beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco, and also caught syphilis. They treatment. Their land was taken, cultures disrupted, and
Hemisphere caused brought sugar cane, livestock like pigs and horses, and technology such as many natives died from violence, disease, and
intense the wheel, iron tools, and guns to the Americas. The deadliest impact was the enslavement.
social/religious, spread of diseases like smallpox and measles to Native Americans, who had
political, and no immunity, causing the deaths of millions and wiping out many tribes. This Which of these consequences were the most
economic competition exchange permanently transformed the world biologically and culturally. significant? Explain your answer.
in Europe and the The most significant consequence was the catastrophic
promotion of empire Dividing the Americas… impact of European diseases on Native Americans,
building. Spain and Portugal were the first European kingdoms to claim land in the causing a mortality rate of over 90 percent. This
Americas, but their claims overlapped, causing disputes. To settle this, the massive population decline shattered native societies,
pope drew a north-south line in 1493 called the line of demarcation, giving enabling Europeans to take over lands and resources
Spain lands west of the line and Portugal lands east. In 1494, the two more easily. While European societies grew richer and
countries moved the line slightly west and signed the Treaty of Tordesillas. more powerful, the loss of life and culture among Native
This treaty placed Brazil under Portuguese control, while Spain claimed the Americans was profound and irreversible, reshaping the
rest of the Americas. However, other European countries later challenged history of the entire hemisphere.
these claims.

Spanish Exploration and Conquest…

Spanish dominance in the Americas was built not just on papal rulings and
treaties but on the achievements of explorers and conquerors called
conquistadores. Key events like Vasco Núñez de Balboa’s crossing to the
Pacific, Magellan’s circumnavigation, Hernán Cortés’s conquest of the Aztecs,
and Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of the Incas helped Spain secure its power.
The conquistadores sent vast amounts of gold and silver to Spain, making it
the richest European nation and inspiring others to explore the Americas.
After taking the wealth of native empires, Spain created the encomienda
system, granting land and native laborers to Spaniards who forced them to
work in farms and mines. As native populations declined due to disease and
harsh treatment, Spain brought enslaved Africans through the asiento system,
paying the king a tax for each slave imported.

English Claims…
England’s early claim to land in the Americas came from John Cabot, an
Italian captain sailing for King Henry VII, who explored Newfoundland’s coast
in 1497. However, England didn’t pursue further exploration or settlement for
some time due to other concerns, like King Henry VIII’s split from the Catholic
Church. Later, under Queen Elizabeth I in the 1570s and 1580s, England
challenged Spanish power by attacking Spanish ships and settlements.
Notable figures included Sir Francis Drake, who raided Spanish ships and
 towns, and Sir Walter Raleigh, who tried but failed to establish a colony at
Roanoke Island in 1587.

French Claims…
The French monarchy began exploring the Americas in 1524 by sponsoring
Giovanni da Verrazano, who searched for a northwest passage and explored
the eastern coast, including New York Harbor. Jacques Cartier further
explored the St. Lawrence River between 1534 and 1542, forming the basis of
French claims. Like England, France was slow to establish colonies due to
European wars and religious conflicts in the 1500s. In the 1600s, France
focused on colonization, founding its first permanent settlement at Quebec in
1608, led by Samuel de Champlain, known as the "Father of New France."
Later explorers like Louis Jolliet, Jacques Marquette, and Robert de La Salle
expanded French claims by exploring the Mississippi River and naming
Louisiana after King Louis XIV.

Dutch Claims…
In the 1600s, the Netherlands began sponsoring explorations, hiring English
sailor Henry Hudson to find a westward route to Asia through North America.
In 1609, Hudson sailed up a large river, later named the Hudson River,
establishing Dutch claims to the area that became New Amsterdam (later
New York). The Dutch West India Company was then given control of the
region to manage it for economic profit.

7.​ Spanish Settlements in North America, pp 10-11

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis
What were three chief features of the Spanish empire in America?
European expansion Florida…
into the Western The Spanish faced several failed attempts and [Link] of permanent settlements like St. Augustine (1565), the
Hemisphere caused strong resistance from American Indians before oldest European city in North America.
intense successfully establishing St. Augustine in 1565. St.
social/religious, [Link] of colonial capitals such as Santa Fe in New Mexico (1610).
political, and
Augustine is now the oldest European-founded city
economic in North America. [Link] of missions and settlements along the California coast,
competition in including San Diego (1769) and San Francisco (1776), led by Franciscan
Europe and the New Mexico… missionaries like Father Junípero Serra.
promotion of empire Santa Fe became the capital of New Mexico in
building. 1610. Harsh attempts to convert the Pueblo people Identify one cause and one effect of Spanish settlement in North
to Christianity led to a revolt in 1680, forcing the America.
Spanish to leave the area until they returned in
1692. Cause:Spanish efforts to resist other European powers’ exploration
and claims, such as French movements along the Mississippi River
Texas… and Russian exploration from Alaska.
The Spanish founded settlements in Texas
between Florida and New Mexico, which expanded
in the early 1700s as Spain worked to oppose Effect:The establishment of permanent settlements, missions, and
French exploration of the lower Mississippi River. colonial capitals across regions like Florida, New Mexico, Texas, and
California, spreading Spanish influence and Christianity.
California…
To counter Russian exploration from Alaska, the
Spanish founded permanent settlements at San
Diego in 1769 and San Francisco in 1776. By 1784,
Franciscan missionaries, led by Father Junípero
Serra, had established a chain of missions along
the California coast, founding nine of them.

8.​ European Treatment of Native Americans, pp 11-12

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis

Contacts among Spanish Policy… Identify three major consequences of European contact
American Indians, The Spanish settlers in Mexico and Peru encountered the with American Indians?
Africans, and organized Aztec and Inca empires. Despite devastating diseases,
 Europeans millions of natives survived and were forced into labor. Many [Link] death from disease and violence – Millions of
challenged the others died from harsh working conditions. Because few Native Americans died due to European diseases like
worldviews of each Spaniards settled permanently, the colonists intermarried with smallpox and through violent conflict.
group. natives and enslaved Africans brought across the ocean. A strict
[Link] of land and traditional way of life – Native tribes were
European overseas class system formed, with pure-blooded Spaniards at the top. pushed off their land, forced to migrate, or displaced by
expansion and settlers and colonizers.
sustained contacts English Policy…
with Africans and Unlike the Spanish, the English settled in areas without large [Link] on European goods and shifting alliances –
American Indians native empires and brought families with them, making Many tribes traded for tools, weapons, and other goods, and
dramatically altered intermarriage with natives rare. At first, especially in some allied with European powers to survive and protect
European views of Massachusetts, they coexisted and traded with American Indians, themselves.
social, political, who taught them farming and hunting skills. However, tensions
and economic Which of these were the most significant? Explain your
grew as the English disrespected native cultures and took more
relationships answer.
among and land. This led to conflict, warfare, and the forced removal of native The most significant consequence was the mass death
between white and tribes from their lands. Rather than enslaving natives, the English caused by disease and violence. This devastated entire
nonwhite peoples pushed them inland. communities and made it nearly impossible for Native
Americans to resist colonization effectively. It also created a
French Policy… power imbalance that allowed Europeans to dominate and
The French sought fur and Catholic converts and saw American reshape the Americas permanently.
Indians as economic and military allies. Unlike the Spanish and
English, the French generally maintained friendly relations with In what ways was English policy toward Native
native tribes. They built trading posts in areas like the St. Americans different from those of France and Spain?
Lawrence Valley, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River, where they Different from France in that… the English generally did not
traded goods for furs. Since the French had fewer settlers and form alliances or build strong trade relationships with Native
towns, they were less threatening to native populations. They also Americans. The French, on the other hand, maintained
supported native allies, like helping the Hurons fight the Iroquois. friendly relations and worked closely with tribes in the fur
trade.
Native American Reaction… Different from Spain in that… the English focused on
Native American tribes saw themselves as separate groups, which removing or displacing Native Americans from the land
meant they rarely united against European settlers. At first, they rather than converting or enslaving them, as the Spanish did
traded for goods like copper pots and guns, but violence and through forced labor systems and missions.
disease devastated their populations. To survive, tribes adapted How effective were Native Americans in overcoming the
by forming alliances with European powers or migrating to new negative aspects of European policies?
lands to avoid settlers. Despite these efforts, Native Americans Native Americans made some efforts to adapt—by forming
could never return to their way of life before European contact in alliances, trading, and migrating—but these responses were
1492. only partially effective. The scale of European colonization,
combined with disease and the destruction of native
societies, meant that Native Americans could not fully
overcome the challenges. Their traditional ways of life were
permanently changed, and many communities were lost.

9.​ Historical Perspectives: Was Columbus a Great Hero? p.13

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis

European overseas Washington Irving… Support or refute the following statement: Christopher
expansion and Over time, Columbus has been both praised as a "discoverer" and Columbus was a hero.
sustained contacts criticized as a "conqueror." In the U.S., he was long seen as a hero, with While Columbus played a major role in global exploration,
with Africans and writers like Washington Irving promoting this positive image as early as his actions brought devastating consequences to Native
American Indians 1828. populations and were driven more by personal ambition
dramatically altered than heroic ideals.
European views of President Franklin Roosevelt…
social, political, Columbus’s heroic image peaked in 1934 when President Franklin List 3 pieces of evidence to support your answer.
and economic Roosevelt made October 12 a national holiday in his honor. a. Columbus bravely ventured into the unknown, driven by a
relationships desire to explore new lands.
among and Revisionists… b. His voyages established permanent contact between
between white and Since the 1990s, Columbus has faced increasing criticism from revisionist Europe and the Americas, changing world history.
nonwhite peoples. historians. They argue that he was more lucky than exceptional, claiming c. Some argue his actions eventually led to the growth of
Europe was already poised for expansion and another explorer would democratic institutions in the Americas.
have crossed the Atlantic soon anyway. Critics see Columbus as a
self-promoter and skilled navigator, not a hero. Some go further, List 3 pieces of evidence that support the alternate
portraying him as a religious extremist who aimed to convert Native view.
Americans and used violence against those who resisted, labeling him a. Columbus used violence to conquer and convert Native
more as a conqueror than a discoverer. Americans, often killing those who resisted.
b. He was more of a self-promoter and opportunist, rather
Arthur Schlesinger… than an exceptional or noble figure.
 In response to revisionist criticism, some historians like Arthur M. c. His arrival led to the deaths of millions of Native people
Schlesinger Jr. defend Columbus, arguing that his main motivation was through disease, warfare, and enslavement.
exploring the unknown—not greed or conquest. Supporters acknowledge
the devastating impact on Native Americans but note that brutal practices,
like Aztec sacrifices, existed before European arrival. They also argue
that colonization eventually led to positive outcomes, such as the
development of democratic institutions in the Americas.

Fact and fiction…

Historians continue to debate Columbus's legacy, acknowledging the
difficulty of separating fact from bias. One clear conclusion is that his
voyages drastically changed world history by creating lasting contact
between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans—an interaction
whose consequences are still felt today.

10.​ Explain the HIPP of the image below.

Image Source: Public Domain, Library of Congress,

First landing of Columbus on the shores of the
New World, at San Salvador, W.I., Oct. 12th 1492,
Dióscoro Teófilo Puebla Tolín

HIPP+:
Historical Context: This image created during the 19th
century, a time when European nations were celebrating their
colonial past and promoting national pride. The painting shows
the 1492 landing of Christopher Columbuus on San Salvador
Island, symbolizing the beginning of European exploration and
colonization of the Americas. During the 1800s, this moment
was often portrayed as heroic and glorious, which reflect the
European view of history.
Intended Audience: The intended audience is likely
European or American viewers in the 19th century, especially
those who viewed Columbus as a symbol of progress, exploration, and Christian expansion. It was meant to inspire pride and admiration for European achievements.
Author’s Purpose: The purpose of the image was to glorify Columbus’s voyage and frame it as a noble and religiously significant moment. The painting emphasizes
themes of conquest, exploration, and divine mission, aligning Columbus’s journey with values of heroism and Christianity.
Author’s Point of View: Puebla, a Spanish artist, presents a Eurocentric and idealized point of view. The Native peoples are shown in the background, submissive
and almost invisible, while Columbus and his men dominate the scene with flags and crosses. This reflects the European belief in their superiority and moral right to
explore and claim foreign lands.
+Other Context (similar in kind, from a different time…give an example of similar theme in a different place/time period): A similar theme appears in John Gast’s
1872 painting “American Progress,” which also glorifies westward expansion and Manifest Destiny in the United States. In both images, the arrival or movement of
Europeans is shown as heroic, divinely guided, and justified, while Indigenous people are marginalized or pushed into the background.

Section 3 MAP
The College Board framework for the course includes specific places and locations significant to the development of North America and the United
States. This section provides you with the opportunity to locate and review these items.

Directions:
1.​ Read the framework excerpts located to the right of the map, and ensure you understand & know where/what is referenced.
2.​ Circle or highlight the following groups: Pueblo, Chinooks, Iroquois, Algonquian, Wamponoags, Pequot, Powhatan
3.​ Label/Trace the starting point and expansion of maize cultivation.

On a North American continent… The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the American Southwest and beyond supported economic
development and social diversification among societies in these areas; a mix of foraging and hunting did the same for societies in the Northwest and areas of California.

Societies responded to the lack of natural resources in the Great Basin and the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles.

In the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard some societies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter–gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent
villages.

European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic. The arrival of Europeans in the
Western Hemisphere in the 15th and 16th centuries triggered extensive demographic and social changes on both sides of the Atlantic.
Source: North American Continent; Western Hemisphere Indian Culture Map, [Link]

Reading Guide written by Rebecca

Richardson, Allen High School
Sources include but are not limited to: 2015
edition of AMSCO’s United States History
Preparing for the Advanced Placement
Examination, [Link], College Board
Advanced Placement
United States History Framework, writing
strategies developed by Mr. John P. Irish,
Carroll High School, 12th edition of
American Pageant, [Link],
[Link],
[Link], and other
sources as cited in the document and
collected/adapted over 20 years of
teaching and collaborating.