JEE • Grade 12 • Physics • Session No.

01
Pre-Requisites

Differential and integral calculus

Dealing with differential element
Application of area Vector
Basic trigonometry
Equation of SHM
Combination of Spring
Real Life Applications of EMI

Electricity Generation

Transformers

Induction Cooktops

Wireless Charging

Induction Motors

Power Adapters

Metal Detectors

Wireless Communication

Inductive Heating
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux is a measure of magnetic field lines through an area.

dA

θ : Angle between dA and B

Magnetic flux for Uniform Magnetic Field
 Example Calculate magnetic flux through the given square plate.

Solution

30°
𝐀 𝟐𝐦
𝟐𝐦

Ans. (i) 0, (ii) 4B, (iii) 2 3B

 Example Calculate magnetic flux through given area
a
Solution s r

B
b

p q
L

Note

ϕ = B(A)

A is the area of that part of the loop where the magnetic field is present

Ans.  = –Bab
 Example A uniform magnetic field in given region is (2iƸ + 3jƸ − 4k)
෠ T and a square
frame of side 2 m is placed in the x-y plane as shown in the figure. The flux
through coil is (Consider A along -z axis)
x 2m
(A) 16 T-m2 (B) 20 T-m2
(C) 4 T-m2 (D) 10 T-m2
2m
Solution
y

Ans. (A)
 Example Find magnetic flux through the given square loop is
µ0 Ib b µ0 Ib a+b
(A) ln (B) ln
2π a 2π a
µ0 I b µ0 I a+b
(C) ln (D) ln
2π a 2π a

Solution

I
dx

Ans. (B)
 Example Find the change in flux through the ring of area A, if it is rotated by 180° in
uniform magnetic field (B) as shown:
(A) Zero
(B) BA
(C) 2BA
(D) Data insufficient
Solution

Ans. (C)
Experimental Observation and Conclusion

Experiment-1
A conducting loop is placed in the magnetic field created by a bar
magnet as shown. No current flows in circuit when the loop and magnet
is stationary. When we move the magnet is brought close to and away
from the loop.

Changing magnetic field leads to the current in the conducting loop.

Experimental Observation and Conclusion

Experiment-2 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
magnetic field is kept constant.
No current flows through the loop when
loop is also fixed. When we change the
area of loop, current flows in the circuit.

If area of the loop changes, it leads to current flow in the conducting loop.
Experimental Observation and Conclusion

Experiment-3
The loop is rotated in the magnet field about two axes of rotation as
shown below.

B = constant B = constant
ω

Area = Constant Area = Constant

i=0 i≠0
Experimental Observation and Conclusion

Conclusion
Current flows in the conducting loop in the magnetic field in
the following conditions:

Current flows
ϕ = නB dAcosθ
Magnetic field (B) changes
Area (A) changes
Angle between magnetic field (B) and area (A) changes.

When the flux through the loop changes, the current flows in the
conducting loop..
Q: How is Lenz’s Law a consequence of the Principle of Conservation of Energy?

Answer:

Lenz’s Law is a direct consequence of the principle of conservation of energy. It ensures that any induced
current resulting from a changing magnetic flux always acts to oppose the change that caused it.

Lenz’s Law Statement:

The direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.

This idea is built into Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction:

EMF=−dΦ/dt

The negative sign (Lenz’s Law) indicates that the induced EMF works against the change in flux.

Why this ensures energy conservation:

If the induced current aided the change in magnetic flux (instead of opposing it), it would create a positive
feedback loop that generates energy endlessly — violating the law of conservation of energy.

Example:

Imagine you push a magnet into a coil:

• The magnetic flux through the coil increases.

• According to Lenz’s Law, the induced current creates its own magnetic field that opposes this increase.
• This opposition means you must exert a force to continue pushing the magnet.
• That mechanical work is converted into electrical energy in the coil.

This satisfies conservation of energy: energy put in as mechanical work becomes electrical energy.

What if Lenz’s Law didn’t exist?

• The magnet would be pulled in on its own.

• The increasing current would further increase magnetic flux, causing more current.
• This runaway feedback would create energy out of nothing, which is physically impossible.

Conclusion:

• Lenz’s Law prevents free energy creation.

• It ensures that external work is required to induce current.
• Therefore, it is essential to uphold conservation of energy in electromagnetic systems
Faraday’s Law of Induction
When magnetic flux linked with a coil changes with time then EMF is
induced.
Magnitude of induced EMF in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of
magnetic flux through the circuit.

dϕ
|∈|= ∈ ∶ Induced EMF
dt
LENZ's Law

The direction of induced current is such that it oppose the change that
has induced it.
dϕ
∈= −
dt

The –ve sign show that fact of opposition given lenz’s law.

G
LENZ's Law

The direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change that
has induced it.

S N
0

G
Direction of Current in Circular Loop
 Example Find the direction of induced current in the loop as shown.

Solution B(Increasing)

i i
R

Ans. Anticlockwise direction

 Example Find the direction of induced current in the loop as shown.

Solution B(Decreasing)

i i
R

Ans. Anticlockwise direction

 Example Current is increasing in an infinite current carrying straight wire as shown.
Find the direction of induced current in the closed loop.
Solution ∞

𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
R

Ans. Anticlockwise direction

 Example If the current increases in the loop of radius b in anticlockwise direction as
shown, then find the direction of induced current in the loop of radius a.
Solution

𝑖 𝑖 𝑎 𝑖 𝑖

Ans. Clockwise direction

 Example If the current increases in the infinite straight wire as shown, then find the
magnitude of the induced current in the loop.
∞
Solution

Ans. Zero
 Example A loop is moving with constant velocity. Find the direction of induced current in
given situation.

Solution

v v v

A B C
 Example A square loop of side a is moving with constant velocity v away from the
infinite current carrying straight wire as shown. Find the direction of current
in the loop. ∞

Solution

𝑖
𝑖 v
𝑖
a a

Ans. Clockwise direction

 Example Find direction of induced current in loop A and loop B, if magnetic field is
increasing with time.
Solution

Loop A
Loop B

Ans. Clockwise and Anticlockwise

 Example A bar magnet is moving with constant velocity v towards the loop. What will
be the direction of the current in the loop as seen by an observer as shown?

v R
Observer i
𝐢
Solution

Ans. Anticlockwise direction

 Example A bar magnet is released from the top of the fixed loop as shown. What will
be the acceleration of the bar magnet?
Solution

Ans. a < g
 Example A bar magnet is released at some distance below a fixed loop as shown. What
will be the acceleration of the bar magnet?
Solution
R

a
Ans. a < g
Faraday’s Law of Induction

Important Point

dϕ
(a) Induced EMF ∈ =−
dt
Δϕ
(b) Average induced EMF <∈> = −
Δt
∈ 1 dϕ
(c) Induced current (I) =−
R R dt

(d) Average induced current <∈> 1 Δϕ

< I >= =−
R R Δt
Δϕ
(e) Amount of Charge Flow q=
R

dϕ 1 dϕ 1 dϕ 2
(f) Induced power P=∈I= dt R dt
= 𝑅 dt
JEE • Grade 12 • Physics • Session No. 02
 Example A conducting loop of area 4 m2 and resistance is 5  is kept in uniform
magnetic field which varies with time B = 10t T. Find:
(a) EMF induced in the loop at t = 2 sec
(b) Current in loop at t = 2 sec
(C) Total charge flown in 2 sec

Solution

Ans. (a) e = 40 volts, (b) i = 8A (clockwise)

 Example A conducting loop is placed in uniform transverse magnetic field B = 2 T and
radius of loop is increases at the rate of 2 m/s. Find magnitude of induced EMF
when radius is 2 cm.
Solution

Ans. e = 0.16π volts

 Example A ring (area ‘A’) is rotated about its vertical diameter with constant angular
speed  rad/sec in uniform magnetic field as shown in figure. Find :
(a) Induced EMF in the ring.
(b) Induced current if resistance of ring is 'R’.
Solution
Solution

BAω
Ans. a e = BAωsinωt, b i = sinωt
R
 Example A conducting ring of area 4m2 and resistance is 5 is placed in uniform
magnetic field which changes from 10T to 30T in 2sec. Find
(a) Average induced EMF
(b) Average induced current
(c) Total charge flow.

Solution B

Ans. (a) <  > = 40V

(b) < I > = 8A
(c) q = 16 C
Faradays Law Electromagnetic Induction

Average EMF
B(t) = B0t
Δϕ
εaverage =
Δt
𝑖 𝑖
𝐑
Average current
εaverage
iaverage =
r
Conductiong Loop (rΩ)
Charge flown

Charge flown Δq
iaverage = =
time Δt

Δϕ
Δq = → 2nd method
r
 Example Consider two circular concentric rings of radius a and b such that a >> b. If
the current flowing in the ring of radius a is given as i = i0t2, then find the
value of induced current in the ring of radius b along with its direction. Take
the resistance of the smaller ring as r Ω.
i = i0t2
Solution

a b
 Example A conducting square ring of side length ℓ, resistance 𝑟Ω is placed at a distance
a from an infinite wire carrying current 𝑖 as shown. Calculate the value of the
current induced in the square ring.
∞
dx
Solution B C

i = i0t2 x
a
A D
ℓ
∞
 Example Consider a circular loop of radius R, resistance rΩ placed inside an ideal
solenoid having n turns per unit length as shown. Initially current i is allowed
to flow through the solenoid in a certain direction and then the direction of
the current is reversed. Calculate the value of charge flown in the circular
Solution loop.

Initial case Final case

 Example Consider two circular loops of radius R and r (R >> r) placed at a distance x
apart as shown. The number of turns on the bigger loop are N1 and the number
of turns on the smaller loop are N2 . Take the resistance of the smaller loop to
be rs and calculate the value of the induced current in the loop.
Solution Y
N1
N2
i = i0t R
r

x x

N1 turns the field

μ0 N1 i0 t R2
Ans. B =
2 R2 + x 2 3Τ2
 Example Consider a circular loop placed in a magnetic field B0 as shown. The radius of
the loop is given as R t = R o (1 + t 2 ). Taking the resistance of the loop to be
r, calculate the value of the induced current in the loop.
Solution
𝐁𝐨
R t = R o (1 + t 2 )
Solution
𝐁𝐨
R t = R o (1 + t 2 )
 Example A square conducting ring of side length ℓ, resistance r is kept in a magnetic
field B0 and moves with a velocity v as shown. Find induced current i in the
1
ring as a function of time t 0 < t < v
t=0 𝐁𝐨
Solution
v

ℓ
Solution
t=0=t 𝐁𝐨

𝑙
Going forward, ε = B0 vl
will be known as Motional Emf
 Example ACDA is a semicircular conducting loop of radius R with the centre at O. The
loop is now made to rotate clockwise with constant angular velocity 𝜔 about
an axis passing through O and perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The
resistance of the loop is rΩ. Obtain an expression for the magnitude of the
induced current in the loop. Plot a graph of induced current i v/s t.
Solution A B

C 0

D
Solution
A B

C 0

BR2 ω
Ans. i =
2r
 i A B
BωR2
2r

π 2π 3π 4π
C 0
t
BωR2 ω ω ω ω
−
2r
D
 Example A circular conducting loop of radius R, resistance rΩ is placed in a constant
magnetic field B0 and is made to rotate clockwise with a constant angular
velocity ω about an axis passing through the centre as shown. Find the value
of the induced current in the loop.

𝐁𝟎
Solution

𝐑
𝛚

Ans. 𝑖 = 0
Motional EMF

When a conductor moves in magnetic flux as shown in figure, magnetic

force acts in downward direction and electrostatic force in upward
direction. B
Q
At equilibrium, both the forces are equal.
The equilibrium is attained instantaneously.
ℓ v

P
Motional EMF
Fm
B B
Q
v

ℓ v

Fm =– e v × B = evB
P

For e–, Fm will be opposite direction.

Motional EMF

B FE = eE
+
Q
FE

ℓ v
E e

P
Fm

Fm =– e v × B

For e–, Fm will be opposite direction.

Motional EMF
At Steady State
Q
eE = evB P. D. = Eℓ

P. D. = vBℓ ℓ v

E = vB ε = vBℓ
P
Motional EMF (Generalised Case)

At steady state

FE = Fm v Q
α
θ
ℓ B

E= v×B

E = v×B .ℓ
Motional EMF (For random shaped wire)

Q B

ℓ
v ℓ v v
D C

If v and B are constant for every part of the wire, then we can replace
a random shaped wire by a displacement vector ℓ joining the initial
and final points.

ε = v × B . Ԧi
Motional EMF (Different Cases)

Q
Q
ℓ Q ℓ
P θ
ℓ 𝐯 v v

P
P

B⊥v⊥ℓ v || ℓ ℓ || B
Motional EMF (Different Cases)

If B, v and v are mutually perpendicular

ε = vBℓ

If any two of B, v and ℓ are parallel

ε=0

If B, v and ℓ are parallel

ε = v × B .ℓ
 Example Consider a rod AB of length ℓ placed in a magnetic field and moving with
velocity v as shown. Find which end of the rod will be at a higher potential
and what will be the difference between the two ends of the rod.
Solution

37
A B
ℓ

3
Ans. VA − VB = vBl
5
 Example Consider a rod PQ of length ℓ placed in a magnetic field and moving with
velocity v as shown. Find which end of the rod will be at a higher potential
and what will be the potential difference between the two ends of the rod.
Solution
y B
Q
𝑣
ℓ 60° 𝑥

3
Ans. VQ − VP = vBl
2
 Example A loop is kept in uniform magnetic field B = 10t T, resistance per unit length of
wire is 2 /m. Find current in branch PQ.
Solution
2m 1m

2m

10
Ans. I = A
11
 Example If the rod has length L, resistance r and it moves with constant speed V then
choose the correct option:
BlV
(A) Current through R is R
BLV
(B) Current through R is R+r
(C) P.D. between ends of rod is BLV V
R
(D) P.D. between ends of rod is BLV R+r

Solution

Ans. (B, D)
 Example Rod AB is moving away from an infinite wire carrying constant i current as
shown. Determine emf induced in the rod at a moment when it is at distance
x from wire:
µ0 iv𝑙
(A) 2πx
µ0 iv𝑙
(B) πx
µ0 iv𝑙 2
(C) 2πx
V
(D) None of these
Solution
Solution

Ans. (A)
General Expression for Motional EMF

ΔV = න dV = න v × B · dL V : Potential difference
 Example Find the emf induced between the ends of a semi-circular wire of radius ‘R’,
moving in a way that its diameter is perpendicular to velocity
(A) BvR
(B) 2BvR
Q
(C) 2πBvR
(D) BvR/2
Solution V

Ans. (B)
 Example Find the emf induced between the ends of a semi-circular wire of radius ‘R’,
moving in a way that its diameter is perpendicular to velocity
(A) BvR B
(B) 2BvR
(C) 2πBvR V
(D) 0
Solution
P Q

Ans. (D)
 Example A uniform magnetic field exists in region given by B = 3iƸ + 4jƸ − 5k.
෠ A rod of
length 5 m is placed along y-axis is moved along x-axis with constant speed
1m/sec. Then induced e.m.f. in the rod will be-
(A) Zero (B) 25 volt
(C) 20 volt (D) 15 volt
Solution

Ans. (B)
 Example A conducting rod of length ‘L’, resistance ‘r’ and mass ‘m’ is moving with a
constant velocity in uniform magnetic field as shown in figure. Find:-
(a) Force exerted by magnetic field on rod
(b) External force required to move the rod
with constant velocity.
R
(c) Power supplied by external force. V

Solution
 (a) Force exerted by magnetic field on rod
(b) External force required to move the rod
with constant velocity.
(c) Power supplied by external force. R
V
Solution

Bvℓ B 2 v 2 ℓ2
Ans. FB = BL, Fext = FB , P =
R+r R+r
 Example A conducting rod of length L, mass m is projected with initial velocity (V0) in
uniform magnetic field B as shown in figure. Find:
A. V(t): velocity as function of time.
B. V(x): velocity as function of
position. R
V
Solution
 Example A. V(t): velocity as function of time.

Solution

R
V

t
 Example B. V(x): velocity as function of position.

Solution

R
V

x
 Example Heat dissipated in resistance (R)

Solution

R
V
 Example Rod AB of length 𝑙 moves in such a way that its length
remains perpendicular to long straight current carrying
wire. Determine emf induced in the Rod.
µ0 iv a+𝑙 µ0 iv a+𝑙
(A) ln (B) ln
2π a 4π a
µ0 iv a+𝑙
(C) π
ln a
(D) None of these

Solution
V
 µ0 iv a+𝑙 µ0 iv a+𝑙
(A) 2π
ln a
(B) 4π
ln a

µ0 iv a+𝑙
(C) ln (D) None of these
π a

Solution

a V

Ans. (A)
JEE • Grade 12 • Physics • Session No. 03
 Example A conducting wire of length 𝑙, resistance R and mass m starts sliding at t=0
down a smooth, vertical, thick pair of connected rails as shown in figure.
A uniform magnetic field B exists in the space in a direction perpendicular to
the plane of the rails.
The speed of wire when it moves uniformly is: R
2mgR mgR
(A) (B)
B2 𝑙2 B𝑙 2
mgR mgR
(C) 2B2 𝑙2 (D) 2B𝑙2

Solution
 2mgR mgR
(A) (B)
B2 𝑙2 B𝑙 2
R
mgR mgR
(C) (D)
2B2 𝑙2 2B𝑙 2

Solution

Ans. (A)
Rotational EMF

r1
Q P

r2

ω about centre is constant

Rotational EMF

r1
Q P

r2

Note
r1 and r2 are the distance of the end points of rod from the centre.
 Example A metallic rod of length ‘l’ is tied to a string of length 2l and made to rotate
with angular speed ω on a horizontal table with one end of the string fixed. If
there is a vertical magnetic field ‘B’ in the region, the e.m.f. induced across the
ends of the rod is:
2Bωl2 3Bωl2
(A) (B)
2 2
4Bωl2 5Bωl2
(C) (D)
2 2

Solution
 Example A rod of length L rotates with a uniform angular velocity ‘𝜔’ about its end as
shown in figure. A uniform magnetic field ‘B’ exists parallel to axis of rotation.
Choose the correct options.
(A) VA − VC = 0
BωL2
(B) VA − VC = B
2 A C
3BωL2
(C) VB − VC = L
8
3BωL2
(D) VA − VB = 8

Solution

Ans. (A)
 Example An equilateral triangular conducting frame is rotated with angular velocity
ω in a uniform magnetic field B as shown. Side of triangle is 𝑙.
Choose the correct option(s).
A B
(A) VA – VC = 0
Bω𝑙2
(B) VA – VC = 2
Bω𝑙 2 C
(C) VA – VB = 2
Bω𝑙 2
(D) VC – VB = − 2

Solution

Ans. (B, D)
 Example A conducting rod of length 𝑙 is hinged at point O. It is free to rotate in a vertical
plane. The rod is released from the position as shown. The potential difference
between the two ends of the rod is proportional to-
(A) 𝑙 3/2 (B) 𝑙 2
(C) sin θ (D) sin θ 1/2

Solution

Ans. (A, D)
EMF Due to Rotation of Disc
Potential Difference between centre and any point on the circumference.
Bω𝑅 2
ε=
2 O

A B
 Example A conducting ring of radius R is rotating about its end point ‘D’ with constant
angular speed ‘’ as shown in figure. Choose the correct options.
(A) VA − VD = BωR2
(B) VB − VD = 2BωR2
A
(C) VA − VC = BωR 2

(D) VB − VC = BωR2
D
Solution B

CD

Ans. (A, B, D)
Induced Electric Field

B = F(t)

Cylindrical symmetric region

Induced Electric Field

Proof of Direction of Induced Electric System

B = F (t)
Induced Electric Field
Induced Electric Field

Properties of Induced Electric Field

Unlike the conventional electric field lines, the induced electric field lines
exist in closed loops.

Direction of induced electric field is same as that of induced current in a

loop when placed in a time varying magnetic field.

The obey the law, 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑑. Eind

B(t)

They are non-conservative in nature.

 dB
Example In a cylindrical region of radius R, magnetic field varies as dt
= αt. Find the
induced electric field as a function of r from O. Also draw a graph between
induced electric field and r.
(a) r < R
(b) r > R
Solution r

rαt
Ans. a Eind =
2
 dB
Example In a cylindrical region of radius R, magnetic field varies as dt
= αt. Find the
induced electric field as a function of r from O. Also draw a graph between
induced electric field and r.
(b) r > R

Solution

R2 αt
Ans. b Ein =
2r
Graph of Induced Electric Field and r
Einduced

r
r=R
 Example Figure shown three regions of magnetic field, each of area A, and in each
region magnitude of magnetic field decreases at a constant rate K. If E is
induced electric field, then value of line integral ‫ ׯ‬E . dr along the given loop
is equal to
(A) KA (B) –KA
(C) 3KA (D)–3KA
Solution

Ans. (B)
 Example A uniform but time-varying magnetic field B(t) exists in a circular region of
radius ‘a’ and is directed into the plane of the paper, as shown. The magnitude
of the induced electric field at point P at a distance r from the centre of the
circular region P
(A) Is zero
(B) Decreases as 1/r r
B(t)
(C) Increases as r
(D) Decreases as 1/r2
Solution

Ans. (B)
JEE • Grade 12 • Physics • Session No. 04
Induced Current -----

1.) SUPPORTS dying current

2.) OPPOSES growing current

 Example Find 𝑉𝑃 – 𝑉𝑄 across an inductor of inductance 2𝐻 if the current 𝑖 is decreasing
at a rate of 4 𝐴/𝑠 in the inductor.
Solution 𝐿 = 2𝐻

P Q

– +

Ans. VP − VQ = −8V
 Example Find 𝑉𝑃 – 𝑉𝑄 across an inductor of inductance 5𝐻 if the current 𝑖 is increasing
at a rate of 2 𝐴/𝑠 in the inductor.
Solution
𝐿 = 5𝐻

P Q
i

– +

Ans. VP − VQ = −10V
 Example If  = 2 Weber is link with 1 turn in the coil having 50 turn. A current of 4A is
flowing in the coil. Find the self inductance of the coil.
Solution

Ans. L = 25H
 Example Find the potential of point B if i is decreasing at the rate of 3A/S.

I = 5A
B
VA = 20 V
Solution 2Ω 5𝑉 2𝐻

Ans. VB = 21 volts
 Example Find the charge on capacitor in the given circuit when current in circuit is 1A
and is increasing at a rate of 0.5A/S
R = 5 C = 5F
Solution 5H

10 V

Ans. QC = 12.5 µC
JEE • Grade 12 • Physics • Session No. 05
 Example If a square loop of side ℓ having N number of turns is placed at a distance a
from a current carrying infinite wire, then find mutual induction of the system.

Solution ∞

B C

𝑖
a
A D
ℓ
∞

μ0 Nl a+l
Ans. M = ln
2π a
 Example The current is reduced from 3 amp to zero in 0.001 sec. in the primary coil. It
induces an emf of 15000 volts in the secondary. The value of coefficient of
mutual inductance in Henry will be
(A) 5 (B) 0.5 (C) 4.5 (D) 50
Solution

Ans. (A)
 Example A long straight wire is placed along the axis of a circular ring of radius R.
The mutual inductance of this system is:
μ0 R μ0 πR μ0
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
2 2 2
Solution

Ans. (D)
 Example Coil having N1 turns (radius r1) is surrounded by another coil having N2 turns
(radius r2) [r2 >>> r1]. Find the mutual inductance of given set up.
Solution

r1

r2

µ0 N1 N2 πr12
Ans. M =
2r2
 Example Find the equivalent inductance. 3L 12 L

Solution
A B
2L 2L

6L 6L

Ans. Leff = 3H
 Example Suppose that we have two solenoids of the same length. Their diameters differ
only to the extent to which one can be fitted onto the other. The inductances of
the two solenoids can be considered the same and equal to L. Here are they
ways in which the solenoids can be conducted. Determine the total inductance.
(1) the solenoids are connected in series and are separated by a large distance;

Solution
 Example Suppose that we have two solenoids of the same length. Their diameters differ
only to the extent to which one can be fitted onto the other. The inductances of
the two solenoids can be considered the same and equal to L. Here are they
ways in which the solenoids can be conducted. Determine the total inductance.
(2) the solenoids are connected in parallel and are separated by a large distance;
Solution
 Example Suppose that we have two solenoids of the same length. Their diameters differ
only to the extent to which one can be fitted onto the other. The inductances of
the two solenoids can be considered the same and equal to L. Here are they
ways in which the solenoids can be conducted. Determine the total inductance.
(3) the solenoids are connected in series , one is fitted onto the other, and the
sense s of the turns coincide;
Solution
 Example Suppose that we have two solenoids of the same length. Their diameters differ
only to the extent to which one can be fitted onto the other. The inductances of
the two solenoids can be considered the same and equal to L. Here are they
ways in which the solenoids can be conducted. Determine the total inductance.
(4) the solenoids are connected in parallel; one is fitted onto the other, and the
senses of the turns coincide;
Solution
 Example Suppose that we have two solenoids of the same length. Their diameters differ
only to the extent to which one can be fitted onto the other. The inductances of
the two solenoids can be considered the same and equal to L. Here are they
ways in which the solenoids can be conducted. Determine the total inductance.
(5) the solenoids are connected in series, one is fitted onto the other, and the
sense of the turns are opposite;
Solution
 Example Suppose that we have two solenoids of the same length. Their diameters differ
only to the extent to which one can be fitted onto the other. The inductances of
the two solenoids can be considered the same and equal to L. Here are they
ways in which the solenoids can be conducted. Determine the total inductance.
(6) the solenoids are connected in parallel; one is fitted onto the other, and the
senses of the turns are opposite.
Solution
L-R Circuit
L R

E Switch

Switch is closed at t = 0
L-R Circuit
I
E
= I0
R

I
E
= I0
R

0.63 I0

𝜏 t
 Example Inductance of solenoid is 5H and its resistance is 5W. It is connected to a 10V
battery at t = 0, then find: L = 5H R = 5
(a) Time constant
(b) Maximum current
(c) Time taken to reach half of the maximum current
(d) Time taken to reach 99% of maximum current
10 V Switch
Solution

Ans. a t = 1 sec, b I0 = 2A, c t = ℓn2, d t = 2ℓn10

 Example Find current through battery at: 12 V
𝑡=0
(a) t = 0 (Just after closing the switch)
(b) t = ∞ (After long time when current 1Ω
is in steady state)
Solution 10 H 6Ω

3Ω

3
Ans. a I = A, b I = 2A
2
 Example Initially capacitor is uncharged and there is no current in inductor at t = 0,
switch is closed at t = 0. 6μF
Find current through battery at
(a) t = 0 (Just after closing the switch) 3Ω
5H
(b) t = ∞ (After long time when current
is in steady state) 2Ω
t=0
Solution
20 V 2Ω

Ans. (a) I = 2A, (b) I = 2.5A

 Example Growth of current for both circuit are plotted as shown in figure.
Compare the values of: L1 R1 L2 R2
(a) R1 and R2
(b) L1 and L2
Solution
E E
Figure 1 Figure 2

1 2

Ans. (a) R1 = R2, (b) L1 < L2

L-R Circuit

Important points for inductor:

Flux through an ideal inductor cannot change suddenly.

 = LI

(a) If L is constant then under sudden change current through inductor remains
same.

(b) If L is changed suddenly then current through inductor will change.

 = L1I1 = L2I2
 Example Initially circuit was at steady state. Now at t = 0 an iron rod is inserted in
inductor such that its inductance becomes n times of original. Find:
(a) Current at t = 0 Iron rod L
(b) After long time.

Solution R

I0 E
Ans. a I2 = n
; b Imax = R
 Example Given circuit was initially at steady state. At t = 0 switch is shifted from
dI
position 1 to position 2. Find current (I) and rate of change of current .
dt

(a) At t = 0 3H
2
(b) At t = 
Solution 1

8Ω 6Ω

24V

di di
Ans. a I = 3A, = 2; b I = 4A, = 0
dt dt
 Example Switch is closed at t = 0. Find I as function of time. L = 3H

Solution
L = 6H

R = 5Ω

𝐼
10V

Ans. I = 2 1 − e−tΤ0.4
Decay of Current in L-R Circuit L R

𝐸
𝐼0 =
𝑅 S1

E
S2
I
I0

t
I
I0

0.37I0

 t
 Example Switch was shifted from position 1 to position 2 at t = 0 after a long time.
Find current through inductor (L) as a function of time. 2Ω
Solution

2 3H

5Ω 10V

Ans. I = 2e−2t/3
 1
Example Prove that in decay, energy loss in resistor from t = 0 to t =  is 2 LI02 .
Given I0 current was flowing through L at t = 0. L Io

Solution

R
S
 Example Find heat loss in R1 and R2 individually form t = 0 to t = .
R1 = 3Ω R 2 = 6Ω
Solution

Io = 10A at t = 0
L = 5H

250 500
Ans. HLR1 = J, HLR2 = J
3 3
Eddy Currents
Eddy currents (or Foucault's currents)

Definition
How to Minimise Heat loss
Advantages of Eddy Current
Eddy current process is more useful at the inspection process.
Inspection by this method is a fast and accurate process.
This is also used in speedometer.
This is also used in an induction furnace process.

Disadvantages of Eddy Current

There is more leakage of flux occurred in it.
Heat loss is more.
This is not useful to inspect all types of metals (only conductive metals can
be inspected).
Complex designs are not inspected accurately.
Uses of Eddy Current

Magnetic braking in trains.

Induction motors.
Dead beat galvanometer (Electromagnetic damping).
Electric brakes.
Induction Furnace (Heating effect of Eddy Current).
Transformer
Types of Transformer
Step up transformer
Step down transformer
Convert low AC voltage into high AC voltage
Convert high AC voltage into low AC voltage

𝜙m
Ip is
F1 F2
V1 e1 e2 v2 Load
Vs
N1 N2
Np Ns
Turns Turns

Soft iron core

Working of Transformer 𝜙m
Ip is
F1 F2
V1 e1 e2 v2 Load
Vs
N1 N2
Np Ns
Turns Turns

Soft iron core

Working of Transformer
 K = Transformer ratio

𝜙m
Ip Is

Vp Vs Secondary
Primary Circuit
Circuit Np Ns
Turns Turns
CASE 01 CASE 02

Efficiency of Transformer
 Example A power transmission line feeds input power at 2300 V to a step-down
transformer with its prime winding having 4000 turns. The output power is
delivered at 230 V by the transformer. If the current primary of the transformer
is 5 A and its efficiency is 90 %, the output current would be
(A) 25 A (B) 50 A (C) 45 A (D) 35 A

Solution

Ans. (C)
 Example In a transformer Np = 200, Ns = 2000, input voltage is 20 V and frequency is 60
Hz. What will be output voltage and frequency.
(A) 200 V, 60 Hz (B) 200 V, 50 Hz
(C) 100 V, 60 Hz (D) 100 V, 50 Hz
Solution

Frequency of a Transformer remains Same

Ans. (A)
 Example A step-down transformer reduce 220 V to 100 V current in primary coil. Current
in primary coil is 5 amp and current in secondary coil is 9 amp.
Find the efficiency of transformer.
(A) 100 % (B) 90 % (C) 80 % (D) 70 %

Solution

Ans. (B)
JEE • Grade 12 • Physics • Session No. 06
LC Oscillations

When a capacitor is connected with an inductor, the charge on the capacitor

and current in the circuit exhibit the phenomenon of electrical oscillations.
At a time t, Apply KVL :
Switch closes
at t = 0

Initial
Charge Qo

C L
q ∶ Charge on the capacitor at a time t
Q0 : Maximum charge stored in the capacitor
L : Inductance of coil
i : Current in the circuit at a time t
Steps of Oscillation t=0

+Q0

–Q0
 (1) (2) (3)
t=0 t = T/4 t = T/2

+Q0 –Q0
O

O V +Q0
–Q0

(5) (4)
t=T t = 3T/4

+Q0
O

–Q0 O V
Energy in LC Oscillation
LC Oscillation SHM

d2q 1 d2x k
+ q=0 + ( )x = 0
dt2 LC dt2 m

1 k
ω= ω=
LC m

q = Q sin(ωt + φ) x = A sin(ωt + φ)

q x
i v
L m
1/C k
(1/2)Li2 (1/2)mv2
1 Q2 1 2
kx
2C 2
 Example A fully charged capacitor C with initial charge Q0 is connected to a coil of self
inductance L at t = 0. Find time and charge on capacitor when energy is stored
equally between the electric and the magnetic fields?
Solution Method−1 :
Solution Method-2 :

π Q0
Ans. t = LC , q =
4 2
 Example A RC series circuit of R = 15Ω and C = 1μF is connected to 20 volt DC supply for
very long time. The capacitor is disconnected from circuit and connected to
inductor of 10mH. Calculate amplitude of current.
Solution

Ans. 0.2A
 Example A condenser of capacity C is charged to a potential difference of V1. The plates
of the condenser are then connected to an ideal inductor of inductance L. The
current through the inductor when the potential difference across the
condenser reduces to V2 is
Solution

CV12 − CV22
Ans.
L
 Example In the L-C circuit shown in figure, the current is in direction shown in the figure
and charges on the capacitor plates have sign shown in the figure.
At this time
(A) I as well as Q increasing
(B) I as well as Q decreasing i
+Q
(C) I is increasing but Q is decreasing
(D) I is decreasing but Q is increasing L
–Q
Solution

Ans. (D)
 Example A 1.5µF capacitor is charged of 60V. The charging battery is then disconnected
and a 15mH coil is connected in series with the capacitor so that LC oscillations
occurs. Assuming that the circuit contains no resistance. The maximum current
in this coil shall be close to
(A) 1.4 A (B) 1.2 A (C) 0.8 A (D) 0.6 A

Solution

Ans. (D)
Damped Oscillatory Motion
Damped Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
Damped Oscillations

Both the amplitude and energy of oscillator are decreasing exponentially

with time
Energy

Amplitude
Time
t

2
bt
− 2m 1 bt
−2m 1 2 − bt
A t = A0 e E t = k Ao e = kAo e m
2 2
TYPES OF DAMPING

Undamped Motion
Damped Motion
Over Damped Motion

Critical Damped Motion

RLC Damped Oscillatory Circuit

A circuit containing resistance (R), inductance (L) and Capacitance in series called
LCR series Circuit
R

L C
RLC Damped Oscillatory Circuit

With a resistance R present, the total electromagnetic R

energy U of the circuit (the sum of the electrical energy and
magnetic energy and magnetic energy) is no longer
constant.
L C
It decreases with time as energy is transferred to
thermal energy in the resistance.

Due to this loss of energy, the oscillations of charge, current and potential
difference continuously decrease in amplitude and the oscillations are said
to be damped.
RLC Damped Oscillatory Circuit

By KVL : L C R
−q Ldi
− − iR = 0
C dt

q d2 q dq
+L 2 + R=0
C dt dt

d2 q dq R q
+ × + =0
dt 2 dt L LC
 RLC Damped Oscillatory Circuit L C R

Solution of this equation

R
−2Lt
q = qo e cos ωt + ϕ
q = charge on capacitor plate at any instant t
ω = frequency of damped oscillation

1 R 2 +q0
ω= −
LC 2L R

Amplitude
−2Lt
+q0 e

Time

−q0
 Key Point

Undamped LC Oscillation

1 C
ω= L
LC

Damped LCR Oscillation

R
2
1 R
ω′ = −
LC 2L

L C
 Example In a damped oscillator, amplitude become 0.8 times of initial after ten second
find total energy and amplitude at t = 20 sec . also find damping coefficient,
damping constant (λ), angular frequency, Time period.
Given initial amplitude – A0 = 20cm, k = 100N/m, m = 1kg, ln5/4 = 0.22.

Solution
 Example Two inductors L1 (inductance 1mH, internal resistance 3Ω) and L2 (inductance
2mH, internal resistance 4Ω), and a resistor R (resistance 12Ω) are all
connected in parallel across a 5V battery. The circuit is switched on at time t =
0. The ratio of the maximum to the minimum current (Imax /Imin ) drawn from
the battery is:
Solution
Forced Oscillations
JEE • Grade 12 • Physics • Session No. 07