TEACHER HANDOUT – PASSIVE: ADVANCED STRUCTURES (Unit 6.
2)
1) Passive cơ bản: form + cách dùng
Công thức: S (new) + be (chia theo thì) + V3/ed (+ by + agent nếu cần)
Ví dụ: They haven’t found a cure for colds yet.
→ A cure for colds hasn’t been found yet.
Ghi chú: Object (a cure) → Subject (A cure).
Ví dụ: First, they dry the coffee beans. Then they roast them.
→ First, the coffee beans are dried. Then they are roasted.
Ghi chú: Dùng bị động giúp văn mô tả quy trình ‘trang trọng’ và mạch lạc.
Ví dụ: They built enormous public baths.
→ Enormous public baths were built (by the Romans).
Ghi chú: Chỉ thêm by + agent khi agent quan trọng.
2) Bị động theo thì – bảng công thức (cần chắc để làm rewrite)
Nguyên tắc: chỉ động từ be thay đổi theo thì; V3/ed giữ nguyên.
Thì / dạng Active (mẫu) Passive (mẫu)
Present simple S + V(s/es) + O O + am/is/are + V3
Past simple S + V2/ed + O O + was/were + V3
Future (will) S + will + V1 + O O + will be + V3
Present continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing + O O + am/is/are being + V3
Past continuous S + was/were + V-ing + O O + was/were being + V3
Present perfect S + has/have + V3 + O O + has/have been + V3
Past perfect S + had + V3 + O O + had been + V3
Modal S + can/must/should… + V1 O + can/must/should… be +
+O V3
Modal perfect S + could/should/might… O + could/should/might…
have + V3 + O have been + V3
3) Lưu ý quan trọng về Continuous Passive
Present continuous passive: am/is/are being + V3
Past continuous passive: was/were being + V3
Các dạng ‘perfect continuous passive’ như has/have been being + V3 thường rất hiếm và nghe
không tự nhiên → nên đổi cách diễn đạt.
Ví dụ: They have been renovating the house for almost a year.
→ The house has been being renovated for almost a year. (không phổ biến)
Ghi chú: Cách tự nhiên hơn: giữ active hoặc đổi sang dạng khác phù hợp ngữ cảnh.
PASSIVE ADVANCED
A) Reporting/Impersonal passive (It is said that… / S is said to…)
Dùng để nêu ý kiến/thông tin mang tính ‘người ta nói/rằng…’ với reporting verbs: say, think,
believe, report, know, estimate, expect…
Có 2 cấu trúc chính:
Công thức: A) It + be + V3 + (that) + clause
Công thức: B) S (người/vật được nói tới) + be + V3 + to-infinitive
Chọn dạng to-infinitive trong cấu trúc B:
to V / to be + N/Adj: sự thật/hiện tại/tương lai (cùng thời).
to have + V3: hành động xảy ra trước thời điểm ‘người ta nói/tin’.
to be + V-ing: hành động đang diễn ra.
to be + V3 hoặc to have been + V3: nếu mệnh đề sau that ở dạng bị động.
Ví dụ chi tiết:
Ví dụ: People say (that) he is rich.
→ It is said (that) he is rich. / He is said to be rich.
Ghi chú: Cùng thời → to be.
Ví dụ: They believe (that) he stole the money.
→ He is believed to have stolen the money.
Ghi chú: Hành động xảy ra trước lời ‘believe’ → to have + V3.
Ví dụ: It is reported that mosquitoes transmit the disease.
→ Mosquitoes are reported to transmit the disease.
Ghi chú: Simple infinitive.
Ví dụ: It is believed that the walls were built in the 3rd century BCE.
→ The walls are believed to have been built in the 3rd century BCE.
Ghi chú: Mệnh đề bị động + quá khứ → to have been + V3.
Ví dụ: It is reported that the students are taking the exam now.
→ The students are reported to be taking the exam now.
Ghi chú: Đang diễn ra → to be V-ing.
C3. Pattern 3 – THERE + PASSIVE + INFINITIVE
FORM: There + be (present/past) + past participle (estimated/said/believed...) + to be / to have
been + number + noun
Use to report numbers/amounts/unknown existence (there + be).
Most common with: estimate, think, believe, say, report.
Example: We estimate that there are 100,000 people at this weekend’s festival.
→ There are estimated to be 100,000 people at this weekend’s festival.
Teacher note: Great for describing statistics in reports/news.
D. Passive with modals (present & past)
FORM: modal + be + V3/ed | modal + have been + V3/ed (past)
Use modal + be + V3 for rules/advice/ability/obligation in the present/future.
Use modal + have been + V3 when the modal meaning refers to the past (deduction,
criticism, regret).
Example: You should switch off phones during the play.
→ Phones should be switched off during the play.
Teacher note: Typical exam rewrite: active instruction → passive rule.
Example: Someone must have hacked my computer.
→ My computer must have been hacked.
Teacher note: Past deduction: must have been + V3.
E. Passive after verbs that take to-inf or V-ing
Many verbs are followed by an infinitive (to V) or gerund (V-ing). These can also be passive:
FORM: Passive infinitive: to be + V3/ed
FORM: Passive gerund: being + V3/ed
Use 'to be + V3' after verbs like want/hope/expect/plan/need/decide (to-inf pattern).
Use 'being + V3' after verbs like like/love/hate/enjoy/mind (V-ing pattern) or after
prepositions.
Example: Everyone want people to praise them.
→ Everyone likes to be praised.
Teacher note: Short and natural: to be + V3.
Example: I love people giving surprise presents!
→ I love being given surprise presents!
Teacher note: V-ing → being + V3.
5) Passive với động từ có 2 tân ngữ (two objects)
Với các động từ như give, send, show, offer, ask, tell, pay, teach… ta có thể tạo 2 câu bị động
vì có 2 object.
Công thức: S + V + IO (person) + DO (thing) → (1) IO + be + V3 + DO | (2) DO + be + V3
+ to/for + IO
Ví dụ: They gave me my money back.
→ I was given my money back. / My money was given back to me.
Ghi chú: Trong bài thi, cách (1) (đưa người lên làm chủ ngữ) thường gặp hơn.