Mathematics for
Economics and Business
Dr. Iman Hassaballa
LECTURE 5 1
Outline
Introduction
Quadratic Functions (Parabola)
Main Features
Graphical representation
Methods to solve quadratic equations
Algebraically
Graphically
Simultaneous Equations
Solving a system of quadratic and Linear equations
Break Even Analysis
Practice
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Quadratic
Functions
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Difference between Linear & Quadratic Functions
Linear Function Quadratic Function (Parabola)
Y= mx+ b Y= a𝑥𝑥 2+ bx+c
A function of degree 1 A function of degree 2
m is constantly changing Changes from point to point
b, m are constants a,b,c constants
b is y intercept C is y intercept
Either decrease (negative slope) or Both increase and decrease
increase (positive slope)
Each input has a unique output Pairs of unique independent variables
will produce the same dependent
variable (except the vertex)
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Quadratic Functions
Represent non linear relationships
Polynomial of degree 2
y= a𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐
a, b and c are constants
The slope of a non-linear curve y=f(x) at a given point xo is the slope of
the tangent to the curve at point xo
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Quadratic Functions
The graph of a quadratic function is a curve
called a parabola
Parabolas may open upward or downward
a > 0 open upwards
a< 0 open downwards
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Axis of Symmetry
All parabolas are symmetric with respect to a line called
the axis of symmetry
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Steps to sketch the Parabola
Vertex at
−𝑏𝑏
x= 2𝑎𝑎
1. Whether the parabola is open up (a>0)
or open down (a<0)
2. The location of the Peak (vertex)
−𝑏𝑏
𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝 =
2𝑎𝑎
substitute into equation to get
𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝
3. Y- intercept: (if exist)
put x =0
y= c (0, c)
4. X- intercept :(if exist)
vertex
put y= 0
a𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0
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To solve a quadratic equation
Set The Quadratic function y=f(x) to zero
a𝑥𝑥 2 +bx + c =0
1- Cuts x axis at 2 points 2 solutions
2- Cuts x axis at 1 point 1 solution
3- does not cut x axis No solution
Solutions are known as roots or zeros of equation
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Methods to Solve quadratic Equations
1- Algebraically
◦Factorizing
◦Formula approach
2- Graphically
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Algebraically
1- Factorizing
5𝑥𝑥 2 − 20𝑥𝑥 = 0
5x(x-20)=0
Either 5x=0 or x-4=0
x=0 x=4
One Another
possible possible
solution solution
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1- Factorizing
(x- 1)(x + 2)= 0
X-1 =0 X+3 =0
X =1 X=-3
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Solve
1- (x+ 5)(x +7) = 0
2- (2x-1)(4x – 3)= 0
3- 𝑥𝑥 2 - 5x= 0
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Solve
𝑥𝑥 2 - 11x + 28 = 0
x - 7
x - 4
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Solve
1- 𝑥𝑥 2 - 3x -10 = 0
(x- 5)(x+ 2)= 0
X= 5 or x= -2
2- 𝑥𝑥 2 +5x + 4 = 0
(x +4)(x +1)= 0
X= -4 or x= -1
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Methods to Solve quadratic Equations
1- Algebraically
◦Factorizing
◦Formula approach
2- Graphically
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Algebraically
2- Using the formula a𝑥𝑥 2 + bx+ c = 0
−𝑏𝑏± 𝑏𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
X=
2𝑎𝑎
Where a is the coefficient of 𝑥𝑥 2
b is the coefficient of x
c is the constant term
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Example:
Solve the equation (if possible) using the formula
𝑥𝑥 2 + 4x- 5= 0
a= 1 b= 4 c=-5
−𝑏𝑏± 𝑏𝑏 2−4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
X=
2𝑎𝑎
−4± 42−4(1)(−5)
X=
2(1)
−4+6 −4−6
X= or x=
2 2
X= 1 or x= -5
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Solving Quadratic Equations:
2- Graphical Approach:
when y=0, plot the function and see where it cuts the x-axis
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To sketch the function 2
y = a𝑥𝑥 + bx+ c
1- X and Y intercepts (if exists)
Y intercept x=0
X intercept y=0
2- Whether the parabola open up (a>0) or down (a<0)
−𝑏𝑏
3- The location of the vertex 𝑋𝑋𝑝𝑝 = (peak)
2𝑎𝑎
Substitute 𝑋𝑋𝑝𝑝 into equation to get 𝑌𝑌𝑝𝑝
4- Add some more points
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Example 1:
2
y = -𝑥𝑥 +4x+5
Find the roots of the
equation and plot
the graph?
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Example 1:
1- Determine x intercepts
Y=0
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2
y = -𝑥𝑥 +4x+5
2- Determine Y - intercept
Y intercept x= 0 y= 5 (0,5)
Since a=-1 < 0 open down ‘Hill Shaped Graph’
−𝑏𝑏
3-Vertex X=
2𝑎𝑎
−4
X=
2(−1)
=2 Y= -(2)2 +4 2 + 5 = 9 (2,9)
4- Add some more points
x -2 -1 0 2 4 5 6
y -7 0 5 9 5 0 -7
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Example 2
y = 𝑥𝑥 2 -4x+4
Find the roots of the equation and plot the graph
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1- Determine x intercept
Y=0
y = 𝑥𝑥 2 -4x+4
a= 1 b= - 4 c= 4
If y = 0
−𝑏𝑏± 𝑏𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
X=
2𝑎𝑎
4± (4)2 −4(1)(4)
X=
2
4± 0
X =
2
X= 2 when y =0 (2, 0)
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2
y = 𝑥𝑥 -4x+4
2- Y intercept x= 0 y= 4 (0,4)
Since a=1> 0 open up ‘U shaped’
3- vertex
−𝑏𝑏
X=
2𝑎𝑎
−(−4)
X= =2 Y= (2)2 −4 2 + 4 = 0 (2, 0)
2(1)
4- Add some more points
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
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LECTURE 5 30
Mathematics for Economics and Business
Section2.9- Quadratic Equations
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