CLASSIFICATIONS
OF
VOLCANOES CAN BE
GENERALLY CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING TO :
✓SHAPE
✓ACTIVITY
✓TYPE OF ERUPTION
TYPES OF VOLCANOES:
(SHAPE)
THERE ARE THREE MAJOR TYPES OF VOLCANOES:
➢ SHIELD VOLCANOES
➢COMPOSITE VOLCANOES
➢ CINDER CONE VOLCANOES
SHIELD VOLCANOES
• have a short cone shape,
and have basaltic lava
which means the lava has
low viscosity.
Mauna Loa in HAWAII
Fernandina in Galapagos Island
• ERUPTIONS OF SHIELD VOLCANOES ARE MILD AND
CAN OCCUR SEVERAL TIMES.
COMPOSITE VOLCANOES
• or stratovolcanoes are large,
nearly perfect sloped structure
formed from alternate
solidification of both lava and
pyroclastic deposits.
MAYON VOLCANO (ALBAY)
Mount Fuji (Japan)
Mount Rainier (Washington USA)
CINDER CONE
VOLCANOES
• a steep conical hill of loose
pyroclastic fragments, such as
either volcanic clinkers,
volcanic ash, or cinder that
has been built around a
volcanic vent.
Mount Paricutin (Mexico)
Smith Volcano (Babuyan Island)
Taal Volcano (Batangas)
CINDER CONE
VOLCANOES
SHIELD VOLCANO FORMED FROM LOW VISCOSITY LAVA
THAT CAN FLOW LONG DISTANCES.
CINDER CONE VOLCANOES, WHICH ARE MADE BY THE
ERUPTION OF LAVA, ASH AND ROCKS THAT BUILD UP
AROUND A VOLCANIC VENT.
COMPOSITE VOLCANO, AND THESE ARE SOME OF THE
MOST FAMOUS VOLCANOES (AND MOST DANGEROUS) IN
THE WORLD.
OTHER TYPES OF
VOLCANOES:
SUPERVOLCANOES - USUALLY HAS A
LARGE CALDERA AND CAN PRODUCE DEVASTATION ON AN
ENORMOUS, SOMETIMES CONTINENTAL, SCALE.
UNDERWATER VOLCANOES - ARE COMMON
FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR. IN SHALLOW WATER,
ACTIVE VOLCANOES DISCLOSE THEIR PRESENCE BY
BLASTING STEAM AND ROCKY DEBRIS HIGH ABOVE THE
OCEAN'S SURFACE.
OTHER TYPES OF
VOLCANOES:
SUBGLACIAL VOLCANOES - DEVELOP
UNDERNEATH ICECAPS. THEY ARE MADE UP OF FLAT
LAVA WHICH FLOWS AT THE TOP OF EXTENSIVE
PILLOW LAVAS AND PALAGONITE.
MUD VOLCANOES- OR MUD DOMES ARE
FORMATIONS CREATED BY GEO-EXCRETED LIQUIDS
AND GASES, ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SEVERAL
PROCESSES WHICH MAY CAUSE SUCH ACTIVITY.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES:
(ACTIVITY)
ACTIVE VOLCANOES - ARE THOSE THAT HAVE A RECORD
OF ERUPTION WITHIN THE LAST 600 YEARS OR THOSE
THAT ERUPTED 10, 000 YEARS AGO BASED ON ANALYSES
OF THEIR MATERIALS.
INACTIVE VOLCANOES - ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE THOSE
THAT HAVE NOT ERUPTED FOR THE LAST 10, 000 YEARS
AND THEIR PHYSICAL FORM IS BEING CHANGED BY
AGENTS OF WEATHERING AND EROSION
WHERE DO VOLCANOES
ERUPT???
•CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES –
WHERE TWO OF EARTH’S PLATES JOIN
TOGETHER
•DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES – WHERE
TWO OF EARTH’S PLATES MOVE APART
RING OF FIRE!!
•HOT SPOTS – ACTIVE AREAS BELOW THE
EARTHS CRUST
HOT SPOT VOLCANOES
HOT SPOT – AN AREA WHERE MATERIAL FROM DEEP
WITHIN THE MANTLE RISES AND MELTS FORMING
MAGMA
VOLCANOES FORM ABOVE A HOT SPOT WHEN MAGMA
ERUPTS THROUGH THE CRUST AND REACHES THE
SURFACE.
HOT SPOT VOLCANOES
• A HOT SPOT IN THE OCEAN FLOOR CAN GRADUALLY FORM A SERIES OF VOLCANIC
MOUNTAINS
• EX. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
HOT SPOT VOLCANOES
• A HOT SPOT CAN ALSO FORM UNDER CONTINENTS
• EX. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, WY
HOT SPOT VOLCANOES
HOT SPOT VOLCANOES
PRIMARY FACTORS AFFECTING THE
VOLCANOES’ ERUPTIVE STYLE
✓ Magma’s temperature -The higher the
temperature of magma is, the lower is its viscosity
✓ Chemical composition - Magmas with high silica
content are more viscous than those with low silica
content.
✓ Amount of dissolved gases it contains - Gas
dissolved in magma tends to increase its stability to
flow.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
A. PHREATIC OR HYDROTHERMAL – IS A
STREAM-DRIVEN ERUPTION AS THE HOT
ROCKS COME IN CONTACT WITH WATER.
IT IS SHORT LIVED CHARACTERIZED BY ASH
COLUMNS BUT MAY BE AN ONSET OF A
LARGE ERUPTION.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
B. PHREATOMAGMATIC – IS A VIOLENT
ERUPTION DUE TO THE CONTACT BETWEEN
WATER AND MAGMA. AS A RESULT, A LARGE
COLUMN OF VERY FINE ASH AND HIGH-
SPEED AND SIDEWAY EMISSION OF
PYROCLASTICS CALLED BASE SURGES ARE
OBSERVED.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
C. STROMBOLIAN – A PERIODIC
WEAK TO VIOLENT ERUPTION
CHARACTERIZED BY FOUNTAIN
LAVA.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
D. VULCANIAN – CHARACTERIZED BY TALL
ERUPTION COLUMNS THAT REACH UP TO
20 KM HIGH WITH PYROCLASTIC FLOW
AND ASH FALL TEPHRA LIKE THAT OF
PARICUTIN VOLCANO IN MEXICO.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
E. PLINIAN – EXCESSIVELY
QQQQEXPLOSIVE TYPE OF
ERUPTION OF GAS AND
PYROCLASTICS JUST LIKE OUR
PINATUBO VOLCANO IN ZAMBALES.
VOLCANIC
MATERIALS
VOLCANIC PRODUCTS
• PYROCLASTIC
FLOWS
• LAHARS
• LAVA
• VOLCANIC ASH
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
• PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
ARE MIXTURES OF HOT
GAS, ASH AND OTHER
VOLCANIC ROCKS
TRAVELLING VERY
QUICKLY DOWN THE
SLOPES OF
VOLCANOES. THEY ARE
ONE OF THE MOST
DANGEROUS HAZARDS
POSED BY VOLCANOES.
LAHARS
•LAHARS ARE
MUDFLOWS
FORMED BY THE
MIXING OF
VOLCANIC
PARTICLES AND
WATER.
VOLCANIC ASH
• VOLCANIC ASH
IS A VOLCANIC
ROCK WHICH IS
EXPLODED
FROM A VENT
IN FRAGMENTS
LESS THAN
2MM IN SIZE.
PAHOEHOE LAVA
•PAHOEHOE
FAST
MOVING, HOT
LAVA THAT
HAS LOW
VISCOSITY.
AA LAVA
•AA HIGHER
VISCOSITY,
SLOWER
MOVING,
COOLER LAVA
THAT
PAHOEHOE
Silica—major ingredient in
magma made of silicon and
oxygen.
VOLCANIC GAS
•VOLCANIC
GAS IS
CONTAINED
WITHIN
MAGMA.
KINDS OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
• VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS CAN BE QUIET OR
EXPLOSIVE.
• ERUPTIONS DEPEND ON THE PROPERTIES OF
MAGMA
✓SILICA CONTENT
✓VISCOSITY
Silica—major
ingredient in magma
made of silicon and
oxygen.
KINDS OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
QUIET ERUPTIONS
✓MAGMA HAS LOW SILICA CONTENT = LOW VISCOSITY
✓MAGMA FLOWS EASIER SO GASES BUBBLE OUT GENTLY
✓LAVA CAN FLOW MANY KILOMETERS FROM THE VENT
✓PRODUCE BOTH PAHOEHOE AND AA LAVA
✓EXAMPLE: HAWAIIAN ISLANDS – MOUNT KILAUEA
KINDS OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
✓MAGMA HAS HIGH SILICA CONTENT = HIGH
VISCOSITY
✓MAGMA DOESN’T ALWAYS FLOW OUT OF VENT AND
SO IT BUILDS UP (LIKE A CORK IN A BOTTLE)
✓TRAPPED GASES BUILD UP PRESSURE UNTIL THEY
EXPLODE
✓MAGMA IS PUSHED OUT OF THE VENT WITH
INCREDIBLE FORCE
KINDS OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
❖LAVA BREAKS INTO FRAGMENTS THAT COOL QUICKLY AND
HARDEN INTO DIFFERENT SIZES
❖ASH – FINE, DUST SIZED PARTICLES OF LAVA
❖CINDERS – PEBBLE SIZED PARTICLES
❖BOMBS – BASEBALL TO CAR SIZED CHUNKS OF LAVA
❖PYROCLASTIC FLOW: WHEN AN EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION HURLS OUT
GASES, ASH, CINDERS AND BOMBS.
❖PUMICE FORMS WHEN LAVA COOLS QUICK AND TRAPS AIR
BUBBLES INSIDE
❖OBSIDIAN FORMS WHEN LAVA COOLS QUICK LEAVING THE
SURFACE SMOOTH AND GLASS-LIKE
END!!
GLOBAL IMPACT
• WHEN A VOLCANO ERUPTS IT • VOLCANOES PROVIDE
THROWS OUT A LOT OF RESOURCES FOR ENERGY
ASH. AT SHORT NOTICE THIS EXTRACTION, ALSO CALLED
ASH CAN BE VERY HARMFUL TO GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES. HEAT
THE ENVIRONMENT, BUT ON THE FROM THE EARTH'S CRUST IS
LONG TERM THE ASH LAYER, BEING CONVERTED TO
WHICH CONTAINS MANY ENERGY. THE BIG ADVANTAGES
USEFUL MINERALS, WILL BE TO THIS TYPE OF ENERGY ARE
THAT IT IS VERY CLEAN AND THE
CONVERTED TO A VERY FERTILE
RESOURCES ARE NEARLY
SOIL.
INEXHAUSTIBLE.
GLOBAL IMPACT
• SEA FLOOR SPREADING- NEW CRUST IS FORMED AT THE BOTTOM OF
THE OCEAN FLOOR.
SEISMOMETERS
• SEISMOMETERS ARE
INSTRUMENTS THAT
MEASURE AND RECORD
MOTIONS OF THE
GROUND, INCLUDING
THOSE OF SEISMIC
WAVES GENERATED BY
EARTHQUAKES.
INTERACTIVE VOLCANO