Symbols

° degree or degrees
= is equal to
 is congruent to
 is not equal to
~ is similar to
|| is parallel to
 is perpendicular to
AB line AB
AB line segment AB
AB ray AB
AB length of AB
ABC angle ABC
mABC measure of ABC in degrees
ABC triangle ABC
AB vector AB
AB magnitude of AB

h, k vector with horizontal component h and

vertical component k
A circle with center A
minor arc AB
AB
major arc ABC
ABC
measure of arc AB
mAB
 pi
A' A prime
A  A' transformation from A to A prime
pq if p, then q
a:b ratio of a to b
A B tick marks: AD  BC and AB  DC

D C

A B arrow marks: AD || BC and AB || DC

D C

A B arc marks: A  C and B  D

D C
right-angle box

x absolute value of x
(x, y) ordered pair x, y
 is approximately equal to
~p not p; the negation of p
tan tangent
sin sine
cos cosine
tan1 inverse tangent
sin1 inverse sine
cos1 inverse cosine
P(A) probability of event A

Formulas

Plane figures
Shape Dimensions Area Perimeter or
Circumference
Triangle base b and height h 1
A= bh
2
Square side length s A = s2 P = 4s
Rectangle base b and height h A = bh P = 2b + 2h
Parallelogram base b and height h A = bh
Trapezoid bases b1 and b2, and height h 1
A= (b1 + b2)h
2
Kite diagonals d1 and d2 1
A= d1d2
2
Rhombus diagonals d1 and d2 1
A= d1d2
2
Regular side length s, number of sides 1 1 P = ns
polygon n, apothem a, and perimeter P A= ans or A = aP
2 2
Circle radius r and diameter d = 2r A =  r2 C = 2 r or C = d
Sector of a radius r and central angle  m  2
A=  r
 360 
circle measure m°

Lattice polygon b boundary points and i interior b

points A=i+ 1
2

Solids
Solid Dimensions Lateral Area and Volume
Surface Area
(right solids only)
Prism base area B, base perimeter P, L = Ph V = Bh
 and height h S = Ph + 2B
Cube side length s S = 6s2 V = s3
Cylinder base radius r and height h L = 2rh V = r2h
S = 2rh + 2r2
Pyramid base area B, base perimeter P, 1 1
slant height s, and height h L= Ps V= Bh
2 3
1
S= Ps + B
2
Cone base radius r, slant height s, L = rs 1 2
and height h V= r h
S = rs + r 2
3
Sphere radius r S = 4 r2 4 3
V= r
3

Coordinate Geometry
Slope of a line through (x1, x2) and (y1, y2) rise y 2  y1
m= 
run x2  x1
Slope intercept form of a line with slope m and y-intercept b y = mx + b
Point-slope form of a line through (x1, x2) and (y1, y2) y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Standard form of a line: A, B, and C are integers and A  0 Ax + By = C
Midpoint of the segment with endpoints (x1, x2) and (y1, y2)  x  x2 y1  y 2 
M 1 ,
 2 2 

x  x   y  y 
Distance from (x1, x2) to (y1, y2) 2 2
d= 2 1 2 1

Standard equation of a circle with radius r and center (h, k)

x  h  y  k   r
2 2 2

Trigonometry
Sine of acute A in a right triangle opposite
sin A =
hypotenuse
Cosine of acute A in a right triangle adjacent
cos A =
hypotenuse
Tangent of acute A in a right triangle opposite
tan A =
adjacent
Law of Sines for any ABC, with side lengths a, b, and c sin A sinB sinC
 
a b c
Law of Cosines for any ABC, with side lengths a, b, and c a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C

Other formulas
Pythagorean theorem for right triangle with legs a and b and hypotenuse c a2 + b2 = c2
Euler's formula for a solid with V vertices, E edges, and F faces VE+F=2
Sum of the angle measures of an n-sided polygon (n  2)180°
Angle measure of a regular polygon with n sides n  2180 o

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