STS

HISTORICAL ANTECENDENTS IN THE Greek Civilization

COURSE OF SCIENCE AND • In-depth works on Philosophy and
TECHNOLOGY Mathematics

Inventions:
• Coliseum
Ancient Times
• Olympics
Sumerian Civilization • Alarm clock
Inventions: • Water mill
• Cuneiform
- First writing system
• Plowing Roman Empire
• Dikes • Strongest political and social entity in
• Irrigation the West.
• Wheels • Cradle of politics and governance
• Mode of transportation was through
waterways Inventions:
• Developed the first road • Newspaper
❖ Mesopotamia (Iraq) • Bound books or codex
• Churches
Babylonian Civilization • Basilicas
Inventions: • Aqueducts
• Emerged near Tigris and Euphrates • Coliseums
River • Amphitheaters
• Hanging Garden of Babylon • Residential houses
- Built by King Nebuchadnezzar for his • Roman Numeral System
wife, Amyitis. - Number system
• Code of Hammurabi
“An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”
Chinese Civilization
• Oldest civilization in Asia
Egyptian Civilization
Inventions: Inventions:
• Death mask of Tutankhamen • Silk trade
• Pyramid of Giza • Tea production
• Water clock/ clepsydra • Gun powder
• Paper/papyrus • Great Wall of China
• Ink
• Hieroglyphics
- System of writing MIDDLE AGES
• Cosmetics
• Wigs • Marred by massive invasions and
- Worn by wealthy Egyptians to protect migrations.
the shave of the heads from harmful • Wars are prevalent.
rays of the sun. • It is also known as the “Age of
Exploration”

Inventions:
• Printing press
- Invented by Johann Gutenberg
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• Microscope Center of the universe

- Invented by Zacharias Janssen (first ▪ Geo-centric Model
compound microscope, Circa 1595) ⇾ Earth-centered
• Cross bows ➢ The planet as well as the
• Long bows sun and moon, moved in
• Chainmail circular motion around the
Earth.
➢ Introduced by Cladius
MODERN TIMES Ptolemy
• The booming world population during the ➢ It lasted for 1,400 years
19th century onwards demanded that
more goods be produced at faster rate. ▪ Helio-centric Model
⇾ Sun-centered
Inventions: ⇾ Introduced by Nicolaus
• Pasteurization Copernicus
- Invented by Louis Pasteur ᴥ The man who moved
⇾ French biologist the Earth
⇾ Microbiologist ᴥ “On the Revolutions of
⇾ Chemist the Heavenly
- The process of heating dairy products Spheres”, the book that
to kill harmful bacteria that allow them Copernicus published.
to spoil faster.
• Molecular
Louis 2. Evolution of Human Being
asymmetry
Theory of Evolution by Natural
• Fermentation Pasteur
Selection
• Vaccination ▪ Individual organisms within a
• Development of kerosene and petroleum particular species show a
refinery industry wide range of variation for a
• Telephone characteristic, individuals
- Invented by Alexander Graham Bell with characteristics most
- 1876 suited to the environment are
• Modern calculator more likely to survive to
breed successfully; and the
characteristics that have
enabled these individuals to
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT survive are then passed on to
DEFINED THE SOCIETY the next generation.

• A period where paradigm shifts occurred ▪ Theory of Charles Darwin

• War of great thinkers ⇾ English naturalist
• It’s where scientific beliefs that have ⇾ Studied variation of plants,
been accepted and embraced were animals, and fossils during
challenged and opposed. a 5-year voyage.
• In ancient times, Earth was the center of ⇾ He didn’t publish his
the universe. scientific work and ideas
• Human beings were created through until 28 years after his
“Divine Creation” voyage.
⇾ Published a book entitled
1. Model of the Solar System “On the Origin of Species”
in 1859.
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considered as indigenous science or folk

science.
3. Psychoanalysis
• The study of human behavior Some indigenous science and technology
• Psychology is a philosophy have already existed with regards to:
- Logical reasoning
• Revolutionary theory of Agriculture:
psychoanalysis (clinical method) • Farming
- Theory of Sigmund Freud • Animal-raising
• Utilization of plants and herbs as
3 Conflicting Elements medicine
1. Id
- Primitive and instinctive Technology:
component of your personality. • Handicrafts
2. Ego • Weaving
- Reality or mediator between id • Tools for:
and superego. - Planting
3. Superego - Hunting
- Moral conscience - Cooking
- Fishing
- Fighting
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND - Mining
NATION BUILDING • Indigenous technology in building
houses, irrigations, and transportation
(land and water)
Poverty
allivation
• Banaue Rice Terraces
Affordable Economic
- Made by hand
energy growth
• Believes in spirits and supernatural
entities

Role of
Environmental S&T in
management Nation Health Spanish Regime
Building
• The colonization of Spaniards
contributed to the growth of S&T in the
country.
Water
Education • Introduced formal education
supply • Founded scientific institution
• Parish schools established where
Agriculture
religion, reading, writing and music
was taught.
• Sanitation
Pre-Colonial Period • Advance method of agriculture
• Pharmacy and medicine
• The ancient practices in science and • Engineering is the priority than
technology by our ancestors are now agriculture since Spaniards were
dependent to Galleon trade.
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• Meteorological studies Post-Colonial Period

- Promoted by Jesuits
⇾ Established Manila • President Ferdinand E. Marcos
Observatory received a report on the deterioration
• First public typhoon warning of S&T. (1957)
- Issued by Fr. Federico Faura in
1879 - Lack of government support
• From agriculture to exporting economy - Dearth of scientists
- Low morale of scientists
- Lack of public awareness of
American Regime science
• Rapid advancement of S&T ▪ Science Act of 1958
- Resulted in granting - Created the Nat’l Science
scholarships for higher Development Board (NSDB) to
education in Science and formulate policies for
Engineering development of science and
• Free primary education coordinate the work of science
- Thomasites (American agencies.
teachers) - Created Philippine Atomic
• Introduction of science and industry Energy Commission (PAEC)
and vocational courses - Philippine Coconut Institute
• Public health programs - Textile Research Institute
• Establishment of science research ▪ Created Nat’l Grains Authority
agencies - Support the progressive
• UP Los Baños was established development of agriculture,
fishery, and forestry.
▪ Philippine Atmospheric
Japanese Regime Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration
Development in: (PAGASA)
• Infrastructure
• Energy
• During President Corazon Aquino’s
• Maritime
administration, the Nat’l Science and
• Security Technology Authority was replaced by
• Disaster management Dept. of Science and Technology
• Agriculture (DOST)
• Education ▪ The Presidential Task Force
• Peace and development in for S&T came up with the first
Mindanao Science and Technology
Mater Plan (STMP)
- To achieve newly industrialized
country status by the year 2000.
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Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration
President Carlos P. ➢ Lack of support of experimental work
Garcia (1957 – ➢ Marginal budget for scientific research
1961) ➢ Low salaries of scientists employed by the government
➢ Established the National Science Development Board (NSDB)
President Ferdinand ➢ Directed the DepED to revitalize the science courses in public high schools
E. Marcos (1965 – ➢ Channeled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and science
1986) education.
➢ Proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site oh Philippine Science
Community.
➢ Scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops
on fisheries and oceanography.
➢ Added Philippine Coconut Research to NSDB to modernize coconut industry
➢ Support the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential
Decree No. 49, s. 1972.
➢ Enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the
National Academy of Science and Technology.
➢ Enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences
Research Complex at the UP Los Baños (Executive Order No. 840, s.1982)
➢ Established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High
School (PSHS) to encourage careers in S&T.
➢ Established PAGASA, National Grains Authority, Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil Company among other.
President Corazon ➢ National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Dept. of Science
Aquino (1986 – and Technology (DOST).
1992) ➢ S&T’s role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted
➢ created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up
with the first Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP).
➢ Executive Order No. 128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the “Philippine
Inventors Incentive Act”.
➢ Assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent application
assistance, legal assistance, and to help inventors market their products
domestically and abroad.
➢ R.A. 6655 or the “Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988” opened doors to
free education up to the secondary level.
➢ “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological
literacy among Filipinos.
President Fidel V. ➢ Significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field
Ramos (1992 – ➢ Addition of Philippine Science High School in Visayas and Mindanao.
1998) ➢ Government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up
professions related to S&T.
➢ Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of high-
tech equipment for student.
➢ Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel (R.A. No. 8453) was established.
➢ Award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have
been influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act or R.A.
No. 7459).
➢ Programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and
Technology.
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➢ Enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high schools specializing in

the field of science and engineering (Science and Technology Scholarship Law of
1994).
➢ Enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (R.A. No. 8293)
President Joseph ➢ Launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies.
Estrada (1998 – ➢ Establishment of one science high school in every province
2001) ➢ Advancement of industries and schools into Internet age
➢ Passage of the e-Commerce Act
President Gloria M. ➢ The science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed as the “golden
Arroyo (2001 – age” during her term.
2010) ➢ Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment and science to
push technology as a tool to increase the country’s economic level
➢ The term “Filipinnovation” was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to
be an innovative hub in Asia.
➢ Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed further by
strengthening the schools and education system such as the PSHS, which
focuses on science, technology, and mathematics in their curriculum.
➢ R.A. no. 10601 – improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through
Mechanization (AFMech).
President Benigno ➢ Education reform by shifting K-12 education system.
S. Aquino III (2010 – ➢ Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment Hazards) is created in
2016) response to the call of Pres. Noynoy Aquino for a more accurate, integrated, and
responsive disaster prevention and mitigation system, especially in high-risk
areas throughout the country.
➢ Signed the E.O 2016 on May 20,2016: Adopting the policy on ensuring
sustainable renewable energy resource management and mandating the Dept. of
Energy (DOE) to lead in its implementation.
President Rodrigo R. ➢ Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion or TRAIN law was signed in Dec. 2017.
Duterte (2016 – A revenue-generating measure to fund the administration’s infrastructure
2021) program, health, education, and social services programs.
➢ Signed the Balik Scientist Law (R.A. No. 11035) on June 15, 2018, that gives more
incentives to returning Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers who
would share their expertise in the country.
➢ Signed the Philippine Space Act on August 8, 2019, creating the Philippine Space
Agency (PhilSA).
➢ Supported the Philippine Space Program, which launched space satellites Diwata
– 1 and Diwata – 2 in 2016 and 2018.
➢ Moves S&T Week to November to ensure maximum participation of schools,
stakeholders and the public considering the change in the academic calendar of
most educational institutions.
➢ R.A. No. 11293 otherwise known as the “Philippine Innovation Act” was signed by
Duterte on April 17, 2019, in order to foster innovation in the country as a vital
component of national development and sustainable economic growth.
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Filipino Scientists and their Inventions - Researched the
phytochemical properties of
Dr. Arturo Akaraz plants for natural products,
- Volcanologist specializing in essential oil, and the
geothermal energy development medicinal qualities.
- Powered an electric bulb using
steam – powered electricity in Emerita De Guzman
1967. This was the first - Filipino Scientist
geothermal power generated in - Researched the propagation
the Philippines. of pure macapuno trees that
led to the faster propagation
Julian Banzon (1908 – 1988) of pure macapuno trees and
- Filipino chemist increased macapuno nut
- Researched methods of production from 3-5
producing alternative fuels. macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts
He experimented with the (1980).
production of ethyl esters - Invented tissue culture
from sugarcane and coconut. techniques for rapid
propagation of abaca and
Pedro Escuro (1923 -) banana plants.
- Filipino scientist
- The isolation of nine varieties, Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 – 2011)
thus was renowned by - Filipino doctor
developing rice breeding. - Invention of an improved
incubator and a jaundice
Rice varieties: relieving device
▪ Milpal 4
▪ HBD – 2 Gregorio Zara (1902 – 1976)
▪ Azmil 26 - Filipino Scientist
▪ C – 22 - Invented the two-way
▪ C – 18 television telephone or
▪ C4 – 63 videophone (1955) patented
▪ C4 – 137 as a “photo phone signal
▪ C – 168 separator network”
▪ C – 12 - Discovered the physical law
of electric kinetic resistance
called the “Zara effect”
Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 – 1986) (1930).
- The Father of poultry science - Invented an airplane engine
- Improved methods of that ran on plain alcohol as
production for the poultry and fuel (1952).
livestock industry.

Felix Maramba
- Built a coconut oil-fueled
power generator
- Developer of one of the
world’s most profitable biogas
systems.

Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 – 1999)

- Filipino chemist