‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Mechanical
Springs

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
 WHAT IS SPRING?

Springs are elastic bodies (generally metal) that can be

twisted, pulled, or stretched by some force. They can return to
their original shape when the force is released.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 CLASSIFICATION OF SPRINGS

1) Helical springs:
a) Tension helical spring
b) Compression helical spring
c) Torsion spring
d) Spiral spring

2) Leaf springs
Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
 TENSION HELICAL SPRING
(OR) EXTENSION SPRING
1. It has some means of transferring the load from the support
to the body by means of some arrangement.
2. It stretches apart to create load.
3. The gap between the successive coils is small.
4. The wire is coiled in a sequence that the turn is at right
angles to the axis of the spring.
5. The spring is loaded along the axis.
6. By applying load the spring elongates in action
Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
TENSION HELICAL SPRING

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TENSION HELICAL SPRING

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TENSION HELICAL SPRING

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TENSION HELICAL SPRING

Electrical Relay

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Electrical Relay

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 TORSION SPRING
1. It is also a form of helical spring, but it rotates about an
axis to create load.
2. It releases the load in an arc around the axis.
3. Mainly used for torque transmission
4. The ends of the spring are attached to other application
objects, so that if the object rotates around the center of
the spring, it tends to push the spring to retrieve its
normal position.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

TORSION SPRING

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 LEAF SPRING
•Sometimes it is also called as a semi-elliptical spring, as it
takes the form of a slender arc shaped length of spring steel of
rectangular cross section.
•Heavy vehicles,leaves are stacked one upon the other to
ensure rigidity and strength.
•It provides dampness and springing function.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

LEAF SPRING

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LEAF SPRING

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LEAF SPRING

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 SPIRAL SPRING
1. It is made of a band of steel wrapped around itself a
number of times to create a geometric shape.
2. Its inner end is attached to an arbor and outer end is
attached to a retaining drum.
3. It has a few rotations and also contains a thicker band of
steel.
4. It releases power when it unwinds.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 SPIRAL SPRING

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COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING

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COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING

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COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING

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COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING

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COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING

Electrical Contactor

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 COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING
Among the four types, the plain end type is less expensive
to manufacture. It tends to bow sideways when applying a
compressive load.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 End Conditions

Plain Plain & ground Square Square & ground

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
 Spring Rate

Spring rate, also called

deflection rate, is a value
that reflects how much
weight it takes to compress a
spring a certain amount.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Cylindrical Conical
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Stresses in Helical Springs

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Stresses in Helical Springs

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
 Suppose Ks is replaced by another K factor, which corrects for both
curvature and direct shear. Then this factor is given by the equations:
𝟒 𝐂−𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟓
K= +
𝟒 𝐂−𝟒 𝐂
𝟖𝐅𝐃
τmax = K
𝛑𝐝𝟑

Where:
K: The Wahl factor.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 Deflection of Helical Springs
The deflection-force relation can be obtained using
Castigliano's theorem.

The total strain energy in the spring wire has two

components torsional and shear.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
K equivalent-when springs are in series

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

K equivalent-when springs are in parallel
(Δ1= Δ2)

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

COMBINED SYSTEM(BOTH SERIES AND PARALLEL)

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 SPRING MATERIALS

The mainly used material for manufacturing the springs are

as follows:

1) Hard drawn high carbon steel .

2) Oil tempered high carbon steel .
3) Stainless steel
4) Copper or nickel based alloys.
5) Phosphor bronze.
6) Inconel.
7) Monel
8) Titanium.
Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
 The ultimate tensile strength of spring materials may be given by:

𝐀
Su =
𝐝𝐦

Where: A and m are material constant given by Table 5.4.

 If information about the shear stress is not available, we may use:

Sy = 0.75 Su
Ssy = 0.577 Sy

 The factor of safety ranges from 1.3 to 2.5 depending on the type of
service, (speed and number of load fluctuations in a life time).

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Name of materials Description

This is the best, toughest, and most widely used of all

spring materials for small springs. It has the highest
Music wire, tensile strength and can withstand higher stresses under
0.80–0.95C repeated loading than any other spring material.
Available in diameters 0.12 to 3 mm. Do not use above
120°C or at subzero temperatures.

This general-purpose spring steel is used for many types

of coil springs where the cost of music wire is prohibitive
Oil-tempered wire, and in sizes larger than available in music wire. Not for
0.60–0.70C shock or impact loading. Available in diameters 3 to 12
mm, but larger and smaller sizes may be obtained. Not
for use above 180°C or at subzero temperatures.
This is the cheapest general-purpose spring steel and
should be used only where life, accuracy, and deflection
Hard-drawn wire,
are not too important. Available in diameters 0.8 to 12
0.60–0.70C
mm. Not for use above 120°C or at subzero
temperatures.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 This is the most popular alloy spring steel for conditions
involving higher stresses than can be used with the high-
carbon steels and for use where fatigue resistance and long
Chrome-vanadium endurance are needed. Also good for shock and impact
loads. Widely used for aircraft-engine valve springs and for
temperatures to 220°C. Available in annealed or pre-
tempered sizes 0.8 to 12 mm in diameter.

This alloy is an excellent material for highly stressed springs

that require long life and are subjected to shock loading,
Chrome-silicon
and the material may be used up to 250°C. Available from
0.8 to 12 mm in diameter.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
Example:
Design a spring for a balance to measure 0 to 1000 N over a scale of
length 80 mm. The spring is to be enclosed in a casing of 25 mm diameter.
The approximate number of turns is 30. The modulus of rigidity is 85
kN/mm2. Also calculate the maximum shear stress induced.
Given:
F = 0 : 1000 N ; δ = 80 mm ; n = 30 ; G = 85 kN/mm2 = 85 × 103 N/mm2
Solution:
Since the spring is to be enclosed in a casing of 25 mm diameter, therefore
the outer diameter of the spring coil (Do = D + d) should be less than 25
mm.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

We know that deflection of the spring (δ),
𝟖 𝐅 𝐧 𝐃𝟑 𝟖 𝐅 𝐧 𝐂𝟑
δ= = = 80 mm
𝐆 𝐝𝟒 𝐆𝐝

Let us assume that d = 4 mm.

𝐂𝟑
Therefore = 28.3
𝐝

C3 = 28.3 × d = 113.2
C = 4.84
D = C × d = 4.84 × 4 = 19.36 mm

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

We know that outer diameter of the spring coil,
Do = D + d = 19.36 + 4 = 23.36 mm
Since the value of Do = 23.36 mm is less than the casing diameter of 25
mm, therefore the assumed dimension, d = 4 mm is correct.
Maximum shear stress induced:
𝟒 𝐂−𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟓
K= +
𝟒 𝐂−𝟒 𝐂

K = 1.322
𝟖𝐅𝐃
∴ Maximum shear stress induced, τmax = K
𝛑𝐝𝟑

τmax = 1018.2 N/mm2 = 1018.2 MPa

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Example:
A safety valve of 60 mm diameter is to blow off at a pressure of 1.2
N/mm2. It is held on its seat by a close coiled helical spring. The maximum
lift of the valve is 10 mm. Design a suitable compression spring of spring
index 5 and providing an initial compression of 35 mm. The maximum
shear stress in the material of the wire is limited to 500 MPa. The
modulus of rigidity for the spring material is 80 kN/mm2. Calculate:
a. Diameter of the spring wire,
b. Mean coil diameter,
c. Number of active turns, and
d. Pitch of the coil.
Given :
Valve diameter = 60 mm; Max. Pressure = 1.2 N/mm2; δ2 = 10 mm; C = 5;
δ1 = 35 mm; τmax = 500 MPa = 500 N/mm2; G = 80 kN/mm2 = 80 × 103
N/mm2

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Solution:
a. Diameter of the spring wire:
We know that the maximum load acting on the valve when it just begins
to blow off,
F1 = Area of the valve × Max. Pressure
= π (60)2× 1.2 / 4 = 3394 N
and maximum compression of the spring,
δmax = δ1 + δ2 = 35 + 10 = 45 mm
Since a load of 3394 N keeps the valve on its seat by providing initial
compression of 35 mm, therefore the maximum load on the spring when
the valve is open (i.e. for maximum compression of 45 mm),

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

F = (45/35) ×3394 = 4364 N
𝟒 𝐂−𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟓
K= +
𝟒 𝐂−𝟒 𝐂

K = 1.31
𝟖𝐅𝐂
τmax = K = 500 MPa
𝛑𝐝𝟐

∴ d 2 = 145.6 or d = 12.06 mm
b. Mean coil diameter:
C = D/d
D = C × d = 5 × 12.06 = 60.3 mm
c. Number of active turns:
𝟖 𝐅 𝐧 𝐂𝟑
δ=
𝐆𝐝

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 𝟖 × 𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟒 × 𝐧 ×𝟓𝟑
45 =
𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ×𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟔

∴ n = 9.94 say 10
Taking the ends of the coil as squared and ground, the total number of
turns,
n' = n + 2 = 10 + 2 = 12
Note:
The valve of n may also be calculated by using δ1 = 35 mm and F1 = 3394
N

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

d. Pitch of the coil:
We know that free length of the spring,
LF = n'.d + δmax = 12 × 12.06 + 45
= 189.72 mm
∴ Pitch of the coil = LF / (n' – 1)
= 17.25 mm

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Energy Stored in Helical Springs:
We know that the springs are used for storing energy which is equal to
the work done on it by some external load.
Let F = Load applied on the spring, and
δ = Deflection produced in the spring due to the load F.
Assuming that the load is applied gradually, the energy stored in a spring
is,
𝟏
U= Fδ
𝟐

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

We have already discussed that the maximum shear stress induced in the
spring wire,
𝟖𝐅𝐃
τ=K
𝛑𝐝𝟑

𝛑 𝛕 𝐝𝟑
F=
𝟖𝐊𝐃
We know that deflection of the spring,
𝟖 𝐅 𝐧 𝐃𝟑 𝟖 𝐧 𝐃𝟑 𝛑 𝛕 𝐝𝟑 𝛑 𝛕 𝐧 𝐃𝟐
δ= = × =
𝐆 𝐝𝟒 𝐆 𝐝𝟒 𝟖𝐊𝐃 𝐊𝐝𝐆
Substituting the values of W and δ in U, we have
𝟏 𝛑 𝛕 𝐝𝟑 𝛑 𝛕 𝐧 𝐃𝟐 𝛕𝟐 𝛑
U= × × = 𝟒 𝐊𝟐 𝐆 (π D n) 𝐝𝟐
𝟐 𝟖𝐊𝐃 𝐊𝐝𝐆 𝟒

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 𝛕𝟐
U= 𝟐 ×V
𝟒𝐊 𝐆
Where:
V = Volume of the spring wire
= Length of spring wire × Cross-sectional area of spring wire
𝛑
= (π D n) 𝐝𝟐
𝟒

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Note:
When a load (say P) falls on a spring through a height h, then the energy
absorbed in a spring is given by:
𝟏
U = P (h + δ) = Fδ
𝟐

Where:
F = Equivalent static load, i.e. the gradually applied load which shall
produce the same effect as by the falling load P, and
δ = Deflection produced in the spring.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Concentric or Composite Springs:
A concentric or composite spring is used for one of the following
purposes:
1. To obtain greater spring force within a given space.
2. To insure the operation of a mechanism in the event of failure of one of
the springs.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Example:
At the bottom of a mine shaft, a group of 10 identical close coiled helical
springs are set in parallel to absorb the shock caused by the falling of the
cage in case of a failure. The loaded cage weighs 75 kN, while the counter
weight has a weight of 15 kN. If the loaded cage falls through a height of
50 m from rest, find the maximum stress induced in each spring if it is
made of 50 mm diameter steel rod. The spring index is 6 and the number
of active turns in each spring is 20. Modulus of rigidity, G = 80 kN/mm2.
Given: No. of springs = 10 ; W1 = 75 kN = 75 000 N ; W2 = 15 kN = 15 000
N;
h = 50 m = 50 000 mm ; d = 50 mm ; C = 6 ; n = 20 ; G = 80 kN/mm2 = 80
× 103 N/mm2

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Solution:
We know that net weight of the falling load,
P = W1 – W2 = 75 000 – 15 000 = 60 000 N
Let F = The equivalent static (or gradually applied) load on each spring
which can produce the same effect as by the falling load P.
We know that compression produced in each spring,
𝟖 𝐅 𝐧 𝐂𝟑 𝟖 𝐅 × 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟔𝟑
δ= = = 0.008 64 F mm
𝐆𝐝 𝟖𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎𝟑 × 𝟓𝟎

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Since the work done by the falling load is equal to the energy stored in the
helical springs which are 10 in number, therefore,
𝟏
P (h + δ) = F δ × 10
𝟐
𝟏
60 000 (50 000 + 0.008 64 F) = F × 0.08 64 F
𝟐

∴ F = 269 500 N
We know that Wahl’s stress factor,
𝟒 𝐂−𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟓
K= + = 1.25
𝟒 𝐂−𝟒 𝐂

and maximum stress induced in each spring,

𝟖𝐅𝐃
τ=K
𝛑𝐝𝟑

= 2058.6 MPa

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 Fatigue Loading of Helical Springs:
When the spring is subjected to a force alternating between a maximum
Fmax and a minimum Fmin, the mean and amplitude Fm, Fa are:
𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 + 𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧
Fm =
𝟐
𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧
Fa =
𝟐

And then the stress components are:

𝟖 𝐅𝐦 𝐃
τm = Ks
𝛑𝐝𝟑
𝟖 𝐅𝐚 𝐃
τa = Ks
𝛑𝐝𝟑

Failure by fatigue:
𝟖 𝐅𝐚 𝐃
τa = Ks = Sse
𝛑𝐝𝟑

Failure by yielding:
τmax = τm + τa = Ssy
Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
The torsional endurance limits of springs:

The best data on the torsional endurance limits of spring steels are those
reported by Zimmerli. He discovered the surprising fact that size,
material, and tensile strength have no effect on the endurance limits
(infinite life only) of spring steels in sizes under 10 mm. He gave:
S'se = 310 MPa for un-peened springs.
S'se = 465 MPa for peened springs.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

These values are valid for music wire, chromium-vanadium and
chromium-silicon spring wire. They are corrected for surface finish and
size but not for reliability, temperature or stress concentration. Thus,
Sse = kc kd S'se
Where:
kc: reliability factor
kd: modifying stress concentration factor
the notch sensitivity of high strength steel is approximately unity, then;
𝟏
kd =
𝐊𝐂

- For finite life springs: Ssf Na = 10b

- If there is no tabulated data, use: Ssu = 0.6 Su
Where: Ssu: the ultimate shear strength.
Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
Example:
A music wire compression spring has a wire diameter of 2.5 mm and an
outside diameter of 15 mm. the spring is assembled with an initial
compression of 50 N. the maximum load during use is 250 N. for a
survival rate of 98 % and 105 load applications, determine the factor of
safety.
Solution:
𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 + 𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟓𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎
Fm = = = 150 N
𝟐 𝟐
𝐅𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝐅𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟓𝟎− 𝟓𝟎
Fa = = = 100 N
𝟐 𝟐
D = 15 – 2.5 = 12.5 mm
C = D / d = 12.5 / 2.5 = 5
𝟏 𝟏
Ks = 𝟏 + =1+ = 1.1
𝟐𝐂 𝟐×𝟓

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 𝟖 𝐅𝐚 𝐃
τ a = Ks = 224 MPa
𝛑𝐝𝟑
𝟖 𝐅𝐦 𝐃
τ m = Ks = 336 MPa
𝛑𝐝𝟑

Based on fatigue:
S'se = 310 MPa for un-peened springs.
Sse = kc kd S'se
𝟏
kd =
𝐊𝐂

𝟒 𝐂−𝟏 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟓
K= + = 1.311
𝟒 𝐂−𝟒 𝐂

KC = K / Ks = 1.311 / 1.1 = 1.191

𝟏 𝟏
kd = = = 0.839
𝐊𝐂 𝟏.𝟏𝟗𝟏

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

kc = 0.84 ( for a survival rate of 98 %)
Sse = 0.84 × 0.839 × 310 = 219 MPa
A 2170
Su = m
 0.146
 1898MPa
d 2.5

Ssu = 0.6 Su = 0.6 × 1898 = 1139 MPa

Ssf Na = 10b
𝟏 𝟎.𝟖𝐒𝐬𝐮
a= 𝐋𝐨𝐠 = 0.206
𝟑 𝐒𝐬𝐞

𝟎.𝟖𝐒𝐬𝐮 𝟐
b = 𝐋𝐨𝐠 = 3.579
𝐒𝐬𝐞

∴ Ssf = 354 MPa

f.s.)fatigue = Ssf / τa = 1.58

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Based on yielding:
τmax = τm + τa = Ssy / f.s.)yielding
f.s.)yielding = Ssy / τmax
Sy = 0.75 Su
Ssy = 0.577 Sy
Ssy = 0.577 × 0.75 × 1898 = 821 MPa
f.s.)yielding = 821/(224+336) = 1.47 MPa

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

 Helical Torsion Springs
The helical torsion springs as shown in Figure, may be made from round,
rectangular or square wire. These are wound in a similar manner as
helical compression or tension springs but the ends are shaped to
transmit torque. The primary stress in helical torsion springs is bending
stress whereas in compression or tension springs, the stresses are
torsional shear stresses. The helical torsion springs are widely used for
transmitting small torques as in door hinges, brush holders in electric
motors, automobile starters etc.

a
F

Figure 5.17: Helical torsion

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad spring.
According to A.M. Wahl, the bending stress in a helical torsion spring
made of round wire is
𝟑𝟐 𝐌
σ b = Kt
𝛑 𝐝𝟑

Where:
𝟒𝐂 𝟐 − 𝐂−𝟏
Kt = Wahl’s stress factor =
𝟒𝐂 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐂

C = Spring index,
M = Bending moment = F × a,
F = Load acting on the spring,
a = Distance of load from the spring axis, and
d = Diameter of spring wire.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Total angle of twist or angular deflection:
𝐌𝐋 𝐌×𝛑𝐃𝐧 𝟔𝟒 𝐌 𝐃 𝐧
ϴ=
𝐄𝐈
= 𝐝𝟒
= 𝐄 𝐝𝟒
𝐄×𝛑
𝟔𝟒

Where:
L = Length of the wire = π.D.n,
E = Young’s modulus,
I = Moment of inertia,
D = Mean diameter of the spring, and
n = Number of turns.

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Energy storage in torsional springs:
𝟏
U= Mϴ
𝟐

𝛔𝟐
U= 𝐕
𝟖𝐄
𝛑
V = (π D n) 𝐝𝟐
𝟒

When the spring is made of rectangular b × t, then:

𝟔𝐌
σ b = Kt
𝐛 𝐭𝟐

𝟑𝐂𝟐 − 𝐂− 𝟎.𝟖
Kt = Wahl’s stress factor = =
𝟑𝐂 𝟐 − 𝟑𝐂
𝐌𝐋 𝟏𝟐 𝐌 𝛑 𝐃 𝐧
ϴ=
𝐄𝐈
= 𝐄 𝐛 𝐭𝟑
𝛔𝟐
U= 𝐕
𝟔𝐄

V = (π D n) 𝐛 𝐭
Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
Example:
A helical torsion spring of mean diameter 60 mm is made of a round wire
of 6 mm diameter. If a torque of 6 N.m is applied on the spring, find the
bending stress induced and the angular deflection of the spring in
degrees. The spring index is 10 and modulus of elasticity for the spring
material is 200 kN/mm2. The number of effective turns may be taken as
5.5.
Given:
D = 60 mm ; d = 6 mm ; M = 6 N.m = 6000 [Link] ; C = 10 ; E = 200
kN/mm2 = 200 × 103 N/mm2 ; n = 5.5

Solution:
𝟒𝐂 𝟐 − 𝐂−𝟏 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏
Kt = = = 1.08
𝟒𝐂 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐂 𝟒 ×𝟏𝟎𝟐 − 𝟒 ×𝟏𝟎

𝟑𝟐 𝐌 𝟑𝟐 ×𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎
σ b = Kt = 1.08 × = 305.5 MPa
𝛑 𝐝𝟑 𝛑 × 𝟔𝟑
𝟔𝟒 𝐌 𝐃 𝐧 𝟔𝟒 ×𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟔𝟎 ×𝟓.𝟓
ϴ= = = 0.49 rad.
𝐄 𝐝𝟒 𝟐𝟎𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎𝟑 × 𝟔𝟒
Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad
Leaf (Laminated) Springs

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Leaf springs with constant width:
- Consider a single plate fixed at one end and loaded at the other end as
shown in Figure 5.19. This plate may be used as a flat spring.
Let t = Thickness of plate,
b = Width of plate, and
L = Length of plate or distance of the load P from the cantilever end.
We know that the maximum bending moment at the cantilever end A,
M = P.L
𝐌 .𝐲
∴ Bending stress in such a spring, σ =
𝐈
𝐏 .𝐋 . 𝐭/𝟐 𝟔 𝐏 .𝐋
σ= =
𝐛.𝐭 𝟑 /𝟏𝟐 𝐛 𝐭𝟐

We know that the maximum deflection for a cantilever with concentrated

load at the free end is given by:
𝐏 .𝐋𝟑 𝟒 𝐏 .𝐋𝟑
δ=
𝟑 𝐄 .𝐈
= 𝐄 .𝐛 .𝐭 𝟑

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

- If the spring is not of cantilever type but it is like a simply supported
beam, with length L and load F in the center, as shown in Figure, then:
𝟑 𝐏 .𝐋 𝐏 .𝐋𝟑
σ= δ=
𝟐 𝐛 𝐭𝟐 𝟒 𝐄 .𝐛 .𝐭 𝟑

Figure 5.19: constant width leaf spring

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Leaf springs with constant strength:
- Cantilever:
𝐱 𝐋
= = Constant
𝐛𝐱 𝐛

𝟔 𝐏 .𝐱 𝟔𝐏. 𝐋
σx = =
𝐛𝒙 . 𝐭 𝟐 𝐛 . 𝐭𝟐

𝟔 𝐏 .𝐋𝟑
δ=
𝐄 .𝐛 .𝐭 𝟑
- Beam:
𝟑𝐏. 𝐋
σ=
𝟐 𝐛 . 𝐭𝟐
𝟑 𝐏 .𝐋𝟑
δ=
𝟖 𝐄 .𝐛 .𝐭 𝟑
5.16.3 Energy storage in leaf springs:

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad

Prof. Dr. Yasser Saad