1.

If P and Q is a compound statement, and P is false while Q is true, or Q is false while P is true, then
P and Q is …………..

(A) Uncertain

(B) False

(C) True

(D) Unsound

2. If P and Q is a compound statement, then the statement P and Q are true iff

(A) Q is true while P is not true

(B) P is true or Q is true

(C) P is true while Q is not true

(D) Both Q and P are true

3. A sound proposition can be known by the

(A) Invalidity of the proposition

(B) Validity of the proposition

(C) Truism of the statement

4. In Logical argument, when the conclusion is drawn from the premises, then the conclusion must
follow with

(A) Probability

(B) Uncertainty

(C) Soundness or unsoundness

(D) Certainty

5. If X, Y and Z are identifiable term in an argument then

(A) Z is a major term

(B) Z is a minor term

(C) Z is a middle term

(D) Z is both minor and middle term

6. One of the following is not a rule for valid categorical syllogism are

(A) The middle term must be distributed in the predicate of the conclusion

(B) These must be the same number of negative conclusions as negative promises
(C) The middle term must be distributed at least once.

(D) . Any end term distributed in the conclusion must also be distributed in its premises.

7. In logic proper, truth and falsity are the properties of

(A) Propositions

(B) Sentences

(C) Both Argument and statement

(D) Argument

8. ......... is a branch of philosophy

(A) Meta-ethics

(B) Moral relativism

(C) Moral philosophy

(D) Situation ethics

9. A girl is a man. This is an example of

(A) A sound argument

(C) An unsound proposition

(D) An Invalid argument

10. A formal structure of a deductive argument is called an

(A) Orgonan

(B) Organon

(C) Ornogan

(D) Orgnan

11. The first set of metaphysicians in ancient Greece are ..............

(A) Hume, Locke, Socrates, and Plato

(B) Socrates, Aristotle, Plato, and Hume

(C) Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Descartes

(D) Descartes, Spinoza, Plato, and Aristotle

12. …….is always the smallest unit of argumentation

(B) An argument

(C) Conclusion

(D) A proposition

13. The validity or invalidity of an argument does not depend on the soundness or otherwise of the
argument.

(A) False

(B) Probable.

(C) Uncertain

(D) True

14. A sound proposition can be known by the

(A) Validity of the proposition

(B) Invalidity of the proposition

(C) Falsity of the statement

(D) Truism of the statement

15. If X, Y and Z are identifiable terms in an argument then

(B) Z is a minor term

(C) Z is a major term

(D) Z is a middle term

16. The minor term “S” of a categorical syllogism is always the

(A) The subject of the minor premise and the subject of the conclusion.

(B) The subject of the major premise and the subject of the conclusion

(C) predicate of the major premise and the predicate of the minor premise

(D) The predicate of the major premise and the subject of the minor premise

17. All men can sing. Ojo is a man. Therefore, Ojo can sing. This is an instance of

(A) Invalid and unsound argument

(B) Valid and unsound argument

(C) Invalid but sound argument

(D) Valid and sound Argument

(A) An Invalid argument

(B) A valid proposition

(C) A sound argument

(D) A sound proposition

19. Which of the following is not a principle of deductive logic

(A) The principle of sound reasoning

(B) the principle of valid and sound conclusion

(C) The principle of valid evidence

(D) the principle of valid and sound identity

20. If P or Q is a compound statement, then P or Q is false iff

(A) Both P and Q are false

(B) Q is false and P is true

(C) Both P and Q is true.

21. In logic proper, if the premises of an argument is true, then the …………most necessarily be true
and vice versa.

(A) Conclusions

(B) Propositions

(C) Argument

(D) Major and minor premise

22. All Cameroonians are footballers Etoo is a Cameroonian Therefore, Etoo is a footballer The
middle term in this argument is

(A) Cameroon

(B) Footballers

(C) Cameroon and footballers

(D) Eto

23. There are two major types of argument namely ............ and ............

(A) cognition and imagination

(C) induction and cognition

(D) deduction and imagination

24. If X, Y and Z are identifiable term in an argument then

(A) Y is both Minor and major term

(B) Y is a minor term

(C) Y is a middle term

(D) Y is a major term

25. A is A or anything is itself. This is the logic of….

(A) Statement

(B) Identity

(C) classes

(D) Induction

26. In categorical syllogism, the Middle term “M” is always the

(B) The subject of the conclusion and the predicate of the minor premise

(C) The predicate of the major premise and the predicate of the conclusion

(D) The subject of the minor premise and the subject of the conclusion

27. In formal logic, Validity and invalidity are the properties of

(A) Argument

(B) Sentences

(C) Both statement and proposition.

(D) Statement

28. …….refers to that proposition or statement, within an argument, which provides support for or
grounds for asserting the conclusion of that argument.

(A) distributed middle

(B) Logic

(C) Reason

(D) a premise
29. All sound arguments are necessarily …….... arguments while an argument can be valid but
unsound

(A) Invalid

(B) Formal

(C) Informal

(D) Valid

30. A categorical syllogism has at most

(A) Two categorical proposition that is invalid.

(B) A major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion

(C) A major, two minor premises and a conclusion

(D) Two major and a minor premise plus a conclusion

31. All men are monkeys. All monkeys are politicians. All men are Politicians. This is an instance of

(A) Invalid but sound argument

(B) Valid and unsound argument

(C) Invalid and unsound argument

32. …… is either valid or invalid.

(A) Critical thinking

(B) Argument.

(C) Philosophy

(D) Induction

33. If A, B and C are head words in a categorical syllogism, the formal structure for this argument to
be a valid one should be

(A) Since B is C Because A is B Then C is A

(B) Since B is C Because B is A Then A is C

(C) Since C is B Because A is B Then A is C

(D) Since B is C Because A is B Then A is C

34. ……..is a group of propositions, one of which, called the conclusion, is affirmed on the basis of
the others, which are called premises.

(A) Position

(B) Premise
(C) Premise indicator

(D) An argument

35. In logic proper, an argument is sound if it is

(A) Valid and true

(B) Valid and untrue

(C) Invalid but true

(D) Invalid but untrue

36. All boys are dressed in shirts Some girls are dressed in shirts Therefore some girls are boys The
above argument is

(A) Valid and sound

(B) invalid but sound

(C) invalid and unsound

(D) sound but invalid

37. Soundness and or otherwise unsoundness are the properties of

(A) Sentences
(B) Both statement and proposition

(C) Argument

(D) Statement

38. The method of …….involves going from particular to general, from part to the whole or from
individual to the universal.

(A) Inferential deductivism

(B) Induction

(C) Logical syllogism

(D) Deduction

39. The Major term “P” in categorical syllogism is always the

(A) Subject of the conclusion and the predicate of the major premise

(B) Subject of the minor premise and predicate of the major premise

(C) Predicate of the minor premise and predicate of the major premise

(D) Predicate of the major premise and predicate of the conclusion

40. All men are mortal. Ngozi is a woman. Therefore, Ngozi is Mortal. This is an instance of
(A) Invalid but sound argument

(B) Valid and unsound argument

(C) Invalid and unsound argument

(D) Valid and sound Argument