DEPT of RACHANA SHARIR
SIARAM, Kolar Road; Bhopal
At the end of the lecture students should be
able to-
Describe the stages of Fertilization
FERTILIZATION
DEFINITION:-
• Process of fusion of spermatozoon with
mature ovum.
• Process of fusion of two highly specialized,
differentiated, mature, haploid germ cells
(Sperm, ovum) resulting in the formation of
a most unspecialized, undifferentiated,
diploid, mononucleated single cell Zygote.
• Fusion of male & female pronuclei
FERTILIZATION
AIM:-
1] To initiate embryonic development of egg.
2] To restore chromosome number of species.
FERTILIZATION
SITE:-
Ampullary part of Uterine tube
Stages:-
1. Approximation of Gametes
2. Contact & Fusion of gametes
3. Effects/results of fertilization
The ovum after ovulation is picked up by
fimbrae & transported to Ampullary part of
fallopian tube.
Thousands of capacitated spermatozoa
enter uterine tube & 300-500 reach the
ovum out of hundred millions sperms.
It takes 1 hour for sperm to reach the site.
3 barriers
1. Corona radiata
2. Zona pellucida
3. Vitelline membrane
Four processes involved in Penetration
1. Acrosome reaction
2. Disintegration of barriers
3. Calcium wave in oocyte cytoplasm
4. Nuclear fusion
Corona radiata is dissolved by chemical
action of hyaluronidase enzyme from
acrosomal cap of sperm.
One sperm touches vitelline membrane.
Penetration of other sperms prevented by
zonal reaction & vitelline block.
Second meiotic division is completed &
bigger cell female pronucleus & smaller
second polar
Head & neck of sperm form male pronucleus
after entering into cytoplasm of oocyte surface
containing haploid number of chromosome.
Haploid male & female pronuclei unite to form
diploid zygote.
The sex of a child is determined by
Pattern of sex chromosome
Supplied by spermatozoon
i.e. if x then female embryo &
if y then male embryo is formed.
Structure
Of
Diploid
Zygote
Completion of second meiotic division of female
gamete (secondary oocyte)
Restoration of diploid number (46) of chromosomes
Determination of chromosomal sex of the future
individual to be born
Initiation of cleavage (mitotic) division of zygote
Determination of polarity and bilateral symmetry of
embryo
Genetic diversity.
• It is a process of repeated mitotic
divisions of zygote within zona pellucida in
rapid succession, giving rise to increasing
number of smaller cells called blastomeres.
• Cleaving zygote is covered by zona
pellucida.
• Duration: The cleavage division lasts for 6
days, i.e. up to 7th day after fertilization
• Subdivisions of cleavage:
•1. Stage of compaction
•2. Morula
•3. Blastocyst
• Hydatidiform Mole
•Typical mitotic division nucleus takes
place producing two blastomeres.
•This stage occurs 30 hours after
fertilization.
•.
Blastomeres divide by
Binary division
through 4,8,16 cell stage
until cluster structure formed
called MORULA resembling mulberry.
•Morula after spending 3 days in uterine
tube enters uterine cavity through uterine
ostium on 4th day.
•Central cell of morula forms inner mass &
peripheral cells form protective & nutritive
membrane of embryo.
The morula is covered by film of mucus when it
remains free in uterine cavity on 4th & 5th day.
The fluid pass through the canaliculi of zona
pellucida which separates the cells of morula
now termed as BLASTOCYST.
SITE:-
Endometrium of anterior or posterior wall of the body
near the fundus on the 6th (6-12)day.
CHANGES IN BLASTOCYST:-
•Zona pellucida disappears & there is increased
adhesiveness of trophoblastic cells to maternal
endometrial epithelium.
•The pole towards which inner cell mass is situated lie
on endometrial surface.
ENDOMETRIUM AT THE IMPLANTATION SITE:-
•The endometrium is in secretory phase
corresponding to 20-21 days of cycle.
•There is increased hyperemia & cellular
oedema.
Occurs through stromal cells in between glands
& facilitated by histolytic action of blastocyst.
Blastocyst gets burrowed inside stratum
compactum of decidua with lysis of stromal
cells.
Vacuoles fuse to form lacunae.
The syncytial cells penetrate deeper into stroma
eroding endothelium of maternal capillaries.
The maternal capillaries appear congested
called as Sinusoids.
The syncytium by penetrating vessel become
continuous with endothelial lining & maternal
blood to enter into lacunar system.
Nutrition is obtained by aerobic metabolic
pathway from maternal blood.
Maternal immunological factors stop further
penetration & original point sealed by fibrin clot
The process is completed on 10th or 11th day.
Description of the stages of Fertilization
Gray’s Anatomy – 38th edition
Human embryology – Inderbir Singh