Name: KEY

Bone Basics – Study Guide

Bone Basics

1. What two types of tissue make up your skeleton? Cartilage & bone
2. What type of tissue is your skeleton made of before it is bone? Cartilage
3. True or False: Bones are living. True
4. True or False: Bones are made of cells. True
5. How many bones are in the adult human skeleton? 206
6. Which of the major 4 types of tissue includes bone? Connective tissue
7. Does bone have a matrix? If it does, what is this matrix called? Osteoid
8. Which of the following is a picture of bone tissue under a microscope?

9. What are the 7 functions of bone tissue? Explain each function with a sentence or example.

Function Explanation

Support provide a framework for the rest of our body

Protection surround & protect vital organs, such as our brain or heart

Anchorage muscles attach to and pull on bones, which causes movement

bones are reservoirs for calcium & phosphate; they share these
Mineral Storage
minerals with other organs that need them

Blood Cell Formation all 3 types of blood cells are produced in red marrow (hematopoiesis)

Fat Storage yellow marrow is stored inside long bones

our bones create a hormone called osteocalcin, which helps with

Hormone Production
other body processes
 10. What organs in your body are best protected by bone? Provide 4 examples of organs as well
as the bones that protect them.

Brain – skull; spinal cord – vertebrae; heart/lungs – ribcage; internal reproductive organs – pelvis

11. Which other type of tissue do bones work together with to cause movements in the body?
Skeletal muscle tissue
12. What do we call bones of the skeleton that fall on the midline (think sagittal plane)?
Axial skeleton
13. What do we call bones of the skeleton that are not on the midline? Appendicular skeleton
14. Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton: Put an X under axial if the statement describes the axial
skeleton. Put an X under appendicular if the statement describes the appendicular skeleton.

Statement Axial Appendicular

Skull X
Limbs X
Humerus (upper arm bone) X
Bones that attach limbs to the
X
trunk
Mandible (lower jawbone) X
Ribs X
Scapula (shoulder blade) X
Vertebral column (backbone) X
Pelvis (hip bones) X
Phalanges (fingers or toes) X
Tibia (shin bone) X
Clavicle (collar bone) X
 15. Bone Types: Which type of bone does each bone or statement fit?

Bone Type of Bone

Carpals (wrist bones) Short
Femur (thigh bone) Long
Vertebrae (backbones) Irregular
Patella (kneecap) Sesamoid
Sternum (breastbone) Flat
Bones that form within a tendon Sesamoid
Phalanges (finger bones) Long
Tarsals (ankle bones) Short
Ribs Flat

Anatomy of a Long Bone

1. Circle the 10 examples of long bones from the list below.
a. Clavicle i. Femur q. Phalanges
b. Scapula j. Humerus r. Cervical
c. Frontal bone k. Ribs vertebrae
d. Ulna l. Sternum s. Tarsals
e. Pelvis m. Mandible t. Metacarpals
f. Tibia n. Fibula u. Nasal bone
g. Patella o. Radius v. Metatarsals
h. Hyoid bone p. Carpals
2. Label the following long bone with NO WORD BANK. Expect that you will not have a word
bank on the test.
 3. Fill-in-the-Blank – Anatomy of a Long Bone: Write which structure of a long bone each
statement describes.
Description Structure of a Long Bone
A connective tissue membrane that covers the
Periosteum
outside of the bones
A connective tissue membrane that lines the
Endosteum
medullary cavity
A tiny hole that the blood vessel threads through Nutrient foramen
Adipose tissue found within the medullary cavity Yellow marrow
Allows newly formed blood to exit the bone and
enter the bloodstream; allows the bone tissue to Nutrient foramen
receive nutrients, oxygen, and hormones
Filled with yellow marrow Medullary cavity
Found inside the spongy tissue at the ends of
Red marrow
our bones
Full of bone-growing cells (osteoblasts) that
Periosteum
allow our bones to grow in width
Full of stem cells that produce red blood cells,
Red marrow
most white blood cells, and platelets
Growth plates Epiphyseal plates
Hollow space inside the diaphysis Medullary cavity
Knobby ends of the bone Epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage that ossifies and
regrows repeatedly as you grow in height; ossify Epiphyseal plates
permanently between ages 18 and 25
Name literally means “inside-bone” Endosteum
Name literally means “outside-bone” Periosteum
Protects the ends of our bones from friction &
Articular cartilage
shock as joints move and we put weight on them
Shaft of the bone Diaphysis
The epiphysis that is closer to the trunk Proximal epiphysis
The epiphysis that is further from the trunk Distal epiphysis
Type of bone found in the epiphyses Spongy bone
Type of bone that makes up the diaphysis Compact bone
When it is lost, arthritis develops Articular cartilage

4. If someone loses a significant amount of blood, how does their marrow in their bones change?
If someone is bleeding profusely, their yellow marrow changes to red marrow to ramp up
blood production.
 5. Is bone vascular or avascular? Explain two reasons that it needs to be this way.
Bone is vascular. If it didn’t have blood vessels, bone could not receive nutrients/oxygen.
Also, blood created in the marrow could not leave the bone.
Types of Bone Cells

1. Fill-in-the-Blank – Types of Bone Cells: Write which type of bone cell each statement
describes.
Description Type of Bone Cell
This type of bone cell allows your bones to
Osteocyte
perform their daily functions.
This type of bone cell becomes an osteocyte. Osteoblast
This type of bone cell can do mitosis. Osteogenic cells
This type of bone cell creates osteoblasts. Osteogenic cells
This type of bone cell creates the matrix of
Osteoblast
bones.
This type of bone cell gets buried and becomes
Osteoblast
another type of bone cell.
This type of bone cell is a stem cell. Osteogenic cells
This type of bone cell is considered a “mature”
Osteocyte
bone cell.
This type of bone cell is in the epiphyseal plates
Osteoblast
and on the periosteum.
This type of bone cell is in the periosteum and
Osteoclast
endosteum (don’t pick osteogenic cells)
This type of bone cell is located inside the
Osteocyte
spongy bone AND compact bone.
This type of bone cell removes dead bone after
Osteoclast
a fracture.
This type of bone cell shaves away old bone
Osteoclast
when your bones are growing wider.
This type of bone cell translates into “bone
Osteoclast
break.”
This type of bone cell translates into “bone cell.” Osteocyte
This type of bone cell translates into “bone
Osteoblast
produce.”
This type of bone cell creates osteoid. Osteoblast
 2. Why are osteoblasts located on the periosteum? Why are osteoblasts located on epiphyseal
plates?

Osteoblasts are
Osteoblasts are located on the periosteum to build new bone in order to
located on the
make our bones wider (also for the repair of fractures and bone
periosteum
remodeling).
because…

Osteoblasts are
located within Osteoblasts are located on the epiphyseal plates in order to build new
epiphyseal plates bone in order to allow our bones to grow in length.
because…

3. Why are osteoclasts located on the periosteum? Why are osteoclasts located on the
endosteum?

Osteoclasts are
located on the Osteoclasts clean away old bone. On the periosteum, they clean away
periosteum old bone during bone remodeling or fracture repair.
because…

Osteoclasts are
Osteoclasts clean away old bone. On the endosteum, they shave away
located within the
the bone to make the medullary cavity wider as our bones grow in width.
endosteum
This prevents our bones from becoming too heavy.
because…

4. How are osteogenic cells, osteocytes, and osteoblasts related as far as the creation of each
cell goes? Note: You do not need to know how osteogenic cells are created!
Osteogenic cells undergo mitosis and become osteoblasts. They are able to do this because
they are stem cells. Osteoblasts create osteoid and become buried to be osteocytes.

5. What is bone remodeling? The removal of old, damaged, worn out bone and replacing it
with new healthy bone
6. Why is bone remodeling necessary? So that our bones do not become brittle & break
7. How often is the skeleton fully replaced by bone remodeling? Every 10 years
8. How do osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together to remodel our bones? Osteoclasts shave
away old, worn-out bone. Osteoblasts replace the old worn-out bone with new bone by
laying down osteoid. The osteoblasts also bury themselves and become osteocytes.
___________________________________________________________________________
Endochondral Ossification

1. What is endochondral ossification? Endochondral ossification is the formation of bone

from hyaline cartilage.
2. At what ages does endochondral ossification begin? 6 to 8 weeks in the womb
3. What specific material are our bones made of at the beginning of endochondral ossification?
Be sure to mention which type! Hyaline cartilage
4. What material are our bones made of at the end of endochondral ossification? Bone
5. List the 6 steps of endochondral ossification in order. Summarize what happens in each step.

Step Summary

1. Cartilage Chondrocytes are created in the shape of a bone where the bone will
model forms eventually be. This original bone “model” is made of hyaline cartilage.

A perichondrium forms around the cartilage model. The perichondrium

2. Perichondrium
ossifies into bone, becoming a periosteum. The periosteum cuts off
& periosteum
nutrients to the cartilage and chondrocytes inside the “model” begin to
form
die. Bone replaces the dead chondrocytes.

Blood vessels enter the diaphysis to form a primary ossification center.

3. Primary
Osteoblasts use ingredients from the blood to lay down osteoid and
ossification
build bone at the primary ossification center. Ossification occurs in the
center
diaphysis from inside-out.

4. Medullary Osteoclasts shave away newly formed bone in the diaphysis to create a
cavity medullary cavity.

Blood vessels enter the epiphyses, forming secondary ossification

5. Secondary
centers. Osteoblasts use ingredients from the blood to lay down osteoid
ossification
and build bone at the secondary ossification centers (in the epiphyses).
centers
Ossification occurs in the epiphyses from the inside-out.

6. Ossification is The only cartilage left is articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plates. All
complete! other cartilage has become bone!
 6. Which type of cell starts the process of endochondral ossification: osteoblasts, osteocytes,
chondrocytes, or osteoclasts? What is their role? Chondrocytes, or cartilage cells, form a
model of where the bone will eventually be.
7. What is the perichondrium? A layer of cartilage around the original cartilage model
8. When the perichondrium turns to bone, what is it now called? Periosteum
9. The formation of the periosteum causes what to occur within the developing bone? Why?
The periosteum cuts off nutrients into the cartilage model, causing cartilage within the bone
model to die. This cartilage is replaced by bone.
10. What must form within the epiphyses and diaphysis for ossification to begin taking place? Why
must these form?
Blood vessels must enter the bone. The blood vessels deliver the nutrients that the
osteoblasts need to create osteoid.
11. Where is the primary ossification center found? Diaphysis
12. Where is the secondary ossification center found? Epiphyses
13. When do the secondary ossification centers form? Around the time of birth
14. Which ossifies first – the diaphysis or the epiphyses? Diaphysis
15. What is the role of osteoblasts in endochondral ossification?
Osteoblasts build new bone in the primary and secondary ossification centers. They cause
ossification!
16. What is the role of osteoclasts in endochondral ossification?
Osteoclasts clean away newly formed bone in the diaphysis, forming a medullary cavity.

17. Does ossification occur from the outside-in or the inside-out? Inside-out
18. What cartilages are left at the end of endochondral ossification? The only cartilages that are
left are the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
Types of Fractures
1. Fill-in-the-Blank – Fracture Types: Write which type of fracture each statement describes.
Description Type of Fracture
A bone breaks in two places, causing a floating
Segmental
piece of bone between the breaks
A fracture that breaks the skin Open
A fracture that doesn't break the whole way
Partial
through a bone
A fracture that goes all the way through the bone Complete
A fracture that occurs at a diagonal across the
Oblique
bone
A partial fracture that causes a bone to bend Greenstick
Broken ends of bones are jammed together Impacted
Occurs in a straight line across the bone Transverse
Only in infants and toddlers Greenstick
The bone doesn't break the skin Closed
Tons of fragments of bone due to intense force Comminuted
When the bones are broken, but still aligned Non-displaced
When the bones are no longer aligned (needs to
Displaced
be set)
At the greatest risk of infection Open

2. Which fracture types would describe each picture? Write all terms that apply!

Fracture Terms to Use

Pick 3:
Partial, closed, non-displaced

Pick 4:
Complete, transverse, closed, displaced
Pick 4:
Complete, oblique, closed, non-displaced

Pick 5: (note – ends are jammed together)

Complete, transverse, closed, displaced
(may be seen as non-displaced), impacted

Pick 5:
Complete, comminuted, oblique, non-
displaced (may be seen as displaced),
closed

Pick 4:
Complete, transverse, open, displaced

Pick 5:
Complete, transverse, closed, non-
displaced, segmental

Pick 3: (note – bone is bent)

Partial, greenstick, closed, potentially
displaced
Fracture Repair
1. Most of the repair of a fracture occurs due to the action of the body itself. What is the doctor’s
role in ensuring that a fracture is repaired properly?
The doctor realigns the bone to ensure that it heals properly.
2. What term means “realignment of broken bone ends?” Reduction
3. What is the difference between a closed and open reduction?
A closed reduction is when the doctor uses their hands to set the ends of the bone back into
alignment. An open reduction is when surgery is necessary to secure the ends of the bone
together with screws or plates.
4. What is another term for a closed reduction? External reduction
5. What is another term for an open reduction? Internal reduction
6. How long does the average fracture take to heal? 6 to 8 weeks
7. List the 4 steps of fracture repair in order. Summarize each step.

Step Summary

Blood vessels in the bone and periosteum are torn. The leaked blood
1. Hematoma
clots, forming a hematoma (or blood clot). Without nutrition, bone cells
forms
start to die.

New blood vessels grow in the clot. Chondroblasts (cartilage building

2. Soft callus
cells) produce cartilage matrix, forming a temporary connection between
forms
the ends of the bones (known as the soft callus).

3. Soft callus Osteoblasts begin producing osteoid. This osteoid replaces the soft
ossifies into a callus and is now known as the hard callus (bone callus). After two
bone callus months of ossification, the ends of the bone are firmly connected.

4. Bone Osteoclasts shave away excess bone on the bone callus and hollow out
remodeling the medullary cavity. Osteoblasts build new bone to fortify the bone.
 8. What is a hematoma? Blood clot
9. How long does it take a hematoma to form after a bone is fractured? 6 to 8 hours
10. Why do bone cells start to die after a fracture? The blood vessels are broken and blood
supply stops, so bone cells run out of oxygen and nutrients.
11. Do the blood vessels ever regrow after a fractured bone? If so, how long does it take? Yes! It
takes only a few days.
12. What type of cells produce the soft callus? Chondroblasts
13. Is the soft callus temporary or permanent? Temporary
14. What replaces the soft callus? Bone callus (hard callus)
15. How long after a fracture do the osteoblasts start repairing the broken bone?
Within a week
16. What is the role of osteoblasts in formation of the hard callus?
Osteoblasts produce osteoid, or bone matrix.

17. How long does it take for the hard callus to firmly connect the broken ends of the bones?
Approximately 2 months
18. What are two reasons that bone remodeling is necessary at the end of fracture repair?
Excess bone in the hard callus must be cleaned away; the medullary cavity must be hollowed
out
19. What is the role of osteoclasts in remodeling a broken bone?
Osteoclasts absorb injured and dead bone tissue

20. What is the role of osteoblasts in remodeling a broken bone?

Osteoblasts lay down new bone tissue in the fracture site.