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 A Message from Team Academics & Documentation

Honorable Delegates,

It is our privilege to welcome you to RUMUN 2025. As the Team Academics & Documentation,
we are committed to ensuring a rigorous and intellectually stimulating conference experience. This
year’s agendas have been carefully selected to challenge perspectives, deepen analytical
engagement, and foster substantive diplomatic discourse.

To support your preparation, we have developed comprehensive study guides that provide in-depth
background information and structured insights, equipping you with the necessary tools to navigate
complex global issues with confidence and precision. We strongly encourage you to engage
critically with the material, formulate well-founded positions, and contribute meaningfully to the
discussions.

We are confident that RUMUN 2025 will serve as an exceptional forum for diplomacy, intellectual
advancement, and leadership. We eagerly anticipate the depth of discourse you will bring to the
debates and extend our best wishes for your preparation.

Sincerely,
Team Academics & Documentation, RUMUN 2025

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 Table of Contents

1. About the Committee

- History
- UNHCR's Mandate and Vision
- Key Pillars of UNHCR's Operation
- The Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol
- UNHCR's Operational Capacity
2. Brief Overview of The Agenda
- Understanding Refugees: Causes, Challenges and Discrimination
- Key Focus Areas for Digital Empowerment of Refugees
- Global Collaboration & Impact: Enhancing Digital Access for Refugees
3. Present Scenario
- Global Overview
- Major Refugee-Hosting Countries
- Rohingya Refugee Emergency
4. Responsibilities & Power of UNHCR
- Ensuring Legal Protection & Fair Asylum Processes
- Emergency Assistance & Humanitarian Aid
- Sustainable Solutions for Displaced Communities
- Addressing Statelessness & Promoting Citizenship Rights
- Advocacy & Policy Development
- Global Coordination of Refugee Responses
- Powers Of UNHCR
5. Stances of Other Countries on Refugees and Asylum Policies
- United States
- Germany
- Turkey
- Canada
- France
- Australia
- United Kingdom
- Bangladesh
6. Key Challenges
7. Call to Action
8. Initiatives by Other Un Organizations on Refugees Resolutions And
Conventions
9. Future Outlook
- Digital Education and Economic Inclusion for Refugees
- Promoting Cultural Integration and Digital Infrastructure for Refugees
- Driving Innovation and Global Cooperation for Refugee Empowerment
10. Conclusion
11. References

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 ABOUT THE COMMITTEE
History

UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, was established in 1950 by the UN General Assembly to assist millions
displaced after World War II. Today, it operates in 136 countries, providing life-saving aid such as shelter,
food, water, and medical care to refugees and safeguarding the rights of forcibly displaced people for over
70 years. UNHCR protects the rights of those fleeing conflict and persecution, ensuring they can seek safety
and rebuild their lives. The agency also works with governments to strengthen refugee and asylum laws,
promoting long-term solutions. Refugees are at the heart of UNHCR’s mission, actively participating in
decision-making and planning. With a vision of a world where every displaced person can build a better
future, UNHCR leads global efforts to uphold human rights and offer hope to millions.

After the First World War (1914–1918), millions were displaced, prompting governments to create
international agreements granting travel documents to these early 20th-century refugees. Their numbers
surged during and after the Second World War (1939–1945), as millions more were forcibly uprooted. To
address this growing crisis, the global community developed legal frameworks to safeguard the rights of
those fleeing conflict and persecution. This effort began in 1921 under the League of Nations, laying the
groundwork for future refugee protections. Over the following decades, international laws and conventions
were progressively established to ensure humane treatment for displaced people. The process culminated
in the 1951 Refugee Convention, which consolidated previous agreements and set a legal foundation for
refugee rights. Today, this convention remains the most comprehensive international framework protecting
refugees worldwide.

The foundation of modern refugee protection is Article 14 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, which affirms the right to seek asylum from persecution. Building on this principle, the 1951 United
Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees remains the key international treaty safeguarding
refugee rights. Coming into force on 22 April 1954, the Convention initially applied only to those fleeing
events before 1 January 1951 and within Europe, reflecting its post-Second World War context. However,
the 1967 Protocol removed these geographic and temporal restrictions, extending the Convention’s
protections worldwide. This expansion made refugee rights universally applicable, allowing broader
international support. Since then, additional regional refugee frameworks and evolving international human
rights laws have further strengthened protections for displaced persons.

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By the end of 2021, a staggering 89.3 million people were forcibly displaced worldwide due to persecution,
conflict, violence, human rights violations, or severe disruptions to public order. This figure includes 27.1
million refugees, with 21.3 million under UNHCR’s mandate and 5.8 million Palestinian refugees under
UNRWA’s mandate, along with 53.2 million internally displaced persons who fled their homes but
remained within their own countries. Additionally, 4.6 million asylum seekers were awaiting decisions on
their refugee status, while 4.4 million Venezuelans were displaced abroad under classifications distinct
from traditional refugee definitions. Over the years, particularly from 1991 to 2021, global displacement
trends have shown a sharp increase, emphasizing the escalating scale of forced migration worldwide.

Refugees face extreme vulnerability, lacking protection from their home countries and encountering serious
threats to their safety and well-being. The 1951 Refugee Convention, along with its 1967 Protocol, serves
as the foundation of international refugee protection. These legal instruments are central to UNHCR’s
mission, establishing the rights, protections, and assistance that refugees are entitled to receive. The 1951
Convention also provides the globally accepted definition of a refugee, ensuring a consistent legal
framework. As the guardian of these documents, UNHCR works to uphold their principles and support
governments in incorporating them into national laws. This ensures that refugees receive the protection
they need and can fully exercise their rights in host countries.

UNHCR'S MANDATE AND VISION

● Core Mission: UNHCR is "dedicated to saving lives, protecting rights and building a better future
for people forced to flee their homes because of conflict and persecution."
● Vision: UNHCR's ultimate vision is "a world where every person forced to flee can build a better
future."
● Dual Approach: The organization works through both direct aid provision and advocacy for legal
protection. This dual mission is evident in the descriptions of its work.
● Scope of Mandate: UNHCR protects not only refugees but also internally displaced persons,
returnees, and stateless individuals and those whose nationality is disputed.
● The UNHCR is mandated to “Protect People, Force Change,” working as “The UN Refugee
Agency.”

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KEY PILLARS OF UNHCR’S OPERATION

● Emergency Response: Speed is critical when people are forced to flee: “Refugees often arrive
across a border traumatized, hungry and exhausted, with little more than the clothes on their backs."
UNHCR provides life-saving assistance such as shelter, food, water, and medical care during
emergencies.
● Legal Protection and Advocacy: UNHCR acts as the guardian of the 1951 Refugee Convention and
its 1967 Protocol, working with governments to ensure these legal standards are upheld.
● Long-term Solutions: Beyond immediate aid, UNHCR helps refugees rebuild their lives, including
assisting with employment, education and a safe place to live to create "a sense of normalcy and
safeguarding their future." It also works with countries to improve and monitor refugee and asylum
laws and policies
● Refugee Participation: UNHCR considers refugees as partners, putting those most affected at the
center of planning and decision-making.

THE REFUGEE CONVENTION AND THE 1967 PROTOCOL

● Foundational Legal Framework: The 1951 Convention is described as "the most comprehensive
codification of the rights of refugees at the international level" providing the foundations of
international refugee law and outlining the rights and protections due to refugees, the most
fundamental of which is the principle of "non-refoulement" , stipulating that no one shall expel or
return a refugee to a territory where they face threats to life or freedom, no exceptions may be made
on this clause.
● Definition of a Refugee: The 1951 Convention provides a clear definition of a refugee as "someone
who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being
persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or
political opinion.”
● Rights-Based Instrument: The Convention is both status and rights-based, underpinned by
fundamental principles of non-discrimination, non-penalization, and non-refoulement. The
document explains that "Convention provisions, for example, are to be applied without
discrimination as to race, religion or country of origin," and that this is further reinforced by
"developments in international human rights law" to include sex, age, disability, sexuality, or other
prohibited grounds of discrimination. Refugees should also not be penalised for their illegal entry
or stay and are entitled to due process in any cases of proposed expulsion
● Minimum Standards of Treatment: The Convention lays down basic minimum standards of
treatment, including access to courts, primary education, work, and documentation (including a
refugee travel document in passport form).

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 ● 1967 Protocol: The 1967 Protocol removed the original 1951 Convention’s time and geographical
limits, applying its provisions to all refugees, irrespective of when their situation arose. "The
Protocol of 1967 is attached to United Nations General Assembly resolution 2198 (XXI) of 16
December 1967" and it "obliges States to comply with the substantive provisions of the 1951
Convention to all persons covered by the refugee definition in Article 1, without any limitation of
date."

UNHCR'S OPERATIONAL CAPACITY

● Diplomacy and Negotiation: UNHCR engages in diplomatic discussions with governments to

uphold refugee rights and intervene during humanitarian crises to secure aid access.
● Emergency Response: UNHCR rapidly deploys aid, personnel, and resources during emergencies,
including managing refugee camps and distribution networks.
● Funding and Resource Management: UNHCR receives voluntary funding from UN member states,
private donors, and international organizations. It allocates resources to legal aid, refugee programs,
and emergency relief efforts.
● Monitoring and Reporting: UNHCR tracks global refugee trends, displacement patterns, and
statelessness data, publishing key reports like "Global Trends in Forced Displacement."
● Strategic Partnerships: The organization collaborates with NGOs, private entities, and regional
organizations to improve refugee assistance.
● It should be noted that UNHCR's actions are reliant on the support of national governments and
other organizations, rather than being able to act unilaterally.

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 Brief Overview of The Agenda
Understanding Refugees: Causes, Challenges and Discrimination

A refugee is someone forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, violence, or severe instability,
requiring international protection under the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol. By 2024, global
displacement has surged to 120 million people, including 43.4 million refugees. Millions flee due to armed
conflicts (e.g., Syria, Ukraine, Sudan, Afghanistan), political persecution (e.g., Rohingya in Myanmar), and
climate change disasters affecting Africa, South Asia, and the Pacific. Additionally, economic collapse and
food insecurity have worsened displacement in nations like Venezuela. They mostly struggle with legal
barriers, making asylum, work permits, and residency difficult to obtain. Many lack education and
healthcare access, face unemployment and poverty, and are vulnerable to human trafficking and
exploitation. Besides this refugees experience xenophobia, racism, and social stigmatization, alongside
restrictive immigration policies that limit asylum rights. In the workforce, wage discrimination and
exploitation are common, while women and
LGBTQ+ refugees face heightened risks of gender-based violence and forced marriages.
A study by the Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies in December 2022 analyzed services reportedly received
from UNHCR, revealing that 41% of respondents received no assistance, while 29% obtained financial
support of less than $100 per month. Other aid services included winter packages (9%), issuance of ID
documents (6%), education support (5%), medicine (5%), and food vouchers (5%). The findings highlight
disparities in aid distribution, with a large proportion of displaced individuals not benefiting from available
support.

Key Focus Areas for Digital Empowerment of Refugees

With global forced displacement reaching a record 120 million people in May 2024, including 43.4 million
refugees, the need for innovative solutions to support refugee communities has never been greater. This
agenda focuses on leveraging digital technology and global collaboration to provide education, economic
opportunities, and cultural preservation for refugees.
Enhancing digital education, economic inclusion, and cultural preservation is essential for refugee
integration and self-sufficiency. Expanding online learning platforms and digital literacy programs can help
bridge the educational gap for displaced youth, equipping them with skills for the modern workforce.
Remote work, freelancing, and e-commerce opportunities provide refugees with financial independence,
while digital banking and mobile money services improve access to financial resources. Additionally,
preserving cultural identity through digital storytelling, cultural documentation, and social media
engagement fosters intercultural dialogue and strengthens community connections.

Global Collaboration & Impact: Enhancing Digital Access for Refugees

Addressing the digital divide for refugees requires strong global partnerships, policy alignment, and
technological innovation to improve education, economic inclusion, and humanitarian aid. Many refugees
face limited access to digital tools, restricting their ability to rebuild their lives. Strengthening collaborations
with governments, NGOs, tech firms, and educational institutions can provide affordable internet, digital
literacy training, and access to online education and job markets. Aligning policies with UNHCR mandates

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and SDG 4(Quality Education) and SDG 8(Decent work & Economic growth) ensure refugees gain the
skills and opportunities needed for self-reliance. Governments can support work permits for digital
employment, while e-learning programs and remote work platforms enable financial independence,
Leveraging AI, blockchain, and mobile connectivity can streamline aid distribution, provide secure digital
identities, and connect refugees to global economic opportunities. AI-driven crisis management can
optimize humanitarian efforts, while blockchain-based digital IDs allow displaced individuals to access
banking, healthcare, and education. Expanding mobile network coverage in refugee camps ensures seamless
access to essential digital services. By integrating global cooperation, policy reforms, and digital
advancements, refugees can be empowered with education, sustainable livelihoods, and cultural
preservation, fostering long-term resilience and independence.

PRESENT SCENARIO
Global Overview

By May 2024, global forced displacement reached a record 120 million people, including 43.4 million
refugees, 63.3 million internally displaced persons (IDPs), 6.9 million asylum seekers, and 5.8 million
individuals, primarily from Venezuela, in need of protection. The refugee population has surged
dramatically, rising 7% in 2023 to 43.4 million, with 31.6 million refugees under UNHCR’s mandate. Over
the past decade, global refugee numbers have tripled, posing increasing challenges for the international
community. These figures highlight the urgent need for comprehensive policies, stronger humanitarian
efforts, and sustainable solutions to protect and support displaced people worldwide.

In 2015, Turkey hosted the highest number of refugees worldwide, with 2,541,352 people, followed by
Pakistan (1,561,162) and Lebanon (1,070,854), while Iran, Ethiopia, Jordan, Chad, Uganda, Kenya, and
China also ranked among the top 10. Additionally, 5.2 million Palestinian refugees were under UNRWA’s
mandate. Notably, half of the top refugee-hosting nations were in sub-Saharan Africa, despite being
among the least developed. By the end of 2015, Turkey remained the world’s largest refugee-hosting
country.

Major Refugee-Hosting countries

The East and Horn of Africa, along with the Great Lakes region, hosted nearly 5 million refugees,
representing 20% of the global refugee population as of the end of 2022. Significant portion of these
refugees, about 85%, reside in Chad (592,800), Cameroon (473,900), and Niger (255,300). Additionally,
the conflict that erupted in Sudan in April 2023 displaced 2.6
million people within the country and forced 738,000 others to seek refuge in neighboring countries by July
2023.

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Honduras has seen a rise in violence from organized criminal groups known as maras, while El Salvador
has experienced a decline in such violence in recent years. By the end of 2021, the number of Venezuelans
displaced abroad grew to 5.2 million. Additionally, by the close of 2022, an estimated 968,300 people from
El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras were either internally displaced or sought asylum in neighboring
countries or across the Americas, alongside 241,900 individuals identified as populations of concern.

Europe hosted 36% of the world’s refugees, with the number rising from 7 million in 2021 to 12.4 million
by the end of 2022. Turkey remained the largest refugee-hosting country, sheltering 3.6 million refugees,
or 10% of the global displaced population, while Germany hosted nearly 2.1 million refugees, representing
6% of the total worldwide. In 2022, over 159,000 individuals risked their lives attempting to reach Europe
by land and sea, with more than 2,439 reported dead or missing. In response to the displacement caused by
the war in Ukraine, EU and other European countries granted temporary protection to millions of Ukrainian
refugees.

In the case of South Sudan, there were approximately 2.3 million refugees, with over 97% of them hosted
in Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Kenya as of April 2023. In 2022, outbreaks of violence caused 282,000
new internal displacements, bringing the total number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) to 2.26 million
by April 2023. Additionally, South Sudanese refugees remained the largest group of returnees, with 151,300
individuals returning in 2022.

By 2022, the conflict in Syria entered its 12th year, making Syrians nearly 1 in 5 of all refugees globally,
with 6.5 million hosted in 131 countries. A total of 13.5 million Syrians were displaced, more than half of
the country’s population, including 6.8 million internally displaced by late 2022. Over 77% of Syrian
refugees lived in neighboring countries, including 3.5 million in Türkiye, 814,700 in Lebanon, and 660,900
in Jordan.

In 2022, there were a significant number of refugees globally. According to the pie chart, the largest groups
of refugees originated from the "Other" category (13.7 million), followed by Ukraine (7.1 million),
Venezuela (6 million), Syria (5.6 million), Afghanistan (2.6 million), and South Sudan (2.3 million). The
chart highlights the countries that contributed the most to the global refugee population in 2022.

Rohingya Refugee Emergency

The Rohingya, a stateless Muslim minority in Myanmar, have faced significant persecution. Since the
outbreak of violence in 2017, approximately 1.2 million Rohingya refugees have been forced to flee the
country. The majority of these refugees are women, children—including newborns—and elderly
individuals who require extra support and protection. Around 90% of Rohingya refugees have sought
shelter in Bangladesh and Malaysia.

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Between 1978 and 2017, the Rohingya population experienced significant movements into Bangladesh,
categorized as refugees, returned refugees, and asylum-seekers. There were notable influxes of refugees in
1978, 1991-1993, and a dramatic surge in 2016-2017, when numbers reached close to 1 million. Refugee
returns occurred mainly in the early 1990s. Apart from these peak periods, especially between 1995 and
2011, the entry of Rohingya into Bangladesh remained relatively low. The number of asylum-seekers
remained consistently low throughout the period. This data underscores the protracted and recurring nature
of the Rohingya refugee situation, reaching a critical point in recent years.

In Ukraine, the war has drawn worldwide attention, displacing over 5 million people within the country and
forcing another 6.3 million to seek refuge abroad as of June 2023. Meanwhile, more than 17 million people
inside Ukraine urgently require humanitarian aid. Ongoing conflict in Yemen, one of the poorest countries
in the Middle East, has worsened long standing poverty and insecurity. By 2022, the number of internally
displaced people had risen to 4.5 million, with many facing a severe risk of famine. Additionally, natural
disasters have intensified the crisis, forcing many Yemenis to flee repeatedly.

RESPONSIBILITIES & POWER-UNHCR

UNHCR, The UN Refugee Agency is a global organization mandated to protect and support refugees,
forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people. Established in 1950, UNHCR leads international
efforts to provide humanitarian assistance, legal protection, and long-term solutions for displaced
individuals. The Committee, as outlined in the Convention establishing it, is tasked with the following core
responsibilities:

1. Ensuring Legal Protection & Fair Asylum Processes

The UNHCR protects refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless persons and calls for international protection
based on the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. This protects individuals by upholding non-
refoulement-never to force individuals into persecution or war. In its dealings with various governments
throughout the world, the UNHCR creates balanced asylum systems in terms of laws, legal protections, and
security related to resettlement, benefiting all dislocated people.

2. Emergency Assistance & Humanitarian Aid

UNHCR delivers critical relief to displaced communities during crises, ensuring access to shelter, food,
clean water, healthcare, and essential supplies. It also deploys rapid response teams to conflict zones and
disaster-affected areas, providing immediate humanitarian support and life-saving assistance.

3. Sustainable Solutions for Displaced Communities

UNHCR facilitates voluntary repatriation, helping refugees safely return to their home countries when
conditions improve. It also coordinates resettlement programs, partnering with nations to relocate refugees
to secure third countries for a fresh start. Additionally, UNHCR promotes local integration, supporting
refugees in achieving self-reliance and rebuilding their lives within host communities.

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 4. Addressing Statelessness & Promoting Citizenship Rights
UNHCR strives to prevent statelessness by advocating for the right to citizenship for individuals without a
recognized nationality. It also supports national governments in adopting and implementing the 1954 and
1961 Statelessness Conventions, ensuring legal recognition and protection for stateless populations.

5. Advocacy & Policy Development

UNHCR collaborates with governments, NGOs, and international organizations to shape refugee policies
and enhance legal protections. It also drives awareness campaigns and mobilizes funding and resources
through global partnerships to support displaced communities

6. Global Coordination of Refugee Responses

UNHCR spearheads inter-agency humanitarian efforts, working alongside organizations like WFP,
UNICEF, and WHO to provide comprehensive support for displaced populations. It also assists host
countries in managing large-scale refugee movements and establishing efficient camp management systems
to ensure safety and stability.

7. Powers of UNHCR

a. Legal Authority
i. Operates under mandates from the UN General Assembly and ECOSOC to oversee
international refugee laws.
ii. Ensures compliance with global treaties, including the 1951 Refugee Convention.
b. Diplomatic & Negotiation Power
i. Engages in diplomatic discussions with governments to uphold refugee rights.
ii. Intervenes during humanitarian crises to secure aid access and advocate for displaced
communities.
c. Emergency Response Capability
i. Deploys aid, personnel, and resources swiftly in humanitarian emergencies.
ii. Manages refugee camps, shelters, and distribution networks for displaced populations.
d. Funding & Resource Management
i. Receives voluntary funding from UN member states, private donors, and international
organizations.
ii. Allocates resources to legal aid, refugee programs, and emergency relief efforts.
e. Monitoring & Reporting Authority
i. Tracks global refugee trends, displacement patterns, and statelessness data.
ii. Publishes key reports like Global Trends in Forced Displacement to guide policy decisions.
f. Strategic Partnerships
i. Collaborates with NGOs, private entities, and regional organizations to improve refugee
assistance.
ii. Works with host countries to develop long-term solutions for displaced populations.

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 STANCES OF OTHER COUNTRIES
ON REFUGEES AND ASYLUM POLICIES
Refugee policies vary across the world, influenced by historical events, political ideologies, and
international commitments. Below is a detailed account of key countries’ positions, including specific data,
historical context, and current policies.

United States

The United States has a long history of accepting 400,000 refugees with major policies like the Displaced
Persons Act of 1948 and the Refugee Act of 1980 shaping its asylum system. Over the years, the U.S. has
resettled large groups, including Cuban refugees (1959-1980s), Vietnamese “Boat People” (1975-1990s),
and Iraqi and Afghan refugees (2000s-2020s). In 2021, President Biden increased the refugee cap to
125,000, reversing the previous administration’s reduction to 15,000. By 2023, over 60,000 refugees were
resettled under the Refugee Admissions Program, and Temporary Protected Status (TPS) was extended to
individuals from Venezuela, Haiti, Afghanistan, and Ukraine. However, as of 2024, the U.S. faces
significant challenges, with 1.8 million asylum cases pending, leading to severe processing delays.
Additionally, strict border policies, such as the “Remain in Mexico” policy (2019-2022), required asylum
seekers to wait in Mexico while their claims were processed, further contributing to the backlog.

Germany

Germany has a long history of accepting displaced persons, particularly after World War II, when it took
in millions, including ethnic Germans expelled from Eastern Europe. More recently, during the Syrian
refugee crisis (2015-2016), Germany welcomed over 1 million refugees, primarily from Syria, Iraq, and
Afghanistan. As of 2023, it remains Europe’s largest refugee host, with 2.1 million refugees. In 2022,
217,774 people—mainly from Syria, Afghanistan, and Ukraine—were granted asylum, and more than 1
million Ukrainians displaced by Russia’s invasion received temporary protection. However, Germany faces
challenges, including the rise of the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, which opposes high
refugee intake. Additionally, Germany has urged the European Union (EU) to implement asylum burden-
sharing, arguing that frontline countries like Greece and Italy bear a disproportionate responsibility for
incoming refugees.

Turkey

Turkey, due to its strategic location, has long been a key transit country for refugees heading to Europe. In
2016, the EU-Turkey deal was established to curb irregular migration in exchange for €6 billion in aid. As
of 2023, Turkey hosts the world’s largest refugee population, with 3.6 million Syrians and an additional
300,000 refugees from Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran. Under the Temporary Protection Regulation (2014),
Syrians receive access to healthcare and education, though they are not granted full refugee status. However,
anti-refugee sentiment has been growing, prompting stricter deportation policies. Since 2022, Turkey’s
“voluntary return” program has repatriated 500,000 Syrians to northern Syria.

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Canada

Canada is known for its refugee resettlement, having welcomed Hungarians in 1956 following the Soviet
invasion, 60,000 Vietnamese “Boat People” (1979-1981), and 40,000 Syrians (2015-2016) under Prime
Minister Trudeau. In 2023, Canada set a goal to resettle 76,000 refugees annually by 2025 and continues to
support its Private Sponsorship Program, which allows individuals and organizations to sponsor refugees.
Additionally, the Afghan Resettlement Initiative aims to bring in 40,000 Afghan refugees by 2024.
However, the country faces challenges such as long asylum processing backlogs, with some claimants
waiting over two years, and housing shortages in major cities, which make refugee integration more
difficult.

France

France has a long tradition of providing asylum, dating back to the French Revolution (1793) and later
reinforcing its commitment by signing the 1951 Refugee Convention. Over the years, it has welcomed large
numbers of refugees, including those from Algeria (1962), Vietnam (1975-1980s), and Rwanda (1994
genocide survivors).
As of today, France hosts approximately 550,000 refugees, primarily from Afghanistan, Syria, and Sudan.
In 2022, the country received 156,455 asylum applications. France emphasizes economic integration,
granting refugees the right to work early in the asylum process to support their independence and social
inclusion.

Australia

Australia has a humanitarian resettlement program but is also recognized for its strict border control
policies. A significant shift occurred with the Tampa Affair (2001), when the government denied entry to
asylum seekers who had been rescued at sea, setting a precedent for its tough stance on unauthorized
arrivals.

United Kingdom

The UK has a history of resettling refugees, including Jewish refugees during WWII and Ugandan Asians
in 1972. While it is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, its asylum laws remain strict. In 2022,
89,398 asylum applications were filed, primarily from Iran, Iraq, and Syria. The Ukraine Family Scheme
provided temporary protection to 220,000 Ukrainians between 2022 and 2023. However, the government’s
asylum policies have faced controversy, particularly the 2022 Rwanda asylum deal, which aims to deport
asylum seekers to Rwanda but has encountered legal challenges. Additionally, strict measures on Channel
crossings have drawn criticism over the interception of migrant boats.

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Bangladesh

Despite economic and demographic challenges, Bangladesh has a long history of hosting refugees,
particularly Rohingya fleeing persecution in Myanmar since the 1970s, with major influxes in 1991–1992
and 2017. By 2024, nearly 1 million Rohingya refugees were residing in Cox’s Bazar, one of the world’s
largest and most overcrowded refugee settlements. Although not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee
Convention, Bangladesh has continued to provide humanitarian assistance and temporary shelter. To
address overcrowding, Bangladesh launched the Bhasan Char relocation program, moving over 30,000
refugees to an offshore island. While the government has sought to repatriate Rohingya refugees through
international cooperation, efforts have stalled due to safety concerns in Myanmar. Although humanitarian
aid is provided, refugees lack citizenship, employment rights, and freedom of movement. Bangladesh
actively collaborates with organizations like UNHCR and WFP, urging global intervention for a long-term
resolution. However, managing the crisis presents significant difficulties. The large refugee population
strains national resources, while security concerns such as crime, drug trafficking, and militant activities
have grown. Funding shortages have further exacerbated living conditions, and rising anti-refugee
sentiments have fueled demands for stricter border controls and repatriation, making the situation
increasingly complex.

KEY CHALLENGES
Scale of Displacement: The sheer number of displaced people poses a significant challenge to the
organization.

Complex Crises: The multiplicity of ongoing emergencies listed (Afghanistan, DR Congo, Rohingya,
Sahel, Sudan, Syria, Ukraine, Venezuela) underscores the complex and evolving nature of displacement
crises.

Funding and Resources: Although there is not information on this in the provided documents, funding the
response to a global crisis of this scale would present a challenge.

Maintaining Neutrality: The text indicates that UNHCR does not provide protection to those who have
committed war crimes or crimes against humanity or those who have been "guilty of acts contrary to the
purposes and principles of the United Nations.”

CALL TO ACTION
Donations: The documents include repeated calls for donations to support UNHCR’s work.

Staying Informed: There is a push for the public to learn more through UNHCR’s newsletter and other
resources, promoting greater awareness of refugee issues.

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 INITIATIVES BY OTHER
UN ORGANISATIONS ON REFUGEES
IOM: The International Organization for Migration (IOM) plays a crucial role in supporting refugees and
displaced individuals by facilitating safe migration, resettlement, and reintegration. It provides emergency
assistance, including food, shelter, healthcare, and psychological support during migration crises.
Additionally, IOM actively combats human trafficking, implementing measures to protect vulnerable
refugees from exploitation and abuse.

WFP: The World Food Programme (WFP) plays a vital role in supporting refugees by providing emergency
food aid in camps and conflict zones. It also offers cash assistance, allowing refugees to purchase essential
goods, and runs school feeding programs to ensure children receive nutritious meals while continuing their
education.

UNICEF: The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) focuses on safeguarding refugee children by
providing education, psychological support, and protection from exploitation. It also delivers health and
nutrition services, including vaccinations and maternal care, while ensuring access to clean water and
sanitation facilities in refugee settlements through its WASH programs.

WFP: The World Food Programme (WFP) provides food assistance to refugees and displaced populations
to combat hunger and ensure their well-being. It delivers emergency food rations and implements food
distribution programs, while also offering cash-based transfers to enable refugees to purchase food locally.
In 2022, WFP supported over 50 million people, including those in crisis situations, helping to promote
self-reliance and support local economies.

OHCHR: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights works to ensure the protection of refugees’
human rights and promotes accountability for violations of international law.

UNDP: United Nations Development Programme helps to address the long-term needs of refugees by
focusing on sustainable development, livelihoods, and the reintegration of refugees in host communities.

WHO: The WHO focuses on enhancing health outcomes for refugees, particularly in emergencies, by
supporting health infrastructure, disease prevention, mental health services, immunization, and general
healthcare, ensuring refugees receive essential medical treatment and care.

UN Women: UN Women focuses on promoting gender equality and empowering refugee women and girls
by ensuring their access to healthcare, education, and livelihood opportunities, while also tackling gender-
based violence and advocating for their inclusion in decision-making processes.

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 RESOLUTIONS AND CONVENTIONS
The following resolutions of the UN General Assembly deal with the agenda:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

This Declaration establishes foundational human rights principles, affirming that refugees have the right to
education (Article 26), economic opportunities, and participation in cultural life (Article 27), thereby
supporting the broader agenda of inclusion and cultural dignity.

Resolution 50/152(1995)
This resolution emphasizes the promotion of durable solutions for refugees, including access to education,
livelihood opportunities, and cultural integration, highlighting the importance of integrating refugees into
national educational systems, providing economic opportunities, and fostering cultural respect and
inclusion, which can be supported through digital tools.

Resolution 61/141(2006)
focuses on enhancing the protection of refugees by advocating for their inclusion in national development
programs, which can be facilitated through digital tools for education and economic inclusion, while
promoting a comprehensive approach that respects cultural dignity during the integration process.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Resolution 70/1,2015)

It highlights the importance of Quality Education (Goal 4) and Decent Work (Goal 8), directly impacting
refugees’ access to education and economic opportunities. It emphasizes the use of technology to promote
digital literacy, bridge gaps in education and employment, and ensures cultural inclusion and respect,
safeguarding refugees’ cultural identities.

Resolution 73/151(2018)
This resolution emphasizes strengthening refugee protection by improving access to education, livelihoods,
and economic participation. It supports digital inclusion for refugees, advocating for innovative approaches
to education and employment, while recognizing the importance of integrating refugees into local
economies with cultural considerations for successful integration.

The Global Compact on Refugees (2018)

promotes international cooperation to provide durable solutions for refugees, focusing on enhancing self-
reliance and integration into host societies. It advocates for using innovative digital tools to improve
education and economic opportunities, while ensuring the preservation of refugees’ cultural identity and
dignity during their integration into local education and employment systems.

Resolution 76/137 (2021)

This resolution focuses on the role of digital technologies in improving refugee education and economic
participation, calling for global partnerships to utilize digital tools for education and training, enhancing
refugees’ skills and employability. It also stresses the importance of preserving cultural dignity by ensuring
that education respects refugees’ backgrounds and values.

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Resolution 77/1(2022)
This resolution highlights the need for inclusive digital policies to ensure refugees have access to digital
education and economic opportunities. It calls for partnerships among governments, the private sector, and
international organizations to provide digital infrastructure and training, fostering economic inclusion and
educational advancement, while also emphasizing cultural dignity through culturally tailored digital
content.

FUTURE OUTLOOK
UNHCR’s future vision will focus on creating an inclusive digital ecosystem where refugees have equitable
access to education, economic opportunities, and cultural respect. By fostering global partnerships and
leveraging technology, UNHCR seeks to ensure that refugees can rebuild their lives with dignity and self-
sufficiency while maintaining their cultural identities.

Digital Education and Economic Inclusion for Refugees

UNHCR is expected to continue advocating for the widespread use of digital platforms to expand refugees’
access to quality education and enhance their economic inclusion. This involves scaling e-learning
solutions, offering online courses, and providing digital literacy programs in collaboration with
governments, tech companies, and educational institutions. Additionally, digital tools will be key in
connecting refugees to employment opportunities, financial services, and entrepreneurship programs.
Future efforts will focus on creating digital marketplaces, vocational training, and online work platforms
tailored to refugees, empowering them to achieve self-reliance and economic activity in both their host and
home countries.

Promoting Cultural Integration and Digital Infrastructure for Refugees

UNHCR will prioritize using digital tools to preserve refugees’ cultural identities and facilitate their
integration into host societies. Digital platforms will provide culturally relevant educational content, help
maintain connections to cultural heritage, and promote cultural exchange between refugees and host
communities to foster social cohesion and mutual respect.
To achieve these goals, UNHCR will strengthen partnerships with governments, the private sector, NGOs,
and international organizations to expand access to essential digital infrastructure, including internet
connectivity, mobile devices, and digital training centers in both refugee camps and urban areas, ensuring
refugees have the necessary tools to engage in the digital economy and education systems.

Driving Innovation and Global Cooperation for Refugee Empowerment

UNHCR’s future strategy will focus on global responsibility-sharing, urging countries to invest in digital
platforms that grant refugees access to essential services regardless of their location or legal status. To
ensure effectiveness, the organization will enhance monitoring and evaluation of digital programs, ensuring
they are sustainable and tailored to diverse refugee populations based on factors like age, gender, and
cultural background. Additionally, innovation will be a key priority, with UNHCR collaborating with tech
innovators and startups to develop scalable solutions such as AI-driven education platforms, blockchain for
identity management, and mobile-based financial inclusion tools, fostering long-term refugee
empowerment and integration into the digital economy.

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 CONCLUSION
UNHCR plays a vital and indispensable role in the global response to forced displacement. It
combines emergency relief, legal protection, and long-term solutions, grounded in the 1951
Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. The challenges that the UNHCR faces are
considerable, but its commitment to protecting the rights of all displaced peoples remains steadfast
and is a critical component of global humanitarian efforts. The core principles of non-
discrimination, non-penalization, and non-refoulement are fundamental to their mission, as is the
recognition of refugees as partners in their own protection and solutions. By fostering self-reliance,
advocating for inclusive policies, and working in collaboration with governments, civil society,
and international organizations, UNHCR ensures that displaced individuals are not only
safeguarded but also empowered to rebuild their lives with dignity and hope.

Reference
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5&chapter=5&clang=_en
5. [Link]
6. [Link]
7. [Link]

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 RULES OF PROCEDURE (UNA-USA)
The MUN Rules of Procedure (RoP) is followed to maintain decorum and order during a MUN conference.
These rules and procedures are put in place to facilitate an effective and structured debate. Every delegate
needs to understand the rules and procedures to make the most of their MUN conference experience.
Important MUN Terms

• Delegate: A participant who represented a country in a MUN Committee.

• Chair: The facilitator of a MUN committee.
• Motion: To propose something. Most motions are specific to certain parts of the MUN committee
session.
• Caucus: A meeting of supporters.
• Clause: A specific section within a working paper or draft resolution.
• Working Paper: A written collection of policies proposed by one or more delegates.
• Draft Resolution: A written collection of policy ideas, formatted according to UN specifications.
Roll Call
Roll Call is when the Chair calls each country to determine if they are present in the room. This is done in
alphabetical order. When you hear your country called, you should raise your placard and answer “Present”
or “Present and voting”.

• Present: You can abstain when voting on a draft resolution.

• Present and Voting: You have to vote either "Yes" or "No" for every draft resolution voting.
Roll Call is done at the start of every committee session to make sure there is a quorum. The quorum refers
to how many Member States are needed for the Chair to open debate. 1⁄3 of the committee members is
needed to open the committee, and a simple majority (1⁄2 +1) is needed to pass a draft resolution. If you
miss Roll Call, you can pass a note to the Chair when you arrive to let the Chair know if your country is
present or present and voting.
Setting the Agenda
Setting the agenda is done when there is more than one topic in the study guide. In such cases, the committee
would need to determine which topic would be discussed first. If there is only one topic in the study guide,
the agenda-setting phase is skipped and the committee will go directly into opening statements. When there
is more than one topic, 2/3 is needed to set the agenda. If 2/3 are not reached, the committee can open a
General Speaker's list for the delegates to explain why one topic is preferable. After this, another vote
should be taken. If 2/3 is still not reached, the chair can return to the speaker’s list and allow for moderated
and unmoderated caucuses, until the 2⁄3 majority is reached. After the Agenda has been set, a “Motion to
open debate” should be offered and the debate will officially start.

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Motions
Motions are used to discuss procedural matters and they help to further the discussion on your committee
topic. Most motions will require a vote to pass. Motions are collected by the chair and put to vote. The chair
has discretion as to when to allow motions to be offered and which to consider out of order at a given time.

• Motion to open debate: To begin discussion at the beginning of the first session.
• Motion to suspend debate: To suspend the debate (GSL) break for lunch, coffee break, and end of
committee session at the end of the day but not the conference as a whole.
• Motion for GSL: The delegate of ‘country name’ would like to raise a motion to start the GSL with
individual speaking time of 30/45/60/90 seconds.
• Motion to adjourn the debate (GSL): To close the committee as a whole.
• Motion for moderated caucus: The delegate of ‘country name’ would like to raise a motion to
suspend the GSL and for a moderated caucus of total time 10/15/20 minutes, individual speaking
time 30/45/60/90 seconds, to discuss the topic of….
• Motion for unmoderated caucus: The delegate of ‘country name’ would like to raise a motion for
an unmoderated caucus of a total time of 10/15/20 minutes.
• Motion to close the debate/move to the voting procedure: The delegate of ‘country name’ would
like to raise a motion to suspend the GSL and move into the voting procedure.
• Motion to introduce working paper/draft resolution/amendment: The delegate of ‘country name’
would like to raise a motion to introduce Draft Resolution 1.1.
Seconds and Objections
Second: When a delegate formally shows support for the motion that was raised. Almost every motion
needs at least one second to be considered.
Objection: When a delegate does not support a motion. Delegates can’t Second or Object a motion they
raised themselves. If there are no seconds, the motion automatically fails. If a motion has a second, the
Chair will ask for objections. If no objections are raised, the motion will pass without further voting. When
a motion gets seconds and objections, the motion gets put on a list with other motions that also receive
seconds and objections. When the chair decides they have received enough motions, the committee
proceeds to vote on the motions. Voting on all motions is mandatory for delegates.
Which motion is voted on first?
Whichever motion is the most disruptive to the GSL gets voted on first. Unmoderated caucuses disrupt the
flow of debate more than moderated caucuses. A longer caucus is voted on before a shorter one. Longer
speaker time is voted on before shorter.

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Formal Debate - General Speaker’s List
The formal debate of a MUN simulation is centered around the General Speakers List (GSL).
How does the General Speaker’s list work?
1. Chair will ask if any delegates are interested in being added to the GSL.
2. Delegates show their interest by raising their placards.
3. The chair will recognize delegates by calling their country name, after which the delegate is placed on
the GSL.
4. If no delegates raise their placards to get on the list, the Chair may choose delegates to be added to the
GSL. The order of delegates on the speaker’s list is not open to modification.
GSL Rules
You can only be on the GSL once at a time. However, when you finish your speech, you can get right back
on the GSL. You can get back on the GSL by sending a note to the Chair asking to get back on the list or
waiting for the Chair to ask if any delegates wish to be added to the GSL. There must always be a delegate
on the GSL at any given time. If the GSL has no one on it, it is considered that there is nothing left to say
and the committee automatically moves to voting procedure.
Yielding Time
During the GSL a delegate can yield their time to the chair, to another delegate, or to questions.

• Yield time to the Chair – If you have 10 seconds or more left to your speech, and decide not to
yield time to another delegate or questions, your remaining speech time should be yielded to the
chair.
• Yield time to another Delegate – If you have over 10 seconds, you can yield your time to anyone.
There is no double yield. If you yield your time to a delegate who does up the remainder of
speakers’ time, they must yield it to the chair.
• Yield time to Questions – Yielding to questions allows other delegates to ask you a question. You
get to use the remainder of your time to answer it. You can answer multiple questions during a
‘yield to question’, as long as you have additional speaker time.
Informal Debate (Moderated and Unmoderated Caucuses)
The informal debate includes all discussions outside of the General Speaker’s list. This begins when the
Chair decides to open the floor to motions (Motion = proposal). The informal debate takes place when you
pass a motion for a Moderated Caucus, an Unmoderated Caucus, or an extension of a previously passed
caucus. Once a motion for a caucus is raised, the Chair asks for seconds and objections.
To enter an informal debate, you need to offer a motion for the type of caucus you would like, and for how
long you would like the caucus to take place. When you motion for a moderated caucus, you need to give
a topic for the moderated caucus discussion. Caucuses cannot exceed 20 minutes.

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Moderated Caucus
A moderated caucus is for delegates to discuss subtopics related to the main topic. The committee topic is
usually very broad, so moderated caucuses are used to narrow the discussion and go into more detail on
certain aspects. Once a moderated caucus passes with a majority, the Chair chooses delegates to speak one
at a time. The moderated caucuses are less formal than the GSL. Delegates who finish speaking sit down,
and the next delegate speaks. There is no yielding time or POIs during a moderated caucus.
Unmoderated Caucus
An unmoderated caucus, informally called un mod or lobbying time, is when delegates get out of their seats,
meet, form blocs, discuss ideas, negotiate, start writing their working papers/draft resolutions, and find
support for their draft resolutions. When the unmoderated caucus finishes, delegates return to their seats.
The Chair will then decide whether to open the floor to motions or return to the GSL.
Points
A point is something you raise when it concerns something you'd like to address for yourself. There are
four points. These are:

• Point of Inquiry: When a delegate unsure of the rules, would like an explanation from the chair.
• Point of personal privilege: When the delegate's experience is impacted. Going to the bathroom or
turning on the air conditioner are points of personal privilege. Other PoPs are that a delegate can’t
hear the speaker or read the projected draft resolution.
• Point of information; Asking another delegate a question about their speech after their speech
concludes. After a GSL speech, other delegates can ask the previous speaker a question, called a
Point of Information (POI). The delegate who finished speaking can choose whether to accept POIs.
• Point of order: When a delegate believes the Chair has made an error in the formal procedure.
• Right of Reply: If a delegate feels offended by the content of the other delegate's speech during the
GSL they can ask for a Right of Reply (RoR). If the chair accepts the reason, the delegate gets to
give a 30-second speech to respond to the offense.
Working Papers & Draft Resolutions
A working paper is commonly a precursor to a Draft Resolution. It is a place to put the first draft of the
ideas that you hope to guide to the resolution through lobbying, negotiation, and compromise. Working
papers, which turn into draft resolutions, are written during an unmoderated caucus.
Working Papers
Informal documents containing policy proposals by one or more delegates. Working Papers do not need to
be formatted according to the United Nations specification in the same way a draft resolution does. A
working paper can be submitted to the Chair to be put on a screen and discussed, either during an
unmoderated caucus or during an informal session.

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Draft Resolution
Draft resolutions are formal documents that contain your policy ideas, and those of other delegates, written
according to United Nations formatting rules. To get a draft resolution approved by the Chairs, the content
needs to be sound, the formatting needs to be correct, and you need a minimum number of supporters (10%
of the delegates in the committee as Sponsors or Signatories). The draft resolutions which are approved by
the chair are the documents the committee will vote on after the closure of the debate.

• Sponsors: Delegates who wrote the resolution or played a key role in the resolution.
• Signatories – Delegates who support the draft resolution, or at least want to see the ideas discussed.
(No limit on the number of Delegates listed as Signatories)
The Chair has to approve the text in the document for a draft resolution to be introduced. After approval,
the draft resolution will be given a number by the chair and can then be addressed and discussed.
Amendments
Once a draft resolution has been accepted by the Chair, the resolution will be opened for amendments.
There will likely be quite a bit of action in the committee room when a resolution is opened for amendments.
Many delegations, or groups of delegations, will have ideas of how they wish to modify the resolution up
for debate. After a draft resolution has been introduced, delegates can propose changes to the draft
resolution, called amendments. Amendments include adding a new clause, striking out a clause, or changing
the text of an existing clause. The amendment is when:

• A new clause is to be added (Addition)

• A new clause is to be removed (Deletion)
• Change text in an existing clause (Modification)
Friendly Amendments
A friendly amendment is what it sounds like. If an amendment author introduces it as a friendly amendment
and all of the resolution’s sponsors agree to it, the amendment will automatically become a part of the
resolution. There is usually nothing too controversial about friendly amendments. Most of the time they
will be accepted by all parties and the Chair and become a part of the draft resolution.
Unfriendly Amendments
An unfriendly amendment is a change that one, or more, of the resolution’s sponsors, do not agree with.
For an unfriendly amendment to be accepted for debate, it will need a certain percentage of the committee
to vote for it. Unfriendly amendments will be open to debate. The time during the speaker’s list and
caucusing can be dedicated to unfriendly amendments.

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 RULES OF PROCEDURE (UN4MUN)
It is a program introduced by the United Nations Department of Global Communications in 2009 with the
intention of bringing Model UN simulations closer to how the real UN functions. The term symbolizes
accurate simulations of the UN, i.e.: Rules of Procedure, which accurately reflect the decision-making
process of the real UN. In 2019, the name of the office interacting with Model UNs at the UN became "The
United Nations Model UN Programme." This procedure is more dynamic than UN-USA. This was
introduced firstly for UNSC & small committees but now all the committees can continue that. UN4MUN
is based more on debate & any kind of pronoun can be used. This procedure is flexible & inclusive, it is
not hierarchical. The term symbolizes accurate simulations of the UN, i.e.: Rules of Procedure, which
accurately reflect the decision-making process of the real UN.
UN4MU more accurately represents the procedure followed at the United Nations General Assembly while
UNA-USA follows a more parliamentary procedure, which in certain aspects is more resembling of the US
Congress than the United Nations. UN4MUN Rules of Procedure works on consensus building rather than
debating. You do not have moderated and unmoderated caucuses; instead, you have formal informal, and
informal-informal consultations. During this, all the blocs negotiate and discuss to form a draft resolution.
The goal of the committee is to get every single person to agree so that you do not even need to vote on the
Draft Resolution (DR) / Report. If the committee has to go to vote due to a 28 lack of consensus, then
technically the committee may pass but morally, the committee fails.
Quorum
The quorum is the number of member states that need to be present for the meeting to open. 1/3rd of
members present is accepted.
Roll Call
The Chairperson will announce each country’s name, after a delegate hears their country called, they should
answer “present”. Only Present is entertained (no Present & Voting). Thus, at the final DR/Report voting,
delegates have the right to vote as YES, NO, or ABSTAIN.
Opening the Debate
The delegates should raise a motion to open the debate for the first time.
Setting the Agenda
The agenda / Provisional Agenda for the conference shall be drawn up by the Secretary General and
communicated to all delegations before the start of the conference. If there are multiple agendas to discuss
at the conference, the delegates have to come up with a preference on which agenda should be discussed at
first. For this, a delegate may raise a motion to set the agenda & two of the delegates can provide speeches
for this motion & two delegates can deliver speeches against this motion.
Minute of silent prayer or meditation
Immediately after the opening of the first meeting and preceding the closing of the final meeting, the
President/Chairperson shall invite the representatives to observe one minute of silent prayer or meditation.

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Formal Consultation
Formal Consolation is more like a General Speaker’s List where delegates are recognized by the Executive
Board Members to share the country’s stance. If no motions are made, the default time will be 90 sec for
each delegate. Time for each delegate can be anything (e.g., 5 min is also accepted). Point of Information
(POI) may be accepted if anyone yields the time for POI. Informal Consultation = Formal Informal +
Informal Informal. Formal informal = When a motion for a formal Informal is passed, the Chair calls upon
delegates they raise their placards to address the committee for a specific amount of time. No time limit for
each delegate. In UN4MUN, at Formal-Informal the Chairs don’t moderate, delegates moderate it
themselves. They pass the floor time to other delegates. Thus, a delegate needs to have a very good
understanding of who is your strategic ally or not. Anyone can pass the floor to anyone but keeping in mind
the flow of debate. There is no time limit for a specific delegate; anyone can speak as long as he/she wants
within the limited time of formal informal.
Informal Informal
This is a temporary recess during which rules of procedure are suspended for negotiation. Delegates can
meet informally with each other & the committee staff to discuss the issue & merge resolutions. Delegates
are in consultation with each other from the moment they arrive at the MUN or UN until they leave. This
is the type of consultation that takes place in the form of face-to-face conversations, during which no formal
rules of procedure are put into effect. Formal processes at the UN are mainly used to provide a context for
informal consultations between delegations & to formalize agreements previously reached during these.
Motions
Example for UN-USA: The Delegate of Indonesia would like to suspend the GSL & move unmod of total
time of 15 min. Example for UN4MUN: Motion for Formal - Informal for 30 min. Motions can be called
anytime. At the real UN, a delegate represents an entire nation. A sovereign state may voice a concern or
request that a vote be taken on any procedural matter at any time. If they wish to put a point or motion
forward, they may do so unilaterally.
Points
Points and Motions are quite different in accurate simulations of the UN. Generally, there is no "Point of
Information to the Speaker," "Point of Parliamentary Inquiry" or "Point of Personal Privilege." There is
only a Point of Order, and it is rarely used at the real UN, as most issues are handled in an informal setting.
During the formal meeting (debate), delegates may request a "Right of Reply" if they decide that a statement
by another delegate requires a response from the country they are representing. Again, this rarely occurs at
the real UN. Point of Information can be exercised during Formal Debate when yielding time for POI. If
anyone makes a factual error, Point of Order can be raised. Point of order will be accepted via Chits.
Suspension of Meeting
A representative or the President/Chairperson may suspend the meeting for a limited amount of time upon
request. Such matters will not be debated but will immediately be put to a vote. A suspended meeting is
resumed on the same day. This motion is used to break for informal - informal consultations and for lunch
and tea breaks.

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Adjournment of Meeting
During the discussion of any matter, a representative may motion for the adjournment of the meeting. Such
motions will not be debated but immediately put to a vote. This motion can be used on the final day of the
conference.
Closure of Debate
After merging their texts into one acceptable by the whole committee, delegates may move for closure of
debate to adopt the resolution by consensus. If the committee fails to reach a consensus, then voting may
occur.
Adoption by Consensus
The Chair simply states that the resolution has been adopted by consensus, and forwards the resolution to
the Plenary. In the case that consensus can’t be achieved, debate can either be table (No-Action) or closed
(Voting). Amendments are voted upon first, then resolutions. Once the resolution is voted upon, the
committee can move on to the next topic on the agenda.
Sponsors
At the UN-USA ROP or any other Model UN Simulation, a draft resolution can have as little as one sponsor.
Any Member State may add or remove their name from the list of sponsors at any time. Usually, before a
resolution is adopted, multiple Member States will have chosen to join the list of sponsors. Like OPEC may
or may not have sponsors for Substantial Documents; the actual information will be given when the time
arrives.
Amendments
There are three types of Amendments:
1. Amendment for Deletion: To delete an entire clause along with the sub-clauses (if any).
2. Amendment for Modification: To modify a part of a clause or sub-clauses. If anyone wants to add/delete
a sub-clause, or any changes to a sentence, word, or punctuation - these can also be called Amendment for
Modification.
3. Amendment for Addition: To add a whole clause along with the sub-clauses (if any).
There will be no friendly or unfriendly amendments. However, after calling an amendment, the executive
board members can ask if there is any objection against it. If there is any, the amendment fails.
Voting
It is assumed that draft resolutions / Reports will be adopted via voting by consensus. However, if the draft
resolution cannot be accepted by consensus, the meeting will go into a vote. Substantial voting will be
considered here (2/3rd majority). If all operative paragraphs of a draft resolution / Report are rejected, the
draft resolution will be considered rejected as a whole.

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 PAPERWORK INSTRUCTIONS
Position Paper
A position paper serves to structure your action plan for a conference by outlining your country's stance on
the agenda. It should include your perspective on the topics to be discussed and the actions you advocate
for. Structure of the Paper:
• Introduction: Briefly introduce your country and its relevance to the agenda.
• Current Issues: Discuss recent problems your country faces related to the agenda and how they are
being addressed.
• Discussion Topics: Suggest specific topics for committee discussion, potentially naming countries
or regional bodies for collaboration.
• Action Plans: Propose solutions to the identified problems and explain why they should be adopted.
Cite reliable sources, such as UN reports or your country's government publications, while avoiding
newspapers and unreliable websites like Wikipedia or YouTube. The quality of your references
significantly impacts your credibility as a delegate.

Position Paper Submission Guidelines:

● Font Size: 12
● Font: Times New Roman
● Text Alignment: Justified
● Paragraph Spacing: Single-spaced
● Line Spacing: 1.5
● Page Limit: 1.5 pages for the main content and half a page for references. Not more than 2 Pages.
● Cover Page: Not required.
● Watermark: The National Emblem as a watermark is optional
● References: Must be included at the end of your paper Recommended Referencing Style - Harvard for
Journals/ APA Format. Links can also be entertained.
● You all are requested NOT to provide Wikipedia, YouTube, or any other links that can be fabricated.
Avoid AI-generated text, plagiarism or copy-pasting information from the Guide or any other online
sources. 20% + Plagiarism will result in the nullification of the Position Paper.
RESOLUTION WRITING
Resolutions serve as the formal means by which United Nations agencies and organizations convey their
suggestions for resolving significant global challenges. The following is an abridged overview of the
surface-level characteristics of a resolution; it does not delve into the substance of their critical element—
the content—which comprises the strategies intended to address the issue. These should be practical and
precise to the greatest extent possible, while remaining within the committee's mandate and scope of
expertise

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PREAMBULATORY CLAUSES ("PREAMS")
The preamble of a proposed resolution outlines the committee's rationale for deliberating on the subject
matter and recollections of previous global engagements concerning the matter. A present clause initiates
each clause, which concludes with a comma. Perambulatory clauses may comprise the following:

• Citations of prior United Nations resolutions or treaties pertaining to the subject matter at hand;
• Invocations of statements issued by the Secretary-General or a pertinent United Nations body or
agency;
• Acknowledgments of the endeavors undertaken by regional or nongovernmental organizations in
addressing the matter;
• Overarching declarations concerning the subject matter, its significance, and its ramifications.
PREAMBULATORY PHRASES
Acknowledging, Affirming, Alarmed by, Approving, Aware of, Bearing in mind, Believing, Confident,
Congratulating, Contemplating, Convinced, Declaring, Deeply concerned, Deeply conscious, Deeply
convinced, Deeply disturbed, Deeply regretting, Deploring, Desiring, Emphasizing, Expecting, Expressing
its appreciation, Expressing its satisfaction, Fulfilling, Fully alarmed, Fully aware, Fully believing, Further
deploring, Further recalling, Guided by, Having adopted, Having considered, Having further considered,
Having devoted attention, Having examined, Having heard, Having received, Having studied, Keeping in
mind, Noting further, Noting with appreciation, Noting with approval, Noting with deep concern, Noting
with regret, Noting with satisfaction, Observing, Reaffirming, Realizing, Recalling, Recognizing,
Referring, Taking into account, Taking into consideration, Taking note, Viewing with appreciation,
Welcoming.
OPERATIVE CLAUSES
Operative clauses provide resolutions to problems that were previously discussed in the resolution via the
perambulatory section. These action-oriented clauses require the inclusion of a proposed solution following
an underlined verb at the beginning of the sentence. Every clause ought to adhere to the subsequent
principles:
• Clause should be numbered;
• Each clause should support one another and continue to build your solution;
• Add details to your clauses in order to have a complete solution. This can include adding subpoints
to the same clause;
• Operative clauses are punctuated by a semicolon, with the exception of your last operative clause
which should end with a period (full stop)

OPERATIVE CLAUSES
Accepts, Affirms, Approves, Asks, Authorizes, Calls for, Calls upon, Condemns, Confirms, Congratulates,
Considers, Declares accordingly, Deplores, Designates, Draws attention, Emphasizes, Encourages,
Endorses, Expresses its appreciation, Expresses its concern, Expresses its hope, Further invites, Further
proclaims, Further recommends, Further reminds, Further requests, Further resolves, Hopes, Invites,
Proclaims, Proposes, Recommends, Regrets, Requests, Resolves, Seeks, Strongly affirms, Strongly
condemns, Strongly urges, Suggests, Supports, Transmits, Trusts, Urges

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