Conditionals: Boolean values and operators, conditional (if), alternative

(if-else), chained conditional (if-elif-else); Iteration: state, while, for,

break, continue, pass; Fruitful functions: return values, parameters, local
and global scope, function composition, recursion; Strings: string
slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string module; Lists
as arrays.
Boolean Values and Operators
• The Boolean data type is a data type, having two values : true or
false.
• When converting:
 bool to an int, the integer value is always 0 or 1
 int to a bool, the boolean value is True for all integers except 0.

• Boolean and logical operators

Boolean values respond to logical operators and / or
 True and False = False
 True and True = True
 False and True = False
 False or True = True
 False or False = False
Conditional Statements in Python
• Conditional statements  Used to perform
different computations or actions depending on
whether a condition evaluates to true or false.
• Condition uses comparisons and arithmetic expressions
with variables, evaluated to the Boolean values True or
False.

Fig: Structure of conditional statement

Conditional Statements (Cont….)
• Types of conditional checking statements in python:
• if statements
• if...else statements
• if...elif...else statements(or) chained conditionals
• Nested if statements

• Rules:
• The colon (:) is required at the end of the condition.
• The body of the if statement is indicated by the indentation. In
Python, four spaces are used for indenting.
• All lines indented the same amount after the colon will be
executed for the true condition.
• Python interprets non-zero values as True. None and 0 are
interpreted as False.
Conditional Statements (Cont….)

• if statements:
 The statement is executed only if the condition is
true, if false then not executed.
 Syntax:
if condition:
True block statement

 Flowchart for if statement:

Conditional Statements (Cont….)
• if statements (cont..)
Example program for if statement:

Program :
1. age = input("What's your age = ")
2. if ( age >= 60 ) :
3. print "You are a Senior Citizen"
4. print "Good bye!"

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
What's your age = 68
You are a Senior Citizen
Good bye!
Conditional Statements (Cont….)
• if...else statements:
• Executes the true statement block only when test condition is True.
• If False, then false statement block is executed.
• Indentation is used to separate the blocks.
 Syntax:
if condition:
True statement block.
else:
False statement block.

 Flowchart for if...else statements:

Conditional Statements (Cont….)
• if...else statements (cont..)
Example program for if...else statement

Program :
1. age = input("What's your age = ")
2. if ( age >= 60 ) :
3. print "Sorry! You are a Senior Citizen"
4. print "Good bye!"
5. else:
6. print "You are selected"
7. print "Have a great day!"

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
What's your age = 45
You are selected
Have a great day!
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
What's your age = 63
Sorry! You are a Senior Citizen
Good Bye!!
Conditional Statements (Cont….)
• Ternary operator: C and Python
 The ternary operator(? : ;) in C takes three arguments. The first
argument is a comparison argument, the second is the result upon a
true comparison, and the third is the result upon a false comparison.
 Syntax in C: if condition ? value_if_true : value_if_false;
 Example : max = (a > b) ? a : b;
 In Python, the syntax for ternary operator is

Syntax 1: value_if_true if_condition value_if_false

Syntax 2: (value_if_true , value_if_false) [if_condition]

 Example: max = a if (a > b) else b or max = (a,b)[(a > b)]

Conditional Statements (Cont….)
• Ternary operator: C and Python (cont..)

Program :
1. a = raw_input("Enter a = ")
2. b = raw_input("Enter b = ")
3. max = (a,b)[(a > b)]
4. max = a if (a > b) else b# work in some compilers
only
5. print "Maximum of two numbers = ", max

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Enter a = 89
Enter b = 568
Maximum of two numbers = 568
Enter a = 56
Enter b = 41
Maximum of two numbers = 41
Conditional Statements (Cont….)
• if...elif...else (or) chained conditionals
• The elif is short form for else if, used to check multiple conditions.
• If the condition 1 is false, it checks the condition 2 of the next elif block and so on.
• If all the conditions are False, then the else statement is executed.
• Syntax:

if condition 1:
True statement block for condition 1.
elif condition 2:
True statement block for condition 2.
elif condition 3:
True statement block for condition 3.
else:
False statement block. :
• Flowchart for if...elif...else stateme nts
Conditional Statements (Cont….)
• if...elif...else (or) chained conditionals (cont...)
Example program for if...elif...else statement

Program:
1. age = input("What's your age = ")
2. if ( age >= 60 ) :
3. print "Sorry! You are a Senior Citizen"
4. print "Good bye!"
5. elif (age < 60 and age > 40 ):
6. print "You are selected for the post of Senior Manager"
7. print "Have a great day!"
8. elif (age < 40 and age > 20 ):
9. print "You are selected for the post of Junior Manager"
10. print "Have a great day!"
11. else:
12. print("Sorry! you cannot apply")

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
What's your age = 72
Sorry! You are a Senior Citizen
Good bye!
What's your age = 55
You are selected for the post of Senior Manager
Have a great day!
What's your age = 18
Sorry! you cannot apply
Conditional Statements (Cont….)
• Nested if statements:
 if...elif...else statement can be used inside another if...elif...else
statement. This is called nesting in computer programming.
 Example program for Nested if statements:

Program :
#check whether the given number is positive, negative or
zero
1. number = input("Enter a number: ")
2. if number >= 0:
3. if number == 0:
4. print("Zero")
5. else:
6. print("Positive number")
7. else:
8. print("Negative number")

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Enter a number: 8
Positive number
Enter a number: -9
Negative number
Enter a number: 0
Zero
Iteration (or) Looping
• Repeated execution of a set of statements is called
iteration or looping.
• Flowchart for looping statements:

• Types of iterative statements.

 The for loop
 The while statement
 Nested loops
Iteration (or) Looping (cont..)
• The for loop:
 For loop in Python repeats a group of statements for a specified number of times.
 For loop in python starts with the keyword "for" followed by an arbitrary variable name, which
holds its values in the following sequence object.
 The else block will be executed only if the for loop hasn't been broken by a “break” statement.
 Syntax:

for<loop_variable> in <sequence>:
<statement or statement block)>
else
 Flowchart for FOR loo p: <statement or statement block>
Iteration (or) Looping (cont..)
• The for loop(cont..)
Example program for For loop:

Program 7:
1. # simple program to explain for loop
2. for i in '123':
3. print "Welcome",i,"times"

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Welcome 1 times
Welcome 2 times
Welcome 3 times
Iteration (or) Looping (cont..)
• The range() function
 Sequence of numbers are also generated using range() function.
 range() is defined with start_element, stop_element and step size.
 Default step size is equal to 1 if not provided.
 Syntax:

 ra n g e (s t a rt _element, stop_element, step size)

Example P r o g r a m :

Program :
1. # Display numbers from 0 to 10 (11 numbers)
2. numbers = range(11)
3. print(numbers)
4. # Display numbers from 5 (start_element) to 10 (stop_element)
5. numbers = range(5,11)
6. print(numbers)
7. # Display numbers from 1 (start_element) to
8. # 11 (stop_element) with step_size = 2
9. numbers = range(1,11,2)
10. print(numbers)
11. # Display numbers from 10 (start_element) to
12. # 0 (stop_element) with step_size = -1
[Link] = range(10, 0, -1)
[Link](numbers)
Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
Iteration (or) Looping (cont..)
• The While loop:
 The while loop iterates over a block of statements as long as the test condition is true.
 The statement body is entered only when the test condition is true. After first iteration,
the test condition is checked again
 .In Python, the statement body is determined through indentation. Python interprets
any non-zero value as True. None and 0 are interpreted as False.
 Syntax:

While condition:
statement_1
…….
 Flowchart for While loop: statement_2
Iteration (or) Looping (cont..)
• The While loop (cont..):
Example program for While loop

Program 12:
1. # Simple While loop
2. a = 0
3. #Body of the loop is intended by four spaces
4. while a < 10:
5. a=a+1
6. print a

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Iteration (or) Looping (cont..)
• While-Else loop:
 Python supports to have an else statement with a while loop statement.
 The else statement is executed when the condition becomes false.
 Syntax:
While condition:
statement_1
………..
statement_n
Else:
staement_1
 Flowchart for While-Else loop: statement_n
Iteration (or) Looping (cont..)
• While-Else loop (cont..)
Example program for While-Else loop

Program :
1.#program for While-Else statement
[Link] = 0
3. while count < 5:
4. print count, " is less than 5"
5. count = count + 1
6. else:
7. print count, " is not less than 5"

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Apple
Asus
Dell
Samsung
Iteration (or) Looping (cont..)
• Nested loops statements:
 Python programming language allows using one loop inside another loop.
 Syntax: Nested for loop

for iterating _var in sequence:

for iterating _var in sequence:
statement(s)
 Syntax : Nested while loop
statement(s)

while expression:
while expression:
statement(s)
statement(s)
 Example program for Nest ed loops

Program :
#program to explainforloop
list1 = [["john", "Jerry"],[1, 2], ["Paris", "London"]]
for i in list1:
print i
Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
['john', 'Jerry']
[1, 2]
['Paris', 'London']
Iteration (or) Looping (cont..)
• Nested loops statements (cont..):
Example program for Nested loops

Program:
1. #program to show nested loops –for loop within
anotherforloop
2. list1 = [["john", "Jerry"],[1, 2], ["Paris",
"London"]]
3. for i in list1:
4. for x in i:
5. print x

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
john
Jerry
1
2
Paris
London
Python Break, Continue And Pass Statements

• In some situations there is a need to exit the loop

completely when an external condition is triggered or
there may also be a situation to skip a part of the code
and start next execution.
• Python provides following statements to handle these
situations:
 break
 continue
 pass
Python Break, Continue And Pass Statements
(cont..)
• Break statement
 The break statement in Python terminates the current loop and resumes
execution at the next statement. It’s just like the traditional break found in
C.
 Syntax:
break;
 Flowchart for break statement
Python Break, Continue And Pass Statements (cont..)

• Break statement (cont..)

Example program for break statement
Program :
1. #program to explain break statement
2. chocolates = 10
3. while (chocolates > 0):
4. print "We have ", chocolates,"number of chocolates"
5. chocolates=chocolates-1
6. if chocolates == 5:
7. break
8. print('Alarm!!! Chocolate thief')
9. input('Press enter to exit')

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
We have 10 number of chocolates
We have 9 number of chocolates
We have 8 number of chocolates
We have 7 number of chocolates
We have 6 number of chocolates
Alarm!!! Chocolate thief
Press enter to exit
Python Break, Continue And Pass Statements
(cont..)
• Continue statement:
 The continue statement rejects all the remaining statements in the current
iteration of the loop and moves the control back to the top (begining)of the
loop.
 Syntax:
continue;
 Flowchart for break statement:
Python Break, Continue And Pass Statements (cont..)

• Continue statement (cont..)

Example program for continue statement
Program :
1. #program to explain continue statement
2. apples = 0
3. oranges = 0
4. while (oranges != -1):
5. apples = input("Enter number of apples = ")
6. oranges = input("Enter number of oranges = ")
7. if (oranges == 0):
8. continue
9. print "Total fruits in the basket = ", apples + oranges
Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Enter number of apples = 2
Enter number of oranges = 3
Total fruits in the basket = 5
Enter number of apples = 2
Enter number of oranges = 0
Enter number of apples = 4
Enter number of oranges = 1
Total fruits in the basket = 5
Enter number of apples = 2
Enter number of oranges = -1
Total fruits in the basket = 1
Python Break, Continue And Pass Statements
(cont..)
• Pass statement:
 The pass statement in Python is used when a statement is required
syntactically but you do not want any command or code to execute.
 The pass statement is a null operation.
 Syntax:

pe
 Flowchart for pass statem an
sst:;
Python Break, Continue And Pass Statements (cont..)

• Pass statement (cont..):

Example program for pass statement

Program :
1. #program to explain pass statement
2. for letter in 'hello':
3. if letter == 'o':
4. pass
5. print 'This is pass block'
6. print 'Current Letter :', letter
7. print "Thank you!"

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Current Letter : h
Current Letter : e
Current Letter : l
Current Letter : l
This is pass block
Current Letter : o
Thank you!
Fruitful Functions
• Functions that return values are called as fruitful functions.
• The return statement is followed by an expression which is evaluated. Its
result is returned to the caller as the “fruit” of calling this function.

Figure: Fruitful Function

• Simple Example:
Let’s create a mathematical function called add. that takes two numbers as
parameters and return the result of adding two numbers.

Figure: Function to add two numbers

Fruitful Functions (cont..)
• Simple Example for fruitful function

Program :
1. # Fruitful function with return statement
2. def add(x,y):
3. sum = x + y
4. return sum
5. a = input("Enter a = ")
6. b = input("Enter b = ")
7. print "Addition of two numbers = ", add(a,b)

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Enter a = 2
Enter b = 5
Addition of two numbers = 7
Fruitful Functions (cont...)
• Sometimes it is useful to have multiple return statements, one in
each branch of a conditional statement.
• Code that appears after a return statement is called dead code.
• Example:

Program :
1. # Fruitful function with multiple return statements
2. def original(x):
3. if x < 0:
4. print "This is if"
5. return -x
6. else:
7. return x
8. print "This is else"#Dead code
9. a = input("Enter value = ")
10. print original(a)

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Enter value = 9
9
Enter value = -8
This is if
8
Fruitful Functions (cont...)
• Parameters in Fruitful functions:
 A function in Python
 Takes input data, called parameters or arguments
 Performs some computations
 Returns the result
 A function definition syntax:

 def function(param1, param2)

#computaion
return result;
 Once a function is defined, it can be called from the main program or
from another function.
 Functions call statement syntax:

 function_name(param1, param2);
Parameter is the input data that is sent from one function to
another. The parameters are of two types:
 Formal parameters
• This parameter defined as part of the function definition.
• The actual parameter value is received by the formal parameter.
 Actual parameters
• This parameter defined in the function call.
Fruitful Functions (cont...)
• Example program:
Program :
1. # Function with actual and formal parameters
2. def cube(x): # x is the formal
parameter
3. return x*x*x
4. a = input("Enter the number = ")
5. b = cube(a) # a is the actual
parameter
6. print "cube of the given number =", b

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Enter the number = 2
cube of the given number = 8
Fruitful Functions (cont...)
• Parameter Passing Techniques:
• Two types:
 Call by value
a copy of actual arguments is passed to formal arguments and any changes made to the formal
arguments have no effect on the actual arguments.
 Call by reference
the address of actual arguments is passed to formal arguments. By accessing the addresses of
formal arguments, it will be reflected in the actual arguments too.

Figure :Call by value and Call by reference

Fruitful Functions (cont...)
• Parameter Passing Techniques:
Example Program(Call by value)

Program :
1. #Python program - call by value example
2. k = 2
3. def sqre(n): # n = 2, value is copied
4. n=n*n #n=2*2=4
5. square = n # square = 4
6. return square
7. j = sqre(k) # value of k =
2 is passed to the function sqre
8. print "Square of the given number =", j
9. print k # k value = 2

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Square of the given number = 4
2
Fruitful Functions (cont...)
• Parameter Passing Techniques:
Example Program(Call by value)

Program :
#Python program - call by reference example
1. def change_list(the_list):
2. print 'Inside the Function =', the_list
3. the_list.append('raj')
4. print 'New list inside function = ', the_list
5. my_list = ['john', 'jack', 'atlee']
6. print 'My list before function call =', my_list
7. change_list(my_list)
8. print 'My list after function call =', my_list #call by
reference

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
My list before function call = ['john', 'jack', 'atlee']
Inside the Function = ['john', 'jack', 'atlee']
New list inside function = ['john', 'jack', 'atlee', 'raj']
My list after function call = ['john', 'jack', 'atlee', 'raj']
Fruitful Functions (cont...)
• Void functions:
It is possible to compose a function without a return statement. Functions
like this are called void functions and they return none.

Program :
1. # Void Function
2. def simple(): #Function definition without
return statement
3. print 'Hello'
4. print 'This is an example for void function'
5. simple() #Function call statement

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Hello
This is an example for void function
Fruitful Functions (cont...)
• Scope of the Variable
 A variable in the program can be either local variable or global
variable.
 A global variable is a variable that is declared in the main program
while a local variable is a variable that is declared within the function.
s = 10 # Here, s is the Global variable
def f1():
s= 55 # Here, s is the Local variable
print s # output = 55

 Example:

Program :
# Scope of the variable in the functions
1. def f():
2. s = "Inside function!"
3. print(s)
4. s = "Outside function!"
5. f()
6. print(s)

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Inside function!
Outside function!
Fruitful Functions (cont...)
• Composition
 When a function is called from within another function, it’s called composition.
 If this type of nested function is used, the inner function has its scope only in the
outer function, so it is most often useful when the inner function is being returned
or when it is being passed into another function.
 Syntax:

def outer()
def inner(a)
return a;
return inner;
…..
f outer( )
f
 Example:

Program :
# Composition of functions
1. def make_adder(x):
2. def add(y):
3. print "Inside inner", x + y
4. return add
5. plus5 = make_adder(5)
6. print (plus5(12))

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
17
Fruitful Functions (cont...)
• Python Recursive Function:
• A function is recursive if it calls itself and has a termination condition.
• Limitations of recursions:
A recursive function could hold much more memory than a traditional
function as it stores memory every time its called.
• Example – Factorial function using Recursion
The mathematical definition of factorial is: n! = n * (n-1)!,
Example: 3! = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6.

Program :
# Recursive functions
1. def factorial(n):
2. if n == 0:
3. return 1
4. else:
5. return n * factorial(n - 1)
6. num = input("Enter the input = ")
7. print "Factorial of the given number =", factorial(num)
8.
Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Enter the input = 5
Factorial of the given number = 120
Strings
• A string is a sequence of characters ie., letter, a number, or a backslash.
• Python strings are "immutable" which means they cannot be changed after
they are created.
• The various built-in methods are described below:

Method name Description Example

Strings are created by
enclosing characters
Create within single quotes or str = "Hello World
double quotes or triple
quotes.
Square brackets [ ] are
used to access characters
in a string. str = "Hello World"
Accessing the characters Positive index - start print str[5]
counting from front print str[-5]
Negative index – start
counting from last
Extracting chunk of
Slicing Strings characters in a string print str[3:10:2]
str[start:end:stetpsize]
It returns the length of the
Length string. print len(str)
Count how many times,
print [Link]('l')
Count the particular character is
print [Link](' ')
available in the string
Find the location of the
Find particular character in the print [Link]("H")
string
Strings (cont..)
Method name Description Example
Find the starting location of
Index print [Link]("World")
the substring
To concatenate strings in
Concatenate strings print str1+str2
Python use the "+" operator.
Add : between every char in
Join(str) print ":".join(str)
the string
Padding is done using the
ljust(width, [fillchar]) specified fillchar for the length print [Link](50, '0')
‘width’
Converts all uppercase letters
lower() print [Link]()
to lowercase.
Converts lowercase letters to
upper() print [Link]()
uppercase.
Removes all leading
lstrip() print str. lstrip()
whitespace in string.
Removes all trailing
rstrip() print str. rstrip()
whitespace of string.
Performs both lstrip() and
strip() print str. strip()
rstrip() on string
Returns the max alphabetical
max(str) print max(str)
character from the string str.
Returns the min alphabetical
min(str) print min(str)
character from the string str.
Replaces all occurrences of old
in string with new or at most print str. replace("java", "Cent
replace(old, new,[max])
max occurrences if max OS")
given.
Strings (cont..)
Method name Description Example
Determines if string starts
startswith(str) with substring str; returns print [Link]('str')
true if so and false otherwise.
Determines if string ends with
endswith(str) substring str; returns true if print [Link]('str')
so and false otherwise.
Returns titlecased version of
string, ie. all words begins
title() print str. title()
with uppercase and the rest
are lowercase.
Change case for all letters in
swapcase() print [Link] ()
string
Return the string with it’s first
character capitalized and the
rest lowercased. If the first
Capitalize print [Link]()
character is a space, the
space is unchanged, the rest
lowercased
Split or breakup a string and
add to a string array using a
split(separator) defined separator. If no
print [Link](“ “)
separator is defined then
whitespace will be used by
default
Repeat Strings Repeat the string n times print str * 3
Reverse the characters in the
Reverse the string print ' '.join(reversed(str))
string
Strings (cont..)
Method name Description Example
Returns true if string has at
least 1 character and all
isalnum() print str. isalnum()
characters are alphanumeric
or false otherwise.
Returns true if string has at
least 1 character and all
isalpha() print str. isalpha()
characters are alphabetic or
false otherwise.
Returns true if string contains
isdigit() print str. isdigit()
only digits and false otherwise
Returns true if string has
islower() lowercase characters and print str. islower()
false otherwise
Returns true if string has
isupper() uppercase characters and print str. isupper()
false otherwise
Returns true if string contains
isnumeric() only numeric characters and print str. isnumeric()
false otherwise.
Returns true if string contains
isspace() only whitespace characters print str. isspace()
and false otherwise.
Returns true if string is
istitle() properly "titlecased" and false print str. istitle()
otherwise.
Strings (cont..)
• Example program for String Manipulations
Program :
# String Manipulations
1. str = "Python programming "
2. str1 = "reg_no:892898!"
3. print "Character at location 3 = ", str[2]
4. print "Length of the string = ", len(str)
5. print "Number of times the given character (m) = ", [Link]('m‘)
6. print "Number of times , blank space = ", [Link](' ')
7. print "Location of the character (p) = ",[Link]("p")
8. print "Index of the sub string = ", [Link]("program")
9. print "Join the character : with each character of the string = ", ":".join(str)
10. print "Join the empty space with each character of the string = "," ".join(str)
11. print "Concatenation of two strings using + symbol = ", str + str1
12. print "String in lower case = ", [Link]()
13. print "String in upper case = ",[Link]()
14. print "Title case of the String = ",[Link]()
15. print "Swap the case of the String = ",[Link]()
16. print "Capiltalize the String reg no. 892898 = ",[Link]()
17. print "Reverse the String = ",''.join(reversed(str))
18. print "Split the String on white space = ",[Link](" ")
19. print "Split the String on character m = ",[Link]("m")
20. print "Replace old string with new string = ", str. replace("Python", "Cent OS")
21. print "Replace old string with new string = ", str. replace("o", "Cent OS")
22. print "Replace old with new string only 1 time = ", str. replace("o", "Cent OS", 1)
23. print "Maximum characters in the string reg No. 892898 = ", max(str1)
24. print "Minimum characters in the string reg No. 892898 = ", min(str1)
25. print "Padding the string by $ symbol", [Link](25, '$')
26. print "&" * 10 #prints character &, 10 times
27. print str * 3 #prints str 3 times
Strings (cont..)
• Example program for String Manipulations
28.str2 = " Django programming "
29. print "Removes all leading whitespace in string = ", [Link]()
30. print "Removes all trailing whitespace in string = ", [Link]()
31. print "Removes all whitespace characters in string = ", [Link]()
32. #String Slicing
33. print "Get first character of the string = ", str1[0]
34. print "Get only 1 character = ", str1[0:1]
35. print "Get first 3 characters in the string = ", str1[0:3]
36. print "Get last three characters = ", str1[-3:]
37. print "Get first 3 characters & last 3 characters in the string = ", str1[0:3] +
str1[-3:]
38. print"Get the three characters from location 3 till location 7 = ", str1[3:10]
39. print"Return a character by moving forward 2 positions = ", str1[3:10:2]
40. print"Get all characters from 3rd place = ", str1[3:]
41. print"Get all characters except last 3 characters = ", str1[:-3]
42. str1 ="DB124"
43. printstr1
44. print"Check alphanumeric characters =", [Link]()
45. print"Check all are alphabetic characters =", [Link]() #false, if space
46. print"Check if string fully digits =", [Link]()
47. print"Check for title words =", [Link]()
48. print"Check for uppercase characters =", [Link]()
49. print"Check for lowercase characters =", [Link]()
50. print"Check for whitespace characters =", [Link]()
51. print"Check if string ends with character B =", [Link]('B')
52. print"Check if string ends with character B =", [Link]('B')
Strings (cont..)
• Example program for String Manipulations(cont)

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Character at location 3 = t
Length of the string = 19
Number of times the given character (m) = 2
Number of times , blank space = 2
Location of the character (p) = 7
Index of the sub string = 7
Join the character : with each character of the string = P:y:t:h:o:n:
:p:r:o:g:r:a:m:m:i:n:g:
Join the empty space with each character of the string = P y t h o n p r o g r a m m i n g
Concatenation of two strings using + symbol = Python programming reg_no:892898!
String in lower case = python programming
String in upper case = PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Title case of the String = Python Programming
Swap the case of the String = pYTHON PROGRAMMING
Capitalize the String reg no. 892898 = Reg_no:892898!
Reverse the String = gnimmargorp nohtyP
Split the String on white space = ['Python', 'programming', '']
Split the String on character m = ['Python progra', '', 'ing ']
Replace old string with new string = Cent OS programming
Replace old string with new string = PythCent OSn prCent OSgramming
Replace old with new string only 1 time = PythCent OSn programming
Maximum characters in the string reg No. 892898 = r
Minimum characters in the string reg No. 892898 = !
Strings (cont..)
• Example program for String Manipulations(cont)

Padding the string by $ symbol

reg_no:892898!$$$$$$$$$$$ &&&&&&&&&&
Python programming Python programming Python programming
Removes all leading whitespace in string = Django programming
Removes all trailing whitespace in string = Django programming
Removes all whitespace characters in string = Django programming
Get first character of the string = r
Get only 1 character = r
Get first 3 characters in the string = reg
Get last three characters = 98!
Get first 3 characters & last 3 characters in the string = reg98!
Get the three characters from location 3 till location 7 = _no:892
Return a character by moving forward 2 positions = _o82
Get all characters from 3rd place = _no:892898!
Get all characters except last 3 characters = reg_no:8928
DB124
Check alphanumeric characters = True
Check all are alphabetic characters = False
Check if string fully digits = False
Check for title words = False
Check for uppercase characters = True
Check for lowercase characters = False
Check for whitespace characters = False
Check if string ends with character D = False
Check if string ends with character D = True
Strings (cont..)
• The String Module
• The string module provides additional tools to manipulate strings. This module
contains a number of functions to process standard Python strings. In recent
versions, string built-in functions are available as string module functions.
• Sample Program:

Program :
# String Module
1. import string
2. text = "This is python programming“
3. print "upper", "=>", [Link](text)
4. print "lower", "=>", [Link](text)
5. print "split", "=>", [Link](text)
6. print "join", "=>", [Link]([Link](text), "+")
7. print "replace", "=>", [Link](text, "python", "Java")
8. print "find", "=>", [Link](text, "python"), [Link](text, "Java")
9. print "count", "=>", [Link](text, "n")

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
upper => THIS IS PYTHON PROGRAMMING
lower => this is python programming
split => ['This', 'is', 'python', 'programming']
join => This+is+python+programming
replace => This is Java programming
find => 8 -1
count => 2
Python Lists
• Python doesn't have a native array data structure, but it
has the list. List is one of the compound data type
available in Python often referred to as sequences.
• A list is created by placing all the items (elements)
inside a square bracket [ ], separated by commas.
• Items in a list need not be of the same data type.
• A list is mutable; it means the contents of the list are
changed.
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
• Index operator [] is used to access an item in a list.
Index starts from 0. Python allows negative indexing for
its sequences. The index of -1 refers to the last item.
Nested list are accessed using nested indexing.
Python Lists (cont..)
• Sample Program:
Program :
#Simple program for list
1. my_list = ['p','r','o','b','e']
2. print "First item in the List = ", (my_list[0])
3. print "Third item in the List = ",(my_list[2])
4. print "Last item in the List = ",(my_list[-1])
5. # Nested List
6. n_list = ["Happy", [2,0,1,5], ['john',78,17.3,"hi"]]
7. print "2nd item in list 1 = ", n_list[0][1]
8. print "3rd item in list 3 = ", n_list[2][3]

Execution:
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
First item in the List = p
Third item in the List = o
Last item in the List = e
2nd item in list 1 = a
3rd item in list 3 = hi
Python Lists (cont..)
• Basic List Operations:
Lists respond to the + and * operators much like strings; they mean concatenation
and repetition which results is a new list.
Method name Description Syntax

Length Find the length of the list len(List)

Concatenation Concatenate two lists L1+L2

Repetition Repeat the item multiple times ['Hi!'] * 4

Add an element to the end of [Link](item)
Append
the list
Insert an item at the defined [Link](index, item)
Insert
index
Add all elements of a list to the [Link](new list)
Extend
another list
Remove Removes an item from the list [Link](item)
Removes an element at the [Link]()
Pop
given index
Clear Removes all items from the list [Link]()
Returns the index of the first list[index]
Index
matched item
Count Count the number of times [Link](item)
Sort items in a list in ascending [Link]()
Sort
order
Reverse the order of items in [Link]()
Reverse
the list
Python Lists (cont..)
• Example program for Basic operations in Lists:
Program 29:
# Basic List operations
1. L1 = [56,78,98,78]
2. print "Items in the list = ", L1
3. [Link](2,"python")
4. print "Inserted item in the list at location 2 = ", L1
5. print "Length of items in the list = ", len(L1)
6. L2 = ['h','e','l','l','o']
7. L3 = L1+L2
8. print "Concatenated items in the list = ", L3
9. print "Repeat item 4 times =", ['Hi!'] * 4
10.L4 = ["hi","john","jack"]
11. [Link](L4)
12. print "Extended items in the list =", L3
13. del L3[4]
14. print "Delete the item in the list at location 4 = ", L3
15. del L3[1:5]
16. print "Delete the items from location 1 to 5 = ", L3
17. [Link]('l')
18. print "Remove an item = ", L3
Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Items in the list = [56, 78, 98, 78]
Inserted item in the list at location 2 = [56, 78, 'python', 98, 78]
Length of items in the list = 5
Concatenated items in the list = [56, 78, 'python', 98, 78, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
Repeat item 4 times = ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!']
Extended items in the list = [56, 78, 'python', 98, 78, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'hi', 'john', 'jack']
Delete the item in the list at location 4 = [56, 78, 'python', 98, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'hi', 'john', 'jack']
Delete the items from location 1 to 5 = [56, 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'hi', 'john', 'jack']
Remove an item = [56, 'e', 'l', 'o', 'hi', 'john', 'jack']
Python Lists (cont..)
• Example program for built-in functions in Lists:
Program 29:
# Built-in functions in lists
1. L = [56,78,98,78]
2. print "Items in the list = ", L
3. [Link]()
4. print "Reversed items in the list = ", L
5. [Link](568)
6. print "Append item in the list = ", L
7. [Link](0, "hi")
8. print "Insert new item after 1st iem = ", L
9. print "Number of items 78 is in the list = ", [Link](78)
10. print "Length of items in the list = ", len(L)
11. [Link]()
12. print "Sort the items in the list = ", L
13. print "Minimum element in the list = ", min(L)
14. print "Maximum element in the list = ", max(L)
15. print "Pop last time in the list = ", [Link]()
16. print "Pop 1st time in the list = ",[Link](0)

Execution
sh-4.3$ python [Link]
Items in the list = [56, 78, 98, 78]
Reversed items in the list = [78, 98, 78, 56]
Append item in the list = [78, 98, 78, 56, 568]
Insert new item after 1st iem = ['hi', 78, 98, 78, 56, 568]
Number of items 78 is in the list = 2
Length of items in the list = 6
Sort the items in the list = [56, 78, 78, 98, 568, 'hi']
Minimum element in the list = 56
Maximum element in the list = hi
Pop last time in the list = hi
Pop 1st time in the list = 56
 Pass by value vs Pass by address
(or)
call by value vs call by reference

• Think of the coffee in the cup as the data in a variable.

• One is a copy and one is the original
Call by value Vs call by reference
• Call by value and call by reference are both methods of
passing arguments
• Call by value
• A copy of actual arguments is passed to respective formal
arguments
• Call by reference
• The location or address of the actual arguments is passed to the
formal arguments.

• Note:
• Parameters (or) Arguments
Call by value Vs call by reference Contd…