[Pick the date][Edition 1, Volume 1]
MODULE 1
COURSE TITLE: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
OVERVIEW WEEKS 1-6 LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this module, you should be able to:
This module provides an
• Recognize the course, requirements and class
understanding of the structure policies.
of the body and how they • Clarify the assessment tasks and grading criteria.
• Use correct anatomical terminology to describe
operate as systems. Students body directions, regions and body planes or
use anatomical models and sections.
• Locate and name the major body cavities and
digital media to provide a their subdivisions and list the major organs in
basis for understanding the each cavity or subdivision.
• Compare and contrast the structure of the four
structure and function of the bone classes and provide examples of each class.
human body in terms of how it • Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long and
flat bones
responds and adapts to • Describe osteogenesis, remodeling and repair.
physical activities in all its • Explain how hormonal controls and physical
stress regulate bone remodeling.
forms. • Name the major parts of the axial and
appendicular skeletons and describe their relative
functions.
KEY TERMS
• Classify joints structurally and functionally.
Anatomy- is the study of the • Name the most common joint injuries and
structure and shape of the body discuss the symptoms and problems associated
parts and their relationships to with each.
one another.
• Compare and contrast the basic types of muscle
tissues.
Physiology- is the study of how
• Describe the gross structure of a skeletal muscle
the body and its parts work or with respect to location and names of its
function. connective tissue coverings.
Human Movement- is the • Describe the ways in which ATP is regenerated
during skeletal muscle contraction.
change in body position created
• Explain the possible causes of muscle fatigue.
by the coordinated action of the
• Compare and contrast the effect of aerobic
musculoskeletal and nervous resistance exercise on skeletal and on other body
systems, involving bones, muscles, systems.
ligaments, and joints. • Explain the function of prime movers,
antagonists, synergists and fixators.
• Name and identify the major muscle of the body.
course title: anatomy and physiology of human movement
LESSON 1: Structural Organization of the Human Body from
Cellular to the Systemic Level
The human body exhibits many levels of structural become possible. For example, the small intestines,
complexity. The simplest level of the structural ladder which digests and absorbs food, is composed of all
is the chemical level. At this level, atoms, tiny four tissue types.
building blocks of matter, combine to form All the body’s organs are also grouped so that a
molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins. number of organ systems are formed. For example,
Molecules in turn, associate in specific ways to form the digestive system includes the esophagus, the
microscopic cells, the smallest units of all living stomach, and the small and large intestines. Each
things. Individual cells vary widely in size and shape, organ has its own job to do, and by working
reflecting their particular functions in the body. This together, they keep food moving through digestive
forms the cellular level. system so that it is properly broken down and
The human body is a complex organism whose absorbed into the blood, providing fuel for all the
structural organization extends to the tissue level. body’s cells. In all, 11 organ systems make up the
Tissues consists of groups of similar cells that have a organism, the human body. Organism represents the
common function. Tissues when combined with two highest level of structural organization, the
or more tissue types forms an organ. At organ level organismal level.
of organization, extremely complex functions
Activity 1: Now that we have introduced the
structural organization of human body from
THERE ARE 11 SYSTEMS IN THE
cellular to the systemic level, choose at least 2
BODY
systems in the body (one preferably the muscular
1. Integumentary system system or skeletal system) then draw a diagram
2. Skeletal system that illustrates the components of it’s the various
levels.
3. Muscular system
4. Nervous system [Link] / Skeletal System 2.
5. Endocrine system
6. Cardiovascular system
7. Lymphatic system
8. Respiratory system
9. Digestive system
10. Urinary system
11. Male/female reproductive
system
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course title: anatomy and physiology of human movement
LESSON 2: INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Surface anatomy terminology
OF SYSTEMS abdominal- the anterior body trunk region inferior to the
The language of anatomy is used to properly describe ribs
position and location of certain parts of the body. Some antecubital- the anterior surface of the elbow
common terminology will be tackled and used in the axiallary – the armpit
brachial – the arm
discussion to provide greater understanding between
buccal – the cheek
students and teachers.
carpal- the wrist
cervical- the neck region
Activity 2: Face the mirror, stand erect, with the head and coxal- the hip
toes pointed forward and arms hanging at the sides with deltoid- the roundness of the shoulder caused by the
underlying deltoid muscle.
palms facing forward. This is called anatomical position.
digital- the fingers or toes
femoral- the thigh
Regional Terms fibular- the sides of the leg
There are many visible landmarks on the surface of the inguinal- the groin
body. Once you know their proper anatomical names, mammary- the breast
you can be specific in referring to different regions in the manus- the hand
nasal- the nose
body. (On your right, try to memorize each terms).
oral- the mouth
orbital- the bony eye socket(orbit)
Task1: On the next page, draw anterior and posterior pattelar- the anterior knee (kneecap) region
image of yourself in the anatomical position then identify Pelvic- the pelvis region
and use anatomical terms to correctly label the following pubic- the genital region
sternal- the region of the breastbone
regions. (Note: refrain from looking at this page as you
tarsals-the ankle
label each body regions).
thoracic- the chest
umbilical- the navel
Body orientation and direction cephalic – the head
Activity 3: Study the terms below, referring to Figure 1.1. gluteal- the buttocks or rump
lumbar- the area of back between the ribs and hips;loin
Notice as you read that certain terms have different
occipital-the posterior aspect of the head
meaning.
popliteal- the back of the knee
sacral – the area between the hips
scapular- the shoulder blade area
sural- the calf or posterior surface of the leg
vertebral- the area of the spinal cord
Body orientation and direction terminology
Superior/inferior (above/below): these terms refer to the
location of a structure along the long axis of the body.
Anterior/posterior (front/back): anterior structures are
those that are more forward e.g. face, chest. Posterior
are those toward the backside of the body.
Median/lateral (toward the midline/away from the
midline.
cephalad/caudad(toward the head/toward the tail)
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dorsal/ventral (backside/belly side)
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Figure 1.1 Body directional references Proximal/distal (nearer the trunk or attached end/farther
from the trunk or point of attachments.
superficial/deep (toward or at the body surface/away
from the body surface or more internal)
course title: anatomy and physiology of human movement
Task 1.
Anterior anatomical position Posterior anatomical position
Task 2: Fill in the blanks with correct directional Activity 4: Choose any fish you like then cut each
terminology of the following: fish showing sagittal section, frontal and transverse
1. The wrist is __________ to the hand. section.
2. The trachea (windpipe) is _______ to the Note: Paste your picture inside the box and label.
spine.
3. The brain is ________ to the spinal cord.
4. The kidneys are ________ to the liver.
5. The nose is _________to the cheekbone.
6. The chest is ________ to the abdomen.
7. The sternum is ________ to the scapula.
Frontal section
Body planes and Sections Sagittal section
The body is three-dimensional. So, in order
to observe its internal parts, it often helps to make
use of a section, or cut made along an imaginary
surface or line called a plane.
Sagittal section- separates the body longitudinally
into right and left parts.
Frontal (coronal) section- separates the body on a
longitudinal plane into anterior and posterior parts. Transverse section
Transverse (cross) section – separates the body on
a horizontal plane into superior and inferior parts.
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course title: anatomy and physiology of human movement
Body cavities Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
There are two sets of internal cavities, the dorsal The abdominopelvic cavity is quite large
body cavity and ventral body cavity. These body and contains many organs, so it is helpful to divide
cavities provide different degrees of protection to it up into smaller areas for study. The medical
the organs within them. These cavities differ in their scheme divides the abdominal surface into four
mode of embryological development and approximately equal regions called quadrants,
purpose and in their lining membranes. The organs named according to their relative position—that is
within it are actually soft and delicate that need right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant
protection from various trauma or insults to the (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), left lower
body. quadrant (LLQ). See figure 1.3.
The Dorsal body cavity consists of the Another scheme, commonly used by
cranial and spinal cavities. The cranial cavity, anatomists, divides the abdominal surface and
within the rigid skull, contains the brain. The spinal abdominopelvic cavity into nine separate regions
cavity, which runs within the body vertebral by four planes. See figure 1.3.
column, protects the spinal cord. The spinal cord is
a continuation of the brain, and the cavities Task4: Read through the descriptions of these four
containing them are continuous with each other. and nine regions then identify the major organs
Like the dorsal cavity, ventral body cavity within it. See figure 1.3.
is subdivided. The superior thoracic cavity and Note: Write your answers on the space provided
abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic below the picture.
cavity)
Figure 1.3 Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
Answers:
Figure 1.2. Body cavities Nine (9) regions Four (4) regions
Task 3: Locate and name the major body cavities
and their subdivisions, and list the major organs in
each cavity or subdivision. Note: refer to figure 1.2
provided above.
Major cavities
1. ___________
A. _________ B. _________
2. ___________
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A. _________ B. _________
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Ba._________ Bb. _________
course title: anatomy and physiology of human movement
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