DATA MINING

(CS64120)

BY

DR. ANIL KUMAR DUDYALA

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CSE

Sources: Data Mining Concepts and Techniques by Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei
&
Introduction to Data Mining by Pang-Ning Tan, Vipin Kumar, Michael Steinbach
 COURSE OUTLINE

• Theory (100 marks scaled to 75%)

Attendance:
• 3hrs per week
• One class test (5 marks) before Mid Sem
• One class test/ Assignment (5 marks)
Must be >= 75%
• Mid Sem exam (30 marks)
• External exam (60 marks)

• Lab (100 marks scaled to 25%)

• 2 hrs per week
• Lab performance evaluated on weekly basis (10 marks)
• Lab record ( 15 marks)
• Internal Viva (15 marks)
• External Viva (60 marks)

Data Mining by Dr. A K Dudyala January 19, 2026 2

 BOOKS
• Text Book:
• Data Mining Concepts
and Techniques by
Jiawei Han, Micheline
Kamber, and Jian Pei, 2nd
Edition, ELSEVIER.

• Reference Book:
• Introduction to Data
Mining by Pang-Ning
Tan, Vipin Kumar,
Michael Steinbach,
Pearson.
• Data Mining Techniques
by Arun K Pujari,
Universities Press.

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 TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
• Introduction to Data Mining

• What Is Data Mining?

• Why Data Mining?

• Data Mining task primitives

• Types of Data

• Patterns

• Technology

• Applications of Data Mining

• Major Issues in Data Mining

• Summary
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 INTRODUCTION TO DATA MINING
Data: raw values/readings or unprocessed information.
Eg: data collected during surveys, data entered into an application, etc.,

Information: refers to processed data.

Eg: sorted or segregated data based on some criteria like region,
income, etc.,

Mining: the process of extracting the required thing with the help
of various methods.
Eg: Gold Mining, Oil Mining, Coal Mining, etc.,

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 WHAT IS DATA MINING

Data mining refers to the process of extracting useful &

interesting information known as knowledge from large volumes
of data.

Simply put, Mining data to extract knowledge or patterns.

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 WHY DATA MINING?

• The Explosive Growth of Data: from petabytes to exabytes and zettabytes

• Data collection and data availability
• Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web,
computerized society
• Major sources of abundant data
• Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, …
• Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, …
• Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube

• We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!

• Data mining — has evolved for Automated analysis of massive data sets

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 EVOLUTION OF DATABASE
TECHNOLOGY
• 1960s:
• Data collection, database creation, IMS and network DBMS

• 1970s:
• Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation

• 1980s:
• RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO, deductive, etc.)
• Application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.)

• 1990s:
• Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Web databases

• 2000s
• Stream data management and mining
• Data mining and its applications
• Web technology (XML, data integration) and global information systems

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 DEFINING DATA MINING

• Data mining (knowledge discovery from data)

• Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit, previously
unknown and potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from
huge amount of data
• Data mining: a misnomer?

• Alternative names
• Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD),
knowledge extraction, data/pattern analysis, data archeology,
data dredging, information harvesting, business intelligence,
etc.

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 KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY (KDD) PROCESS
• This is a view from typical
database systems and data
warehousing communities Pattern Evaluation
• Data mining plays an essential
role in the knowledge discovery
process Data Mining

Task-relevant Data

Data Warehouse Selection

Data Cleaning

Data Integration

Databases
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January 19, 2026 10
 KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY PROCESS

• KDD Process
• Data cleaning (to remove noise, inconsistencies, etc)
• Data integration (from multiple sources)
• Data selection (choosing relevant data)
• Data transformation (converting into desired format)
• Data mining (employing intelligent methods)
• Pattern evaluation (understanding the interestingness measure)
• Patterns and knowledge presentation and storage in knowledge
base. (Presentation of the mining results)

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 DATA MINING PRIMITIVE TASKS

• Data mining primitive tasks involves

• Set of task relevant data to be mined
• Kind of knowledge to be mined
• Background knowledge to be used in the discovery process
• Interestingness measures and thresholds for pattern evalutation.
• Expected representation for visualizing the discovered patterns.

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DATA MINING IN BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE

Increasing potential
to support
business decisions End User
Decision
Making

Data Presentation Business

Analyst
Visualization Techniques
Data Mining Data
Information Discovery Analyst

Data Exploration
Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting

Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses

DBA
Data Sources
Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems
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 KDD PROCESS: A TYPICAL VIEW FROM ML
AND STATISTICS

Input Data Data Pre- Data Post-

Processing Mining Processing

Data integration Pattern discovery Pattern evaluation

Normalization Association & correlation Pattern selection
Feature selection Classification Pattern interpretation
Clustering
Dimension reduction Pattern visualization
Outlier analysis
…………

• This is a view from typical machine learning and statistics communities

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 EXAMPLE: MEDICAL DATA
MINING

• Health care & medical data mining – often adopted such a view
in statistics and machine learning
• Preprocessing of the data (including feature extraction and
dimension reduction)
• Classification or/and clustering processes
• Post-processing for presentation

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 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF DATA
MINING
• Data to be mined
• Database data (extended-relational, object-oriented,
heterogeneous, legacy), data warehouse, transactional data,
stream, spatiotemporal, time-series, sequence, text and web, multi-
media, graphs & social and information networks
• Knowledge to be mined (or: Data mining functions)
• Characterization, discrimination, association, classification,
clustering, trend/deviation, outlier analysis, etc.
• Descriptive vs. predictive data mining
• Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels
• Techniques utilized
• Data-intensive, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning,
statistics, pattern recognition, visualization, high-performance, etc.
• Applications adapted
• Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data
mining, stock market analysis, text mining, Web mining, etc.
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 TYPES OF DATA
• Database-oriented data sets and applications
• Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database

• Advanced data sets and advanced applications

• Data streams and sensor data
• Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. bio-sequences)
• Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
• Object-relational databases
• Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
• Spatial data and spatiotemporal data
• Multimedia database
• Text databases
• The World-Wide Web
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 DATA MINING FUNCTION: (1)
GENERALIZATION
• Information integration and data warehouse
construction
• Data cleaning, transformation, integration, and multidimensional data
model

• Data cube technology

• Scalable methods for computing (i.e., materializing) multidimensional
aggregates
• OLAP (online analytical processing)

• Multidimensional concept description: Characterization

and discrimination
• Generalize, summarize, and contrast data characteristics, e.g., dry vs.
wet region

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DATA MINING FUNCTION: (2) ASSOCIATION
AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS
• Frequent patterns (or frequent itemsets)
• What items are frequently purchased together in your Walmart?

• Association, correlation vs. causality

• A typical association rule
• Diaper  Beer [0.5%, 75%] (support, confidence)
• Are strongly associated items also strongly correlated?

• How to mine such patterns and rules efficiently in large

datasets?
• How to use such patterns for classification, clustering,
and other applications?

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 DATA MINING FUNCTION: (3)
CLASSIFICATION

• Classification and label prediction

• Construct models (functions) based on some training examples
• Describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future
prediction
• E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars
based on (gas mileage)
• Predict some unknown class labels
• Typical methods
• Decision trees, naïve Bayesian classification, support vector
machines, neural networks, rule-based classification, pattern-
based classification, logistic regression, …
• Typical applications:
• Credit card fraud detection, direct marketing, classifying stars,
diseases, web-pages, …
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 DATA MINING FUNCTION: (4) CLUSTER
ANALYSIS
• Unsupervised learning (i.e., Class label is unknown)
• Group data to form new categories (i.e., clusters), e.g.,
cluster houses to find distribution patterns
• Principle: Maximizing intra-class similarity & minimizing
interclass similarity
• Many methods and applications

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 DATA MINING FUNCTION: (5) OUTLIER
ANALYSIS
• Outlier analysis
• Outlier: A data object that does not comply with the general
behavior of the data
• Noise or exception? ― One person’s garbage could be another
person’s treasure
• Methods: by product of clustering or regression analysis, …
• Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis

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 TIME AND ORDERING: SEQUENTIAL
PATTERN, TREND AND EVOLUTION
ANALYSIS
• Sequence, trend and evolution analysis
• Trend, time-series, and deviation analysis: e.g., regression and value
prediction
• Sequential pattern mining
• e.g., first buy digital camera, then buy large SD memory cards
• Periodicity analysis
• Motifs and biological sequence analysis
• Approximate and consecutive motifs
• Similarity-based analysis

• Mining data streams

• Ordered, time-varying, potentially infinite, data streams

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STRUCTURE AND NETWORK ANALYSIS

• Graph mining
• Finding frequent subgraphs (e.g., chemical compounds), trees
(XML), substructures (web fragments)
• Information network analysis
• Social networks: actors (objects, nodes) and relationships (edges)
• e.g., author networks in CS, terrorist networks
• Multiple heterogeneous networks
• A person could be multiple information networks: friends,
family, classmates, …
• Links carry a lot of semantic information: Link mining
• Web mining
• Web is a big information network: from PageRank to Google
• Analysis of Web information networks
• Web community discovery, opinion mining, usage mining, …
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 EVALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE
• Are all mined knowledge interesting?
• One can mine tremendous amount of ―patterns‖ and knowledge
• Some may fit only certain dimension space (time, location, …)
• Some may not be representative, may be transient, …

• Evaluation of mined knowledge → directly mine only

interesting knowledge?
• Descriptive vs. predictive
• Coverage
• Typicality vs. novelty
• Accuracy
• Timeliness
• …
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 DATA MINING: CONFLUENCE OF MULTIPLE
DISCIPLINES (HAN, KAMBER)

Machine Pattern Statistics

Learning Recognition

Applications Visualization
Data Mining

Algorithm Database High-Performance

Technology Computing

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DATA MINING: CONFLUENCE OF MULTIPLE
DISCIPLINES (TAN, STEINBACH)

AI, Machine
Learning, Pattern
Statistics Data Mining
Recognition

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 WHY CONFLUENCE OF MULTIPLE
DISCIPLINES?
• Tremendous amount of data
• Algorithms must be highly scalable to handle such as tera-bytes of
data
• High-dimensionality of data
• Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions
• High complexity of data
• Data streams and sensor data
• Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data
• Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
• Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
• Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data
• Software programs, scientific simulations
• New and sophisticated applications

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 APPLICATIONS OF DATA MINING
• Web page analysis: from web page classification, clustering to
PageRank & HITS algorithms
• Collaborative analysis & recommender systems
• Basket data analysis to targeted marketing
• Biological and medical data analysis: classification, cluster analysis
(microarray data analysis), biological sequence analysis, biological
network analysis
• Data mining and software engineering (e.g., IEEE Computer, Aug.
2009 issue)
• From major dedicated data mining systems/tools (e.g., SAS, MS SQL-
Server Analysis Manager, Oracle Data Mining Tools) to invisible data
mining
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 MAJOR ISSUES IN DATA MINING (1)

• Mining Methodology
• Mining various and new kinds of knowledge
• Mining knowledge in multi-dimensional space
• Data mining: An interdisciplinary effort
• Boosting the power of discovery in a networked environment
• Handling noise, uncertainty, and incompleteness of data
• Pattern evaluation and pattern- or constraint-guided mining
• User Interaction
• Interactive mining
• Incorporation of background knowledge
• Presentation and visualization of data mining results

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 MAJOR ISSUES IN DATA MINING (2)

• Efficiency and Scalability

• Efficiency and scalability of data mining algorithms
• Parallel, distributed, stream, and incremental mining methods
• Diversity of data types
• Handling complex types of data
• Mining dynamic, networked, and global data repositories
• Data mining and society
• Social impacts of data mining
• Privacy-preserving data mining
• Invisible data mining

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 SUMMARY

• Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from

massive amount of data
• A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with
wide applications
• A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data
selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and
knowledge presentation
• Mining can be performed in a variety of data
• Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination,
association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc.
• Data mining technologies and applications
• Major issues in data mining

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