HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION 1.

Computer Science
-is a multidisciplinary field of study - Computer science is a field of
focusing on the design of computer computation and information.
technology and, in particular, the Computer science plays a crucial role
interaction between humans (the in modern development of HCI.
users) and computers.
- Smart Television, Voice assistant,
-HCI is the study of humans can AR/VR technology and gaze detection
interact with computer system. are some of the technology exists in
modern world that are running our day
-is a field of study that refers to
to day life.
communication between the human
- It is a broad field which includes
everything from the algorithms that
HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION make up software to how software
HISTORY interacts with hardware to how well
software is developed and designed.
Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is
an area of research and practice that 2. Cognitive Psychology
emerged in the late 1970s and early
-It is a field of HCI which identifies how
1980s, initially as an area in Computer
human interact with systems.
Science.
-It includes Language based
-1970s- The rise of the Personal
interaction, a set of rules are provided
Computer.
to the system.
-1980s- Graphical User Interface
-Based on that rules we create our
(GUI).
model.
-1990s- The Internet and
-It also includes Human motor skills,
Collaborative works.
where we identifies physical
-2000s- Mobile Computing and characteristics of user and based on
Beyond. that characteristics we create our
model.
3. Fine Arts Design
OBJECTIVE
-An artistic way of thinking always
-Human uses digital devices to produce creative ideas.
perform various activities.
-E-books and novels, digital drawings,
-HCI is to design a systems in such a video games are some of the
way that make them efficient, stable, applications of fine arts contributing to
usable and attainable. HCI.
-Lack of communication can result in
poor designed user interfaces.
Application of HCI in different
-It provides a ways to reduce design domains
time through various task models.
1. Health Care
-Patients have so many options now a
3 DISCIPLINES CONTRIBUTING TO days.
HCI
-They can buy medicines online and
1. Computer Science book appointments with doctor just
2. Cognitive Psychology with the help of mobile application.

3. Fine Arts Design -Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual

Reality(VR) are now transforming
surgical process, previously it was
very risky. Now doctor can use 3D KEY COMPONENT OF HCI
animations to visualize the process. It
1. The user
can be used to train new surgeons.
2. The goal-oriented task
2. Education
3. The interface
-Now students can understand any
concept more easily. There are so 4. The context
many resources available on internet
now a days.
-Class room teaching are now very 1. The user
interesting with the help of smart -The user component refers to an
classes. individual or a group of individuals
-AR/VR can really help students to that participate in a common task.
visualize any concept very easily. -HCI studies users’ needs, goals, and
Students have option to study online. interaction patterns. It analyzes
3. Banking various parameters such as users’
cognitive capabilities, emotions, and
-Now common people don’t need to experiences to provide them with a
wait in long queues of bank. seamless experience while interacting
with computing systems.
-They can get banking solution right at
their home using Net banking or 2. The goal oriented task
Mobile banking.
-A user operates a computer system
-These application also provides user a with an objective or goal in mind.
secure environment to avoid
cybercrimes. -The computer provides a digital
representation of objects to
4. Networking accomplish this goal.
-Networking is very easy now a days. 3. The interface
-Includes social media networking and -The interface is a crucial HCI
business networking. component that can enhance the
overall user interaction experience.
-Now it is very easy for us to connect
and share thoughts with anyone. -Various interface-related aspects
must be considered, such as
-It streamlines the process of finding
interaction type (touch, click, gesture,
jobs.
or voice), screen resolution, display
size, or even color contrast. Users can
adjust these depending on the user’s
IMPORTANCE OF HCI IN SYSTEM
needs and requirements.
DESIGN
4. The context
-HCI is not only about providing better
communication between users and
computers but also about factoring in
the context and environment in which
the system is accessed.
-For example, while designing a
smartphone app, designers need to
evaluate how the app will visually
appear in different lighting conditions
(during day or night) or how it will
perform when there is a poor network
connection.
Such aspects can have a significant 2. Industry
impact on the end-user experience.
-Industries that use computing
technology for day-to-day activities
tend to consider HCI a necessary
IMPORTANCE OF HCI
business-driving force.
-HCI is crucial in designing intuitive
-Efficiently designed systems ensure
interfaces that people with different
that employees are comfortable using
abilities and expertise usually access.
the systems for their everyday work.
Most importantly, human-computer
With HCI, systems are easy to handle,
interaction is helpful for communities
even for untrained staff.
lacking knowledge and formal training
on interacting with specific computing 3. Accessible to Disabled
systems.
-The primary objective of HCI is to
-With efficient HCI designs, users need design systems that make them
not consider the intricacies and accessible, usable, efficient, and safe
complexities of using the computing for anyone and everyone.
system. User-friendly interfaces
-This implies that people with a wide
ensure that user interactions are clear,
range of capabilities, expertise, and
precise, and natural.
knowledge can easily use HCI-
-HCI is crucial in designing intuitive designed systems. It also
interfaces that people with different encompasses people with disabilities.
abilities and expertise usually access.
-HCI tends to rely on user-centered
Most importantly, human-computer
techniques and methods to make
interaction is helpful for communities
systems usable for people with
lacking knowledge and formal training
disabilities.
on interacting with specific computing
systems. 4. Accessible to Disabled
-With efficient HCI designs, users need -HCI is an integral part of software
not consider the intricacies and development companies that develop
complexities of using the computing software for end-users.
system. User-friendly interfaces
ensure that user interactions are clear, -Such companies use HCI techniques
precise, and natural. to develop software products to make
them usable.
-Since the product is finally consumed
5 IMPORTANCE OF HCI by the end-user, following HCI
methods is crucial as the product’s
1. HCI in daily lives
sales depend on its usability.
-Today, technology has penetrated our
5. Useful for untrained
routine lives and has impacted our
communities
daily activities.
-Today, user manuals for general
-To experience HCI technology, one
computer systems are a rarity. Very
need not own or use a smartphone or
few advanced and complex computing
computer.
systems provide user manuals. In
-When people use an ATM, food general, users expect the systems to
dispensing machine, or snack vending be user-friendly and enable them to
machine, they inevitably come in access the system within a few
contact with HCI. T minutes of interacting with it.
-This is because HCI plays a vital role -Here, HCI is an effective tool that
in designing the interfaces of such designers can use to design easy-to-
systems that make them usable and use interfaces.
efficient.
-HCI principles also ensure that the HCI (Human Computer
systems have obvious interfaces and Interaction) and Usability
do not require special training to be
- are becoming core concepts of the
used.
system development process to
-Hence, HCI makes computing improve and enhance system facilities
systems suitable for an untrained and to satisfy user needs and
community. necessities.

TWO RELEVANT AREAS GOAL 5 COMPONENTS OF USABILITY

1. Usability 1. Learnability
2. User Experience - How easy is to perform basic tasks
for new users?
2. Efficiency
1. USABILITY
- What time does it take for users to
- Usability is key to HCI as it ensures
find what they came for?
that users of all types can quickly
learn and use computing systems. 3. Memorability
2. User Experience –How hard is it for users to repeatedly
perform their tasks?
-User experience is a subjective trait
that focuses on how users feel about 4. Error rate
the computing system when
- Errors made by users.
interacting with it.
5. Satisfaction
-Here, user feelings are studied
individually so that developers and - The comfort users feel when using
support teams can target particular the design
users to evoke positive feelings while
using the system.
HCI systems classify user interaction 3 PRINCIPLE OF USABILITY
patterns into the following categories 1. Learnability
and further refine the system based
on the detected pattern: 2. Flexibility

•Desirable traits – satisfying, 3. Robustness

enjoyable, motivating, or surprising
•Undesirable traits – Frustrating,
1. LEARNABILITY
unpleasant, or annoying
-The ease with which new users can
begin effective interaction and achieve
PRINCIPLE OF USABILITY maximal performance
•Predictability - It determines the
effects of future action based on past
Usability is a web design (or an interaction history.
application design in general)
approach, by which we decide how •Synthesizability - It determines the
difficult for a user is learning and effects of past operations on current
accessing an application. states. E.g. move file

-Developers should take into •Familiarity - New users can get

consideration that users are very often familiar with the functionality and
already familiar with some GUI interaction style of the application.
patterns.
•Consistency - It means through the IN
resultant behavior of the system.
HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
Every time system gives the same
(HCI)
result on the same set of inputs.
•Generalizability - It requires specific
knowledge of the same domain An important concept in HCI
knowledge. E.g. Cut, Copy, etc. psychology is "Mapping."
-The multiplicity of ways the user and Mapping is the relationship between
system exchange information. the physical controls of a device and
the actions they perform.
2. FLEXIBILITY
“Affordances” refers to the inherent
•Dialog initiative - All the dialogs are
properties of an object that suggest
done by a simple request and
how it can be used.
response system.
One of the most important
•Multithreading - Single set of code on
psychological principles in HCI is the
input can be used by several
concept of "feedback."
processes at different stages of
execution. Feedback refers to the information a
device gives us about our interactions
•Task Migratability - Transfer the
with it.
execution of the task from the system
to the user and decide who is better. Another key aspect of HCI psychology
E.g. Spell Checker is "usability."
•Substitutivity - It allows equivalent Usability refers to how easy it is to
values of input and output to be use a device. A highly usable device is
substituted with each other. E.g. easy to learn, easy to use, and easy to
Percentages and Grades remember how to use. Usability is
important because it can greatly
•Customizability - It supports the
impact how people perceive and
modifiability of the user interface by a
interact with technology.
user (adaptability) or system
(adaptivity). User experience" (UX) is a critical
concept in HCI psychology.
3. ROBUSTNESS
UX refers to the overall experience
-The level of support provided to the
that a user has with a device that
user in determining achievement and
includes everything from the
assessment of goal-directed behavior.
aesthetics of the device to its
•Observability - The user should be functionality, and it plays a major role
able to evaluate the internal features in determining how people feel about
of a system and give proper feedback. a device.
•Responsiveness - Real system
feedbacks on the user’s action.
UX DESIGN
•Recoverability - To fix and solve
-User experience (UX) design is the
errors and get the correct actions.
process of creating products, systems,
•Task Conformance - The system or services that are straightforward,
supports all the requirements of the user-friendly, and meaningful.
user and how the user interacts with
 UX design is the process of
them.
identifying and understanding the end-
users’ needs, and then designing an
effective solution.
UNDERSTANDING THE
PSYCHOLOGY -It considers all the elements that
shape a user’s experience with a
product or service, and how the - Appropriate size and space is
overall experience or interaction provided for approach, reach,
makes the user feel. manipulation, and use regardless of
the user’s body size, posture, or
mobility.
UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOLLOW 7
7 KEY FACTORS THAT SHAPE USER
KEY PRINCIPLE
EXPERIENCE
1. Equitable in Use
1. Useful
2. Flexibility in use
2. Usable
3. Simple and intuitive use
3. Findable
4. Perceptible Information
4. Credible
5. Tolerance for error
5. Desirable
6. Low Physical Effort
6. Accessible
7. Size and space for approach and
7. Valuable
use

1. Useful
1. Equitable use
- If a product lacks utility, it has little
- The design is useful and marketable
reason to be brought to market. Users
to people with diverse abilities.
are drawn to products with a clear
2. Flexibility in use purpose that adds value to their lives.
It's important to note that usefulness
- The design accommodates a wide isn't solely practical; products that
range of individual preferences and provide enjoyment or aesthetic appeal
abilities. can also be considered useful.
3. Simple and intuitive use 2. Usable
- The use of the design is easy to Usability focuses on enabling users to
understand, regardless of the user’s successfully achieve their goals with a
experience, knowledge, language product, and is the foundation of a
skills, or current concentration level. good user experience. It involves
4. Perceptible information making a product easy to use, intuitive
and efficient. An excessively
- The design communicates necessary complicated or impractical design can
information effectively to the user, deter users. For instance, a computer
regardless of ambient conditions or game requiring three control pads
the user’s sensory abilities. when most users have only two hands
would be considered unusable.
5. Tolerance for error
3. Findable
- The design minimizes hazards and
the adverse consequences of Findability refers to a product's ease of
accidental or unintended actions. discovery. In the digital and
information sphere, it also
6. Low physical effort
encompasses the ease of finding
- The design can be used efficiently specific content within the product. If
and comfortably and with a minimum users can't locate a product or its
of fatigue. content, they're unlikely to make a
purchase.
7. Size and space for approach
and use 4. Credible
Credibility is about instilling trust in
users. They must trust that the
product performs as intended, endures
over time, and provides accurate and
relevant information. Users are
unlikely to engage with a product if
they doubt the creator's intentions.
5. Desirable
Desirability is conveyed through
design, branding, aesthetics, and
emotional appeal. Some products,
while useful and usable, may not be as
desirable as others. A desirable
product is more likely to inspire user
loyalty and word-of-mouth marketing.
6. Accessible
Accessibility is often overlooked, but is
crucial for a comprehensive user
experience. It is about ensuring the
product can be used by people with a
range of disabilities, including those
with visual or hearing impairments.
Overlooking accessibility can alienate
a significant portion of the potential
user base and may even result in legal
consequences.
7. Valuable
A product must deliver value to both
the business that creates it and the
user who purchases or uses it. Value
plays a pivotal role in purchasing
decisions; a product that solves a
significant problem is more likely to
succeed in the market.