ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"I am deeply grateful to Abhishek Sir, our Geography Teacher, as well as

Swathi Aunty, our principal, for their exceptional guidance and

unwavering support throughout the course of this project. Their

dedication to fostering my understanding of the subject and their

willingness to go above and beyond to assist me has been truly

inspiring. Their insightful feedback and constructive criticism have not

only improved this project but have also enhanced my skills as a writer

and critical thinker. I am fortunate to have had such a dedicated and

caring teacher, and I will always cherish the lessons I have learned

under their tutelage. Thank you, Abhishek Sir and Swathi Aunty, for your

invaluable support and for instilling in me a love for learning and a

passion for Geography.”

INDEX

 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVES
 NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
 WILDLIFE CONSERVATIONIN INDIA
 PROBLEMS WITH WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
 SOLUTIONS FOR THE PROBLEMS
 CASE STUDY
 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES TO PRESERVE THE WILDLIFE
 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

First of all, Wildlife refers to the uncultivated Flora and undomesticated Fauna species which
thrive in their natural habitat without any human interference; and the conservation/ preservation/
maintenance of such crucial biodiversity for their welfare and existence is called Wildlife
Conservation.

Such Wildlife Conservative programmes are also prevalent in India from a long time(1905) and
still continues to do so. India is one of the 17 mega-diverse countries globally, fostering a
remarkable 7.6% of all mammal species, 12.6% of birds, 6.2% of reptiles, and 6.0% of flowering
plants. The nation encompasses four of the 35 globally-recognised biodiversity hotspots: the
Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma, and the Nicobar Islands in
Sundaland. These regions are major reserves of biodiversity on Earth.

To protect this rich biodiversity, India has established a network of conservation areas, including
over 515 wildlife sanctuaries, 106 national parks, 75 Ramsar wetland sites, and 18 Bio-
Reserves. Impressively, 10 of these Bio-Reserves are part of the prestigious World Network of
Biosphere Reserves.

Given the escalating human intrusion on natural habitats, the Indian Government has
implemented various initiatives to protect its wildlife. A top-notch undertake is the Wildlife
Protection Act of 1972, a legislation that forbids the trade of rare and endangered species. This
law plays a major role in restraining illegal activities that threaten the survival of vulnerable
wildlife.

Ultimately, wildlife conservation is essential for sustaining the health of our planet and
preserving its natural beauty for future generations. Let's dive into some significant wildlife
conservation initiatives undertaken by the Government of India.
OBJECTIVES

My objectives for doing this project are-

 To spread awareness about the unique endangered wildlife that are present in India.

 To collect good information for my project.

 To complete my project on time.

 To do each part step by step.

 To make my project neat and correct.

 To follow my teacher’s instructions properly.

 To check my project before submitting it.

 To get good marks for my hard work.

NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION

Wildlife is a precious boon to this planet. The term ‘wildlife’ not only caters to wild animals but
also takes into account all undomesticated biodiversity including birds, insects, plants, fungi and
even microscopic organisms. For maintaining a healthy ecological balance on this earth, animals,
plants and marine species are as important as humans.

Furthermore, some of the reasons why wildlife conservation is important are-

 To preserve the endangered species and the unique biodiversity for our future generations so
that they can enjoy our natural world and the unique species that live within it.

 To understand how species interact within their natural habitat and for many research
purposes.

 To maintain the food chain and ecosystem balance by preserving the crucial species that takes
place in these processes.

 To prevent poaching and hunting of endangered species.

 To protect the endangered species from climate change.

 To prevent illegal wildlife trade.

Hence, all these reasons prove the need and importance of wildlife conservation.
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN INDIA

Over the years, the governments, along with various Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
and international bodies, have launched several wildlife conservation projects in India in order to
save its unique wildlife. Let us look into its aspects-

 How are they conserving it? :

As of 27th November, 2023 India has a system of 1014 Protected Areas including 106
National Parks, 573 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 115 Conservation Reserves and 220 Community
Reserves covering a total of 1,75,169.42 km2 of geographical area of the country which is
approximately 5.32%.

Some of the most important wildlife conservation projects in India include:

o Project Tiger
o Project Elephant
o Project Lion
o Project Snow Leopard
o Project Cheetah
o Project Hangul
o Project Crocodile
o Project Great Indian Bustard
o Project Dolphin

The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 is an important legislation that helps protect animals,
plants, and their habitats in India. Let’s break it down:

 The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 is a key law for protecting the wildlife, managing their
habitats, and controlling the trade of wildlife and related products.
 This law was crucial in starting tiger conservation efforts by creating National Parks and
Wildlife Sanctuaries.
 It also gave special powers to state governments and introduced the idea of Critical Tiger
Habitats (CTH).
 A major change in 2006 led to the creation of the National Tiger Conservation Authority
(NTCA) and a complete plan for saving tigers.

These points show that the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 is a major law for wildlife
conservation in India. It also shows how India works to protect its unique and special
biodiversity.

 Types of conservation:

 Animal (Animal conservation) – It is the processes and actions relating to the protection of
ecosystems and environments in order to safeguard the animal species that inhabit
them. Some of the famous animal conservation projects prevalent in India are-

 Project Tiger
 Project Elephant
 Project Lion
 Project Snow Leopard
 Project Cheetah
 Project Hangul
 Indian Rhino Vision 2020……..

 Marine (sea related conservation) - Marine conservation, also known as ocean

conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas through
planned management in order to prevent the over-exploitation of these marine resources.
Some of the marine conservation projects in India are-
 National Marine Turtle Action Plan
 Project Dolphin
 Deep Ocean Mission (DOM)
 Samudra...........
 Difference between Zoo, National park, Sanctuaries, and Biosphere
reserves:

zoo National park Sanctuaries Biosphere

reserves
A zoo (short A National park A sanctuary is a Biosphere
for zoological garden; is a natural park protected area reserves are the
also called an animal used to preserve where wild animal protected areas
park or menagerie) is a any animal species can live in their meant for the
facility in or animals in natural conservation of
which animals are kept common. These surroundings. plants and
within enclosures for are generally Hunting entry with animals. It also
public exhibition and reserves of semi- weapons lighting a restores the
often bred natural, natural, or fire and using traditional life of
for conservation purposes developed land substances the tribals living
. with an idea of injurious to in that vicinity.
wildlife wildlife are They conserve the
conservation. prohibited while biodiversity of
fishing and that area.
EX- Indira Gandhi
Zoological Park, EX- Jim Corbett grazing of
National Park, livestock may be EX- Nanda Devi,
Visakhapatnam.
Uttarakhand. allowed on a Uttarakhand.
controlled basis.

EX- Ranthambore
National Park,
located near Sawai
Madhopur in
Rajasthan.
 Major sanctuaries in India:

1. Gir National Park (Gujarat) –

 Area - 1,412 km²

 Established in 1965
 Exotic Animal - Asiatic Lion

2. Kaziranga National Park (Assam) –

 Area - 1,090 km²

 Established in 1974
 Exotic Animal - One-horned rhino

3. Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal) –

 Area - 1,330 km²

 Established in 1984
 Exotic Animal - Royal Bengal tiger

4. Jim Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand) -

 Area - 1,318 km²

 Established in 1936

 Exotic Animal - Royal Bengal tiger

5. Ranthambore National Park (Rajasthan) –

 Area - 1,334 km²

 Established in 1980
 Exotic Animal - The Bengal Tiger

6. Periyar National Park (Kerala) –

 Area - 305 km²

 Established in 1982
 Exotic Animals - Asian Elephant and Bengal Tiger

7. Kanha National Park (Madhya Pradesh) –

 Area - 940 km²

 Established in 1955
 Exotic Animal – Barasingha

8. Pench National Park (Madhya Pradesh) –

 Area - 758 km²

 Established in 1975
 Exotic Animal - The Bengal Tiger
 Rare and Endangered species of India and their conservation:

 Bengal Tiger –
Bengal tigers make up about half of the global tiger population, with 70% of them found in
India. Although this large cat is highly adaptable—able to live in various habitats such as
forests, mangroves, and wetlands, and withstand both hot and cold climates—its population
has declined sharply over the years. The species has become endangered due to decades of
poaching for its skin and body parts, trophy hunting, and major habitat loss caused by urban
development. Today, Bengal tigers occupy only 7% of their original habitat range, with
fewer than 2,000 individuals remaining in the wild.

As of 2022, the estimated Bengal tiger population was between 3,167 and 3,682 in India, 316
to 355 in Nepal, 131 in Bhutan, and around 114 in Bangladesh.

In 1973, the Indian government launched Project Tiger with the aim of maintaining a stable
tiger population in the country and preserving ecologically important areas as part of the
nation’s natural heritage. The project’s task force envisioned these tiger reserves as breeding
grounds from which surplus tigers could move into nearby forests. The selected reserve areas
were meant to reflect the ecological diversity across the tiger’s range in India. Significant
funding and dedication were directed toward protecting and restoring these habitats. By the
late 1980s, the initial nine reserves, covering 9,115 square kilometres (3,519 sq mi), had
expanded to 15 reserves spanning 24,700 square kilometres (9,500 sq mi). By 1984, over
1,100 tigers were estimated to be living within these protected areas.

The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 gives government authorities the power to enforce
strong measures for the protection of Bengal tigers. According to estimates by the Wildlife
Institute of India, tiger populations fell by 61% in Madhya Pradesh, 57% in Maharashtra, and
40% in Rajasthan. The first official tiger census, conducted under Project Tiger in 1973,
 recorded 1,827 tigers in India. Using that method, the government reported steady growth,
with numbers reaching 3,700 by 2002. However, when more reliable and independent survey
methods, including camera traps, were used during the 2007–2008 all-India census, the
results revealed that the actual numbers were less than half of what had previously been
reported by the Forest Department.

In general, efforts to conserve Bengal tigers in India—particularly through Project Tiger—

have been largely effective. The population has shown significant growth, proving that
focused conservation strategies can reverse declines. However, ongoing threats remain, and
continued efforts in habitat protection and anti-poaching measures are essential.

 Asiatic Lion –
The Asiatic lion is approximately 10–20% smaller than its African counterpart. It has a larger
tail tuft and a noticeable fold of skin along its belly. As the name indicates, the Asiatic lion
was once found across southwest Asia and eastern India. However, today, the entire
population exists only in India, limited to the Gir National Park and surrounding areas in
Gujarat. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified the
Asiatic lion as an endangered species since 2010, with only about 500 to 650 individuals
remaining in the country.

In the 1950s, scientists advised the Indian government to reintroduce at least one wild
population of Asiatic lions into their former range. This was recommended to support the
species' breeding health and to protect the population from the risk of disease outbreaks. In
1956, the Indian Board for Wildlife approved a proposal from the Government of Uttar
Pradesh to set up a new sanctuary for this purpose. The Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary,
covering 96 km² (37 sq mi) in eastern Uttar Pradesh, was chosen due to its climate,
landscape, and vegetation being similar to those of the Gir Forest. In 1957, one male and two
female wild-caught Asiatic lions were released there. By 1965, the population had grown to
11 lions, but all of them eventually disappeared.
 In the early 1990s, the Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project was launched to identify a
suitable second habitat. Experts from the Wildlife Institute of India studied several locations
to assess the availability of prey and overall habitat quality. Palpur-Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary
in northern Madhya Pradesh was considered the most suitable site, followed by Sita Mata
Wildlife Sanctuary and Darrah National Park. By the year 2000, around 1,100 families from
16 villages had been relocated from Palpur-Kuno, and another 500 families from eight
villages were expected to be moved. This resettlement allowed the protected area to expand
by 345 km².
However, officials from Gujarat opposed the relocation plan, as it would take away Gir’s
unique status as the only home of the Asiatic lion. Gujarat raised several objections, and the
matter was taken to the Indian Supreme Court. In April 2013, the Court ordered the Gujarat
government to transfer some lions to Madhya Pradesh to establish a second population.
Despite this, Gujarat has continued to resist moving the lions to another state.
Currently, five protected areas exist in India for the conservation of the Asiatic lion: Gir
Sanctuary, Gir National Park, Pania Sanctuary, Mitiyala Sanctuary, and Girnar Sanctuary.

Overall, the conservation status of the Asiatic lion has improved significantly. The IUCN has
reclassified it from “Endangered” to “Vulnerable,” which reflects the success of conservation
efforts. The population has increased from 284 individuals in 1990 to 674 in 2020.

 Snow Leopard –

Like the Asiatic lion, snow leopards once had a much wider range and roamed across various
mountain ranges in Asia. Today, they are only found in Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, and the western and eastern regions of the Himalayas.

In India, their population has decreased to around 500 individuals. This decline is mainly
due to human activities—such as poaching for their fur and body parts, and the loss of
natural prey caused by the increase in domestic livestock, which damages the high-altitude
grasslands. Conflicts between snow leopards and people living in remote areas have also
added to the threat, along with hydroelectric and mining projects that reduce the species'
 natural habitat. Since female snow leopards usually give birth to only one or two cubs every
two years, it becomes even harder for the population to recover.

In India, snow leopards are given the highest level of protection under the Wildlife Protection
Act of 1972. Hunting them can result in imprisonment for a period of 3 to 7 years.
India has launched several initiatives to protect snow leopards. These include Project Snow
Leopard, participation in the Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Programme,
and conservation efforts involving local communities.

Overall, conservation measures in India have shown positive results, especially in regions
like Ladakh.

 One-horned Rhinoceros –

Also referred to as the Indian rhinoceros, this species is mainly found in India and along the
foothills of the Himalayas. The one-horned rhinoceros has been heavily hunted for many
years due to the high demand for its horn, which is believed to have medicinal value. They
have also been killed for damaging crops. Their population has further declined due to
frequent seasonal flooding, which forces them to move to higher ground and outside
protected areas, increasing the chances of conflict with humans. As a result of these threats,
their population dropped to near extinction at the beginning of the 20th century, reaching as
low as 200 individuals. However, with the help of strong and well-planned conservation
efforts, the population has now grown to around 3,700 in northeastern India and the Terai
grasslands of Nepal. This recovery is considered “one of the most successful conservation
efforts in history.”

In India, one-horned rhinoceroses are mainly found in the states of Assam and West Bengal.
Kaziranga National Park in Assam is the most important habitat for the species, with about
2,400 rhinos living there—more than 70% of the global population. Other protected areas in
Assam, such as Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Orang National Park, and Manas National Park,
also support rhino populations. In West Bengal, they are found in Jaldapara National Park
and Gorumara National Park.
 Overall, the conservation of the one-horned rhinoceros in India has been a major success.

 Blackbuck –

Due to extensive poaching—particularly in the former princely states of India where they
were hunted for their skins—and significant habitat loss, the blackbuck, also known as the
Indian antelope, has become one of the most endangered species in the country. In 1947, the
blackbuck population was estimated at around 80,000, but within less than two decades, that
number dropped drastically to about 8,000. Although conservation efforts have helped the
population recover to approximately 25,000, the species still faces several threats. These
include attacks by stray dogs—India has one of the highest stray dog populations in the
world—exposure to harmful pesticides, and collisions with moving vehicles. Blackbucks are
usually found in small herds living in open grasslands, dry scrublands, and lightly wooded
areas throughout India. They have also been introduced to Argentina and the United States to
support population growth.

The blackbuck is listed under Appendix III of CITES. In India, it is protected under
Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, which strictly prohibits hunting.
Blackbucks inhabit several protected areas across the country, including:

 Gujarat: Velavadar National Park, Gir Forest National Park

 Bihar: Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary
 Maharashtra: Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary
 Madhya Pradesh: Kanha National Park
 Rajasthan: Tal Chhapar Sanctuary, National Chambal Sanctuary, Ranthambhore
National Park
 Karnataka: Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary
 Tamil Nadu: Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, Vallanadu Wildlife
Sanctuary, Guindy National Park
 Punjab: Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary

In India, blackbuck conservation efforts involve strong legal protection, preservation of

habitats, and community-based initiatives. Hunting of blackbucks is banned under the
 Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, and the species is currently listed as “Least Concern” by the
IUCN, reflecting the progress made in its conservation. Several national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries, including Ranthambhore, Gir, and Kanha, play a vital role in protecting the
species.

Overall, blackbuck conservation in India has been a notable success.

PROBLEMS WITH WILDLIFE CONSERVATION

 Human-wildlife conflict-

Humans have been exploiting forests for centuries, but rapid urbanization and population growth
have intensified conflicts between humans and wildlife in recent decades.

 There has been a significant rise in the establishment of human settlements and villages
within forested areas.
 Deforestation, agricultural expansion, overgrazing by livestock, and the excessive
removal of fodder, food, and timber by humans are major contributors.
 Pilgrimage sites located in forested regions also disturb the natural habitats and wildlife.

 Government Actions-

 State and national highways run through forests and wildlife reserves, resulting in heavy
vehicular traffic, noise, and pollution.
 Mining activities within forests for minerals and other earth resources are permitted.
 Industries are being established near forest areas.
 The lack of clear boundary demarcation has led to legal disputes and conflicts.

 Natural causes-

 The unpredictability of the weather creates scanty rainfalls, affecting water availability for
the animals.
  The spread of diseases among wild animals. (After CoVID, all of us understand the
consequence of animal-borne diseases)

 Poaching and illegal hunting-

Poaching and illegal hunting have been the biggest causes of wildlife degradation. Animal trade
has become a flourishing business. Animal smuggling has grown to a £6bn-a-year criminal
industry. Twelve species of large animals have vanished in Vietnam in recent years.

Tigers

The global tiger population has dramatically declined from 100,000 at the beginning of the 20th
century to fewer than 4,000 today. Three of the original nine subspecies have gone extinct in the
last 60 years.

The last Bali tiger disappeared in the 1930s, the Caspian tiger became extinct in the 1970s, and
the Javan tiger followed in the 1980s. Currently, all remaining tiger subspecies are either
endangered or critically endangered.

Chinese authorities revealed that in 1991, they exported 5,250 kg of liquid medicine, 15,079
cartons of tablets, and 31,500 bottles of tiger wine. Between 1975 and 1992, South Korea
imported six tonnes of tiger bones, which experts estimated could represent the deaths of
between 500 to 1,000 tigers.

Elephants
Demand for ivory puts elephants a grave threat. Between 1989 and 2010, 18,771kg of ivory
was, seized in Nigeria, 17,681kg in Cameroon, 28,848kg in Kenya, and 33,207 kg in Namibia.
This is just a fraction of the overall total across Africa’s 37 range states.

Rhinos

Rhinos are increasingly killed for their horns. Poaching killed 333 black rhinos in South Africa
in 2010, twice the number slaughtered in 2009.

Sea Animals

As per, Whale and Dolphin Conservation (WDC) – Commercial whaling was banned in
1986. However, Japan, Norway, and Iceland have killed nearly 40,000 large whales since then.
Their oil, blubber, and cartilage are used in pharmaceuticals and health supplements. Whale
meat is even used in pet food or served to tourists as a ‘traditional dish.’

Over 100,000 dolphins, small whales, and porpoises are also killed in various countries each
year for their meat and use of their body parts.

 Climate change-

Climate change is one of the biggest wildlife conservation challenges that have emerged in
recent times. With greenhouse gases exploding like never before, weather patterns have gone
for a toss. Extreme summers and scanty rainfall have disturbed the ecology.
SOLUTIONS FOR THE ABOVE PROBLEMS

 Human-wildlife conflict-

Human-Wildlife conflict can be reduced by following certain measures:

 Creating more Protected Areas and buffer zones

 Steps must be taken to enhance the safety of people and wildlife and to create mutual benefits
of coexistence

 Local communities can also participate in devising measures to reduce this conflict

 The concerned authorities must devise a strategy and action plan to reduce human-wildlife
conflict at a national level

 Before camping, hiking, or venturing into natural areas, learn about the animals that you
might encounter.

 Government Actions-

Governments should consider the aspects of forests and wildlife during development. To
effectively protect wildlife, governments should strengthen legal frameworks, enhance law
enforcement, and promote community involvement. Additionally, investing in research, public
education, and sustainable development practices can contribute to long-term conservation
efforts.

 Natural causes-

To address natural disasters, unpredictable weather, and disease outbreaks during wildlife
conservation, a multifaceted approach is needed, combining mitigation, preparedness, and
adaptation strategies. This includes strengthening infrastructure, enhancing early warning
systems, supporting sustainable practices like nature-based solutions, and prioritizing public
health and education.

 Poaching and illegal hunting-

 Strengthen Legislation and Law Enforcement.

 Raise Awareness.
 Promote Responsible Tourism.
 Strengthen Border Control and Customs.

 Climate change-

 Helping nature help itself through Nature-based Solutions like afforestation, reforestation,
etc…
 Prioritizing the creation and effective management of protected areas, particularly marine
protected areas.
 Community Engagement and Locally Led Adaptation.
CASE STUDY

Project Hangul: Conservation of the Kashmir Stag

The Hangul, also known as the Kashmir red stag, is a rare and critically endangered subspecies
of elk native to India. Once considered a subspecies of the European red deer, genetic studies
later confirmed that Hangul belongs to the Asian elk group. This majestic animal was historically
found across the Kashmir Himalayas, the Chenab Valley, and parts of Himachal Pradesh, but
today its only viable population is found in and around Dachigam National Park, located
northeast of Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir.

In the early 20th century, the Hangul population was estimated at around 5,000 individuals.
However, due to habitat destruction, overgrazing, poaching, and human disturbance, their
numbers declined sharply, falling to just around 150 by 1970. In response, the Government of
Jammu and Kashmir launched Project Hangul in collaboration with the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). This initiative aimed to
protect both the Hangul and its fragile habitat. By 1980, conservation efforts led to a recovery,
with the population increasing to approximately 340 individuals.
Despite initial success, the Hangul population has once again been on the decline in recent
decades. Census figures show that the population dropped from 234 in 2009 to just 182 in 2017.
One of the most concerning issues has been the decline in the sex ratio, with only about 12 males
for every 100 females, compared to 21–51 males per 100 females in earlier years. This
imbalance has contributed to reduced breeding success and low birth rates. A captive breeding
center was set up in 2013 at Shikargarh, but it failed to yield positive results after a fawn was
killed by a leopard, and the program has since become inactive.

The Dachigam National Park, which plays a key role in Hangul conservation, is not only home to
this unique deer but also hosts a wide variety of flora, including walnut, apricot, cherry, oak, and
birch trees. However, the park faces several challenges. During the summer months, nomadic
herders often bring large flocks of livestock into the higher reaches of Dachigam, which results
in overgrazing and competition for food. Additionally, poaching, the presence of feral dogs, and
predation by common leopards and Himalayan black bears are further threatening the Hangul
population.

Conservationists have also expressed concern about the low genetic diversity of the remaining
Hangul population, making them more vulnerable to diseases and environmental stress. Human
development near protected areas, including the approval of cement factories close to Dachigam,
has further disrupted the fragile ecosystem. A Wildlife Conservation Fund (WCF) was
established in 2010 to support wildlife protection in Jammu and Kashmir, with Hangul as a
priority. However, its limited reach and lack of community involvement have hampered its
effectiveness.
The Hangul’s plight is not only an ecological concern but also a cultural one, as it is the state
animal of Jammu & Kashmir and a symbol of the region’s rich biodiversity. It is one of the three
most endangered species in the region, alongside the Markhor and the Tibetan antelope (Chiru).
Hangul is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, which gives it the
highest level of legal protection in India.

To reverse the decline, there is an urgent need for enhanced protection, community-based
conservation, and habitat restoration. Effective patrolling, strict control of industrial activities
near protected zones, rehabilitation of nomadic routes, and genetic management of the
population are crucial. Reintroducing Hangul to other suitable habitats may also help diversify
and strengthen the population. Without timely and sustained efforts, the Hangul risks becoming
extinct, taking with it a unique part of the Himalayan ecosystem.

Project Crocodile: Indian Crocodile Conservation Project

Introduction:
Crocodiles are large semi-aquatic reptiles found in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Americas,
and Australia. Of the 23 crocodilian species globally, the IUCN Red List classifies 7 as Critically
Endangered, 4 as Vulnerable, and 12 as Least Concern. In India, three species—Gharial,
Mugger, and Saltwater Crocodile—were on the verge of extinction by the 1970s due to habitat
loss and commercial exploitation.

Background:
Crocodile populations declined drastically in India until the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972
was enacted.

Increased human activity in river habitats, habitat degradation, and low hatchling survival rates
worsened the decline.
Following a study by Dr. H.R. Bustard (UNDP/FAO), the Indian Crocodile Conservation Project
was launched in 1975, with technical support from UNDP/FAO.

Key Objectives:

 Establish sanctuaries for in-situ conservation.

 Restore populations through captive breeding and release.

 Conduct research and monitoring for effective species management.

 Train personnel via the Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute in
Hyderabad.

 Involve local communities in conservation efforts.

Major Species Covered:

1. Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus):

 Known for its long, narrow snout resembling a pot or ghara.

 Inhabits rivers of the northern Indian subcontinent, especially the Chambal River.

 Population declined from 5,000–10,000 in the 1940s to fewer than 250 in 2006.

 Major threats: illegal sand mining, fishing, poaching, and habitat destruction.

2. Mugger (Crocodylus palustris):

 Also known as the marsh crocodile; found in freshwater lakes, rivers, and marshes.
 Present across India, except in the higher Himalayas.

 Threatened by habitat destruction, fishing, and use in traditional medicine.

 Extinct in Myanmar and Bhutan.

3. Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus):

 Largest living crocodile species, found in Bhitarkanika (Odisha), Sundarbans (West Bengal),
and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

 Known for territorial aggression and being a potential threat to humans.

 Hunted for skin and often in conflict with human settlements.

Major Breeding and Conservation Sites:

 Tikarpara (Odisha): Gharial breeding and release.

 Dangmal (Bhitarkanika): Saltwater crocodile breeding under the Baula Project.

 Ramatirtha (Similipal, Odisha): Mugger conservation.

 Nandankanan Biological Park: Captive breeding of all three species.

Project Achievements:

o More than 7,000 crocodiles restocked:

o ~4,000 Gharials

o ~1,800 Muggers

o ~1,500 Saltwater crocodiles

o Populations revived from near extinction:

o Saltwater crocodiles increased from 96 in 1976 to 1,640 in 2012.

o Crocodile habitats incorporated into protected area networks.

o Local communities engaged in conservation and monitoring.

o Project also supported other wetland species like turtles, Gangetic dolphins, monitor lizards,
and mangroves.

Crocodile Census (2020, Bhitarkanika National Park):

o Total count: 1,757 crocodiles

o 620 hatchlings

o 325 yearlings

o 288 juveniles
o 185 sub-adults

o 339 adults

o 12 albino crocodiles and 4 individuals over 20 feet long recorded.

Challenges:

1. Human-crocodile conflict has increased, especially in Bhitarkanika, due to rising crocodile

populations and shrinking habitat.

2. Illegal fishing, habitat encroachment, and flooding pose on going threats.

3. Low survival rates for released gharials in some areas, like the Mahanadi River.
4. Need for better monitoring using modern technologies like satellite telemetry and drones.

Conclusion:

The Indian Crocodile Conservation Project has been instrumental in saving all three crocodilian
species from extinction. While the project has succeeded in increasing populations and public
awareness, future efforts must address human-wildlife conflict and habitat sustainability.
Advanced technologies and stronger community-based conservation are key to ensuring long-
term survival.

SUGGESTIVE MEASURES TO PRESERVE THE WILDLIFE

 Afforestation and Reforestation.

Afforestation and reforestation create new homes for plants and animals and help protect
many different kinds of living things. Forests give shelter to many plants and animals,
keeping nature balanced and making ecosystems stronger.

 By conserving the natural habitats.

 By saving natural homes for wildlife, we keep nature balanced and help ecosystems work
properly. Healthy habitats give important benefits like helping plants grow, recycling
nutrients, breaking down waste, making soil, and controlling the climate. These things are
very important for human life and farming, which help feed people around the world.

 Development while considering the wildlife and their habitat.

While infrastructure development and in many other types of expansion, forests and wildlife
should be taken into consideration.

 Recycling

Recycling plays a crucial role in wildlife conservation by reducing the demand for new
products, protecting ecosystems, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. By diverting
waste from landfills and incinerators, recycling helps to preserve habitats and minimize the
environmental impact of our consumption.

 By spreading more awareness among the public about the wildlife.

Teaching people why wildlife conservation is important helps everyone act responsibly and
protect nature. This can be done through programs in schools, community activities, and
public campaigns that explain how people’s actions affect animals and their homes.

 By strengthening the legislation when it comes to wildlife and habitats.

Laws are important to protect wildlife and their homes. Strong laws help manage animals
and nature better, involve local people in decisions, and ensure that wildlife is used in a way
that keeps nature healthy for the future.

 Custodial management
Custodial management is a preventive and protective approach aimed at reducing outside
disturbances to wildlife populations and their habitats. It is suitable for places like national
 parks where the goal is to preserve natural ecological processes, and it is also effective for
protecting endangered species when the threats come from external sources rather than from
within the ecosystem itself.

 Manipulative management
Manipulative management involves actively managing animal populations—either by
directly changing their numbers or by indirectly affecting them through changes in food,
habitat, predators, or disease levels. This approach is useful when populations become too
small or too large, or when animals are being used by humans. However, what counts as
"too many" or "too few" often depends on the landowner's opinion and may be challenged
by animal welfare groups.

 Rewilding:
Rewilding focuses on reducing human impact so ecosystems can recover and function on
their own. Unlike traditional wildlife management, it highlights the importance of keystone
species—animals that play a big role in keeping ecosystems balanced. By bringing these
animals back, rewilding helps restore natural processes that were lost and caused
environmental damage. The need for human involvement in managing ecosystems today is
often due to the past extinction of large animals. Rewilding can be done in different ways,
like passive, active, Pleistocene, trophic, and urban rewilding. Studies show that especially
trophic rewilding can help fight climate change by making ecosystems stronger and storing
more carbon.

 Pest control:
Pest control plays an important role in wildlife conservation by protecting native species and
maintaining ecosystem balance. Invasive pests can harm wildlife by destroying habitats,
spreading diseases, and competing for food, which threatens biodiversity. Controlling such
pests helps restore natural habitats, reduce disease risks, and support the survival of
endangered species.
CONCLUSION

To conclude, Wildlife conservation is the effort to protect animals, plants, and their natural
habitats so that they can survive and thrive. It is very important because wildlife helps keep
nature balanced and healthy. Every living thing in nature depends on others. When some animals
or plants disappear, it can cause big problems for the environment and for people too.
Many animals and plants today are at risk because of human activities. Cutting down forests,
polluting air and water, hunting animals, and changing natural lands into farms or cities all harm
wildlife. These actions destroy homes for animals and plants and make it hard for them to live.
That is why protecting wildlife is so urgent and necessary.

One way to protect wildlife is by conserving natural habitats like forests, wetlands, and rivers.
These places provide food, shelter, and space for animals and plants to live. Protecting these
areas helps keep the environment healthy and supports many species. Sometimes, people plant
new trees through afforestation and reforestation projects, which can bring back lost habitats and
help animals return.

Another important way to conserve wildlife is by making and enforcing laws. Laws can stop
illegal hunting, trading, and destruction of wildlife habitats. Governments and organizations
work together to create rules that protect endangered species and their homes. This also involves
educating people about why wildlife matters and how to behave responsibly around nature.

Awareness and education are very important too. When people learn about wildlife and how
their actions affect it, they are more likely to help protect it. Schools, community groups, and
media all play a role in teaching people about conservation. This helps build respect for nature
and encourages everyone to take part in protecting it.

Communities living near wildlife areas can help a lot by being involved in conservation efforts.
When they understand the importance of wildlife, they can work with conservation groups to
protect animals and plants while also supporting their own needs. This creates a balance between
human life and nature.

In addition, special programs like breeding endangered animals in captivity and then releasing
them into the wild can help increase their numbers. Scientists and conservationists use many
methods to save species that are close to extinction.

Wildlife is not only important for nature’s beauty but also for the benefits it gives us. Healthy
wildlife supports clean air and water, fertile soil, and a stable climate. These natural services are
vital for human survival and well-being. Conserving wildlife means protecting our planet and our
future.

In conclusion, wildlife conservation is about caring for all living things and their homes. It
requires efforts from governments, communities, and individuals. Everyone has a role in
protecting wildlife by following laws, supporting conservation projects, and spreading
awareness. By working together, we can make sure that wildlife continues to thrive and that the
earth remains a healthy and beautiful place for all living beings, now and in the future.
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