Reproduction
Chromosomes in the cell nucleus information for inheritance if features
from parent to next generation in the form of DNA.
The dna in the cell nucleus is the information source for making of
proteins
In reproduction DNA copies are made
Cell use chemical reactions to make dna copies
Keeping one dna copy and pushing out the other does not work as the
dna will lose its organice cellular stracture
Therefore the dna copys are accompanied by the creation of its own
cleeular apparatus and then the dna copies sperate each with its own
cellular apparatus.
No bio-chemical reaction are 100% reliable.
Due to this the dna copy will have some variations will be similar but
no identical to the original.
Some of these variations may be so drastic that dna cannot work woth
the cellular apparatus it iherits and may simply die.
But there are may variations in the dna with a much less drastic
outcome leading to the surviving cells only slightly different from the
other
Importance if variation
Populations of an organism fill well defined places in the ecosystem
known as niches using their ability to reproduce
The consistence of the dna cypying mechanism in important for
maintaining the body design features that allow the organism to use
that particular niche
However a niche may change due to something outside the control of
the organism (global warming, asteroid, water level rising, temperature
dropping)
If the population of a particular apecies were well suited to a particular
niche and that niche we drastically altered then the population would
be wiped out.
However if there were few individuals with a certain variation then
there is a chance for them to survive.
Variations are thus useful for the survival of a species over
time.
Modes of reproduction by single organisms.(asexual reproduction)
Fission
Many bactiria and protozona simply split into 2 equal cells during cell
division.
In amoeba this splitting of into 2 cells can take place on any plane
in leishmania who has a wip=like stracture on one end of the cell. In
such organisms binary fission take place in a definite orientation with
respect to these features.
On organisms like malarial parasites and plasmodium divide into many
daughter cells through multiple fissions
Fragmentation
Spyrogia simpley breaks up into a number of small pieces upon
maturation. Thee pieces called fragment then grow into new
indivisuals.
The reason that malti cellular orgainisms cant reproduce throught cell
by cell division because as we have seen multicellular organismas
aren’t a random collection of vells but consists of specialized cells
called tissues which then form organs which are placed in a definite
position.
In such a case cell by cell division would be impractical
In a multicellular organism a single cell type in an organism is capable
of growing, proliferating and to making other cell types under the right
conditions.
Regeneration
If an individual is broken or cut up into multiple pieces, many of these
pieces can grow into new individuals
In small animals like hydra and planaria can be cunt up into a number
of pieces and each of these pieces can grow into a new individual. This
is know as regeneration
It is carried out by spealized cells which poriferate and make a large
number of cells. From this mass of cells d9fferent cells undergo change
and become various cell types and tissues.
Regernaration is not the same as reprodictions as organnismas
wouldn’t depend on being cut up into pieces to reproduces
Budding
Hydra uses regenerative cells for reproduction in a process know as
budding.
A bud develops as a outgrowth on the body of the hydra cause by
repeated cell division on a specific sight.
These buds develop into tiny indivisulats which then detach from the
parent body and become new individuals.
Vegetative propagation
In many plants parts of the root stem or leaves develop new plants
under the right circumstances.
This is used in grafting and layering
Plants raised like this will produce flowers and fruits much sooner than
those raised via seeds
This also allows plants like banana rose orange and jasmine which
have lost their ability to produce seeds to reproduce
The plants produced like this are genetically similar enough to the
parent plant to have the same characteristics
Similarly buds produced on the notches of Bryophyllum fall to the
ground and grow into new plants
Spore formation
The thread-like structure that develops on the bread are hyphae of the
bread mould.
Hypae are not a reproductive part but the blob on a stick like structure
contains cells or spores which can eventually develop into Rhizopus
indivisuals.
The spore are covered in a thick walls until they come in contact with
moisture and can begin to grow.