Teacher: Rocil D.
Saburnido Subject: Science
Student Teacher: Emily A. Magnoy Grade: 8
3rd Quarter Topic Outline
Conditions for Storm
1. Adiabatic Temperature Change - A cooling or heating of the air caused by the contraction or
expansion of air molecules, as opposed to the loss or gain of heat.
2. Air pressure - The amount of force exerted on a unit surface area.
3. Altitude - Height expressed as the distance above a reference point, which is normally sea
level or ground level.
4. Humidity - The degree to which the air is charged with water vapor. This may be expressed as
absolute humidity, relative humidity, and specific humidity.
5. Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) - An area close to the equator where the trade winds
of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet.
6. Low Pressure Area - An area with meteorological characteristics such as cloud cover,
precipitation, temperature, and wind that is characterized by lower air pressure than the
surrounding area.
7. PAGASA - The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration is responsible for the provision of weather forecasts and tropical cyclone
warnings, flood bulletins and advisories, and hydrological, climatological, and farm weather
forecasts.
8. Storms - These are atmospheric disturbances that are typified by lightning, thunder, heavy
precipitation, and powerful winds. Tornadoes, blizzards, and tropical cyclones are examples of
storm forms.
9. Super Typhoon - A tropical cyclone with winds that exceed 185 kph.
10. Tropical Depression - A tropical cyclone with winds that do not exceed 63 kph. Most
common in the region of the equatorial or intertropical convergence and less frequently in the
trade winds.
11. Tropical Cyclone - The general term for a cyclone that originates over the tropical oceans.
12. Tropical Storm- A tropical cyclone with winds of 64 to 118 kph.
13. Typhoon - A tropical cyclone with winds that exceed 118 kph. The name is applied to a
severe tropical cyclone in the western Pacific.
A. Philippine Area of Responsibility
PAR is the designated monitoring area where PAGASA tracks incoming typhoons. Knowing PAR
helps citizens prepare for typhoons. The Philippines is surrounded by bodies of water. Due to this
location, it has experienced numerous typhoons each year. In the west of the Pacific Ocean, its
location puts it directly in the path of these storms. While it is true that not all typhoons are
destructive, several typhoons have caused significant damage to Filipinos.
B. Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
An area close to the equator where the trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
meet is known as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ.
ITCZ air becomes more humid and buoyant due to the combination of warm tropical waters and
intense sun heat. By joining forces, the trade winds help elevate the buoyant air, which sets off a
never-ending chain of thunderstorms as the air rises, expands, and cools, releasing stored
moisture.
Unlike the typical cold and warm seasons found in higher latitudes, the seasonal movement of
the ITCZ results in prominent variations in rainfall in many tropical countries, giving rise to
distinct wet and dry seasons unique to tropical regions. Weather disruptions of a severe nature
may arise from extended movements within the ITCZ.
C. Low-Pressure Areas (LPA)
In terms of LPA, it is an area with meteorological characteristics such as cloud cover,
precipitation, temperature, and wind that is characterized by lower air pressure than the
surrounding area.
The air rises, cools, and forms clouds as it converges into the LPA, which causes rain or storms
to form. The LPA has the potential to intensify into many weather systems, such as storms or
tropical cyclones.
D. Typhoon Formation
In both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, tropical areas between 5- and 20 degrees
latitude are where typhoons normally occur.
Typhoon formation and intensification require warm sea surface temperatures of at least 27-
26.5C (80°F).
Typhoons form over warm ocean waters with sufficient moisture content to feed the storm.
Typhoon development is aided by the ITCZ, which provides the trade winds and an area of low
pressure needed for storm formation to converge.