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EPC Module 3 Notes-1

The document provides an overview of linear operational amplifier (op-amp) circuits, including their configurations and modes of operation. It discusses inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing circuits, and comparators, detailing how input signals are processed and the resulting output. Additionally, it covers concepts such as gain, impedance, and the use of virtual ground in op-amp applications.

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radhikamg2006
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15 views38 pages

EPC Module 3 Notes-1

The document provides an overview of linear operational amplifier (op-amp) circuits, including their configurations and modes of operation. It discusses inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing circuits, and comparators, detailing how input signals are processed and the resulting output. Additionally, it covers concepts such as gain, impedance, and the use of virtual ground in op-amp applications.

Uploaded by

radhikamg2006
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Module-3 linear opamp circuits : tle detroduction on Op=Ampls —> - The_2_loput> terminals of opamp are _lnvertina_tip and fon averting tip 2 Most of apamp woe with —_-two de iypely Voltages one positive and +the other negative im <2 This is the @auivedent vi es Cleat of opamp, the cups ear Co E> alone is gents | = AQ. cel Bin D inpir Ienpedoree =A(ynn). ay t> outpit impedance pe > dietewace bw the vataue at lip terminal. opamp ippul Stang Modes For ap-amps we have twp ilp — Signal_eades a) _diFFerential mode §) commen made. Single ended — mode + 1 22 do Single ended _ciPferential mode, one pis greunded and sige wltage i& _opated tv _ pier tp. 8 : tT > — | AP ip _appied 40 Inverted termin Oy | a ~_2al, an_loverted impli fed Sigoal a ae __—wiltage. appears at the olp. __ iL emer han _the 2 Big ‘apptied to on = inverting ipo | non taverted Ompli Ged eee Wola appears at +he dubaut- |b) 2 Jn a double ended _diffewatial _coade_,_two _eppussite polarity S39 nao “are applied +o he _toputs then the. \ difference between the two _ijp__Noltage. are _Orenp Ged and . ___ appears at he lp. e ; xf = | z = . ! 2 O—— : | Se ae ln > Inet tenpedance i i = Sout > output impedance: - 1 1 1 > na _cmmmn_onde, he Same _Signal_is_applied fo oe ~~: ui bots the Tovercting and __on lavarting loput tenminals- ~ Lol ; Arn Sey Op-anp éiectS the —_Commncn_mvale_signat_——~ | becau ik produce no ouput - a a : ThYS ection _| Te py CBR (Coeewton mode téiection ratio) el Se ana © deol op am? — Ay =eRnive Sout = O° (witha Gmy Verte std = Ra % | ideal ap-amo Ay ~ 05, Pin = <= = 00: i) “i What ib i W-™ Va. Real exund vr _ | = = Va Virtua qreund - L2G f { {Gs ovamded, $9 Vo alin one s 7 © vs Azole. ta an averting reaper circuit, dlp iS AmpliBed cali) ——_and__loverted with wepeck Jp = To, Vin- VA, VA-Vo Li By "ee = Via = Ry RE =) & =m a i The term (elk) 1S Called 4ne gala ok the loverting — beoplifir =e Sign lodicates that the Op is inverted wit wepect - the Input Ee i Naeem) I _ a yee 7 : — (ee ate - ee i] : —\ sat a This 6 the circuit diagram_of an _ioverting adder 7 —F oC a By the concept of. Victval_graund NA-VB =0- ~ 7 | Ne i grounded Nasco, Ve=o. 7 duet) Op-amp to%aite \opedance Ty =0- » i ~ Ig Iee- ~ Va, OA oy | | ] = A-Vo - i Ri a RE . Ex | Mi Ve -Vo : ve @ | Vp = Rem te) i‘ de R=Ro = Re . 4 =. 2-(Wit'9)- - j Since theo the _ehrauit-is_egut a) ~ ou of ip_walkzag » 60 the Cet I: Called 0S th a a i | I lnverthg Summer- Op-amp 0S & non inverting amplifier | hy — Ny i Ry of | This is nan lnverting ampilifer circuit Bu the Concept of virtual gitaaod NA-Ve =0. Ve=Vin > W=Vin. OuP +0 high Inpedane T=o- Ta, = Zee f=0-——“io= Vin a RE Mio___ N= Vio Re ge = “nla re) AMET. = Vinx BY i we (a+ a) > Gano? Non= ta ecting amplBer OP=a00p AS Comparator —> 99 A Comparator 18 a _elreuit Which Signa valtag applied ot +h tz On\rayes: One tip o8 the _op-amp_with — ) > Jn his, the eFerence voltage Niel applied at the non-inverting lle, the _toput_Sigoal_is applied. ih ia L ak the in jarcting ile. | 2 jaw) when _Vin2Viwe > the ale valtag iS Maninum —Ve level __+- Veg (=—Vee), 2 when Vin > Viz2_ —» The _olp. Valtage is. Gti ye ANEak (= Nec). dotermal Bloce haga, of an__0p-a0 eed oe waa | "Bugh= pall Api fer Amnpittrer— TAmpl ter Inait stoye,———trainstnge op. stage ———— The three Stag S_ONe, @)_doput- Stag b) Gain stage ©)_Oultput- age. Mio Adder is an électyonis Wcuib tat produce 2, utput» which is equal Vi —\\\rg ctp_the Sum of the ¥ —AN\\r; | applied _inpukvolkeg. i a laverctin I Here, tie is li boverti i Nn} serninak I giduoded Ti+ = Ip ME YO-VK ig Vou Re : ee 7 Ree Re Nout = ee ( + BY do genet ; Nout = ae Mi Where Vin is MitVp +¥9 > Vo } R=R =Re =R. Pi ee jose 7 4 Mate = = leeva), Ne sgn 2 Aovertiog einai —_~ Nou iS Sum pP wo _ilp Voltages. ——~|__we know-that, [ | laic_ob Aer Ay. = — Fe ~ | 4 acoplifrer. , a Pan 7 a Ay, = RP - a4 Be , This Reure shows, Wwe Can ~ Combine “wo qudin Signals _~ - = ond Volume of each. audio Signal _~ | level | and 9 resistor: espectivelts ~ \\\ by We the value oP level | M_Signal will be. louder. ~ i atthe ole o | 2 value of 2 => Vo sional : 7 | - ! by A the gain => __ Both thespnal will be louder - S | Subenactor —(vx¥) | g g -(4 4%) I ae x a (i=) \ R d A I> } : I ; ny ‘ ann i ie ——3F : ‘| a ae | - i ty R= ole = Ef I i ut 2 we cascaded. — fees dl Vi35_apaied ta Np+p Pret stage and ik gives ee i output ot (-v,) (= daverhag amplified. j = R= 2Ry ( Togek Sustain a OSaq\lations) ga Pequcaey ar REESE a | | Resanant Reguency P= Ske. | a Re phase Aik ascillaipy —> : i - Wi ee Vi \ phase. sri \ a + se rir Debs dt mid aod _ = ia - “Vee Hh ak Qrase shiPt oéailot antains 3 lead ci | CuitS in the — il Qosdloace — path: +48 we eno dad civeuit pindues a phase ghift 1 bolw 0? to ap? relay _ & fal_phase Shi | o°/2aie by Sustain oscillations. We ave. Sing. a0 Arnplifier Which provides of phase shi ioverir “aga Wmdleing 18° wil 2 _paduced_ by lead Re Netvores. | consider, eed bace Mw fac p= | AB=\ => A249 B= Sencha n> nook RE Nl - 1 | So, the 1@sooent- Weguency here 18 _(n=5) 7 T | 2 —sreere—} | Le _oseiilators i 2 to Le oscillates, pe ane cirrult 12 used |n th feed back —_cireull- Cosas Dacisa atrasit, which bas a capacitor ale | and connected it» a coil as well as | an Jaductor ough connecting wives. = H 7 12> _Anductor stores energy_ia Magnetic field aad Capacitor a Stoves _Covrgy in _alecvo teri: Fy > copnctwr_is harged 0 he peak voltage, _enerou Should balance at the ogmsite ide Soi starts ry teats ak dctagig, I 7 : : ies place capacitor ‘ih_beginty charge in yurse dieatin. “~ Nee Ge, te Ble crows) Ynduche vesisionce) fi f = i Tanieene oak of L seis cra) ele) i T Pe 2S is the _civzult- ob copitts ogaiiqtor “the vataae chvdler bias gets wp a guiscent- operating point: 2 Tre Re che tas a vey bleh loductive tectance ir _¢pento_-the ac igo Tete hove _eenber about thermal pole ad ch Le tank eyeult Concepts. aT i aceeneseeeeee > The Cog Plan the circu ven. by —— Oe = —_ Sy FE |_-> the 1esonantRegueny P= —— | oS | _ > the epuived starting Condition of any 08 qtor_is AyB=l._. atthe vesonank Preguerey of the tne circuit. Ay >slB- | > he output voltage Aces The feed bace Praction- = > __ for the _oSeillator to Stark, the _enlotenuen: Nolte gainis, a Avcenin) = Z The total_phase akiet of 360°00 9°, need for Sustain pécillations, Amplifier airoult- gives _1g0° phase shit and Le tana civeuit rocuces 160° phase Shitt- Hartley —osetlledor —> = ws ee 0 Vout anion Ths 1s the _curut of saxty _oseilerory ing _BeT- Were, Jo Le circuit, bi and be are in Series. ' eae | leg = ithe oo by+bp+2M MO Mitek doductorce N eee patente it Re Fr HE T i 2natae [ ceo a “The _feal pace Fraction B= 2 I The _Aviminy= Upe>s) 1 fh “he _phase chet iS acheived by 181° fiten Anolis Mt civalt and \gv° Pom Le ane clreuit + i= i —Lysral__oSciiator =2 wilen eau Qod___@taiitty of tho _oseillertion Siyiency are iooportant quarts” onsial psciliztor ig used. j latOS wots 09 the principle of ———__m yd oy leche Peck ae ised plein. elect _< a M ise tr ig Sle dp i) ———— swhen “the Crystal is Subjecked tn proper voltage _lt___ Viwaies —_mechanimlly. _The amplitude oP mechanical vibrations __ ——_ | ecome codntimun when the Rreguerey OF alternative voltage is : 2guinl to the natural Frequency crystal. ductance. wetalised 1 lw el electrodes TAL iS duattS = | orystal uyenbool oF Chg Stal — — —29uivalent iui oP canst 1 The_series resonant Prequeng (2s) of a crystal is the I resonant. requency of the LCR bpranch , AtthiS Frequency : [the branch suntan "aches a anim value becuse Lb. | Sonates Mth ce t Ps = oalra, vic i ie if {encainue value. this logp_current must Plow thraugh the | Series Combination o& C5 aad Cm, The _Hlel_Capacitans | epis | % pe ames I z Cm roS i i 20a crystal, a_i tmuch Smaller than Con Because oP \ guecter stan Bs { this 1p 18 only lightly Li I i, | The oscillation Praguency will 1i@6 in between fs and te Le i i +e e ‘a Tir Tobe ieee T —— 2 NESSS is ides Le +m veal that Cay ~ Yun in ether cP two enedeS. ——— 2)_vomsranie i b)_AStable ! 1 12 tn Yomsiabe mode, I can produe. accurate time. delays Prom _mieoseconds ours i ee > Stabe mode, ie luce _Yectanaylar —— with a varvabie uty ce. a0 Wo | _n_emannatable operation, 535 ‘tmer_has low" output valinge Te | at which It can lentain indefinitely when the 555 tmer ee | teceives 0 “trigger_at point A_jo_time the ofp voltage Switches Aro | roen tow phigh: | 2 the olp remain: ind then _retuns to || +he low State aber time delay oar w. Jt remain low until i another “eger__arvives- | - a Tens Val Pees |_P3 ee Waa LPT op [| (ales “ | Gain | => Jo astable aperation_, timer has Ao Stable Stztes, — | means that tt canna remain \ndefinitely jo ether State | > SE pipduces a tectongyar Output Signal. > _No }\p +m: s Toe i) igger i néeded +p get an outputio AStable |=? A oultivibratr 19 a 2 State’ cieuir that has Serv ‘one (0) wo Stable _ourput States. When timer is used In _MonoStable_mode Nonosteble d Multi Vibrator. do _agtade cde > Astable_multivibyetor_ coo Free— running mul yibrector iit it 2 555 mer ii stable o tore = Nef and an L0pn_-transistor~ 2 the civalt has an external resistor R and capactiar i “The voltage across he _Capactior 1S used forthe toveshold ve t0_ping- srngger arrives me “the _clvtuit praduces_a__feckongulat _Oukput- pulse Prom Ao, Lower compart has a tip polnt_of, up = ME. : . Theory — The _@_output_ot the 5 HipPlop is high. This Goturaies the transistor and clamps the Capacitor \oltage vo _ovound: The circuit will remain_in this _State_until a ANgeer ovrives- The tip polots are, _uTP = 2Nec top> =. => when the ‘trigger ie fallSto__Siightty less “than Nec 4he lower _conparator yesets-he _ PlipPlop Snce_a@ has Changed +o_low_, -the aT et into __cutoP, a +v_¢ has changed ; a h res = oth . 1 iS Sh gaterthan 2Noc ‘the upper cocapavertor Set the Pip Pop. The hi &. @ sums m +he shansistor which sischages the Copactior _alennet _joStaaity. At the Same io tank, @ turns 4p the low state Qnd the output pulse ends. > & maine low _uatil another tout tn anives. => The — formula Por _pulse_wildth generated. by wacnestabl: -1Re staese eae 2 (0 date states) ( Sguare Woe » tarde ale re Same as for mpno stable pperatnn. she cirri _ a q vps =F ‘i i 1 Lip= it Ry | when a 18 iow, athe transistor | vic? and the a I cepacia 1S__chaging though a otal resistance of R. pe 4 Re Rae. - I he charying. =Hime _ConSiant = | R+@ Je. = te 2 AS_the Capacitor charges, the Hreahold _yolta, Cee ee laceases. The threshold voles aceedS + 2Veo/,“Hhen haa Suram he _upoer comparator _set$ te Pip Bap. with high Sod Are istoY vate: ee aa ais (=> The copadtor tow discharges “thwah _& 5 Iie _siscratiog. re neta ee hee _y f t =| sort Heete | + FT a et Pn ++ t AR2 camer ie 1 Qe i srt Swe ae 7 yeas Hie pny 7 oF GND 2 20 a ae” a aeGie Cea Theta capacitor has Capri Sing and. between 0 aod Nec. The _charal Hine constant longer -toan he _diéchargiag tine constant _—>The_alp is non ! Eyeoenetr. f- depends on resistances _R_and_R: othe chet oyok 19 between __50_anel__100 _Porcent - [chaging > Transistor OFF, 8-0, B=! eS i disdogrg 3 msisty ON, @=1 &=0 Nat goa i Noho ae se a a i \ 2 2) Gt t Cote Og Time 5 I Ton Tore Fon “he s_oF. 5 { Dulce wilth (w) = 0-693 (fir) eC - “The period oP the putput: eQuals bee 0.69(RitR2)e 4 Ea= 0.64 (Ro) C- ql T= 0-693 (R\+2®) Cc. Tz betty. 4 Fiéquency = Eig) { é aa = \ (Rt OR ye \ 2s oRH Oz 407. —> OrF- a 7s eee (2p=1) Rae ele x = 28RD yr ve. aa “6h aoe 670 oe an = 216 es. and vec = 3-66V. see ec = 5V- fi eens ieee

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