CE COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 1 • What is the Net Rate Equation for a tank with one inlet • Define a Geometric Series

(𝐴) and one drain (𝐵)?

ALGEBRA – WORK PROBLEMS The sum of the terms of a geometric progression
• How is the Rate of Work (𝑟) defined if an individual 1 1
( − )𝑡 = 𝑊
takes time 𝑡 to complete a task alone? 𝑡𝐴 𝑡𝐵 • Define Geometric Mean

1 If the term in parentheses is negative, the tank is emptying The term (or terms) situated between two non-consecutive
𝑟=
𝑡 terms of a geometric progression
• How is Total Work calculated when using the concept
This represents the fraction of the job completed per unit of Man-Hours? • Formula for the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term (𝑎𝑛 ) of a geometric
of time. progression given the first term (𝑎1 )
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = (𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠)(𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒)
• What is the fundamental relationship between the 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
amount of work done (𝑊), the rate of working (𝑟), Assumes all workers have identical rates
and the time elapsed (𝑡) • Formula for the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term (𝑎𝑛 ) of a geometric
• What is the "Man-Hour" comparison formula for two progression given any preceding term (𝑎𝑚 )
𝑊 = 𝑟𝑡 different scenarios with the same total work?
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑟 𝑛−𝑚
• What is the Theorem of Additivity of Rates for 𝑚1 𝑡1 = 𝑚2 𝑡2
multiple individuals working together. where: • Formula for the Geometric Mean (𝐺𝑀) of a set of 𝑛
𝑚 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 (𝑚𝑒𝑛) numbers (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … . , 𝑥𝑛 )
1 1 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑜𝑏
𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + +⋯
𝑡𝐴 𝑡𝐵 𝑛
𝐺𝑀 = √(𝑥1 )(𝑥2 ) … (𝑥𝑛 )
• What is the most common error to avoid when setting
The combined rate of multiple individuals working up work problems? • Formula for the sum of the first 𝑛 terms (𝑆𝑛 ) of a
together is the sum of their individual rates. You sum the geometric progression when |𝑟| < 1
rates, not the time Incorrect: 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡𝐴 + 𝑡𝐵
1
Correct: You must convert times to rates ( ) before adding 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
• What is the equation for finding the time (𝑡) required 𝑡 𝑆𝑛 =
for two individuals (𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) to complete a specific them 1−𝑟
amount of work (𝑊) together? • Formula for the sum of the first 𝑛 terms (𝑆𝑛 ) of a
ALGEBRA – GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
• Define a Geometric Progression geometric progression when |𝑟| > 1
1 1
( + )𝑡 = 𝑊
𝑡𝐴 𝑡𝐵 𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
A sequence of numbers in which the ratio of any term to its 𝑆𝑛 =
preceding term is a constant non-zero value (called the 𝑟−1
For a single complete job, 𝑊 = 1
common ratio, 𝑟)
• What is the condition for an infinite geometric series
• In "Pipes and Drains" problems, what sign convention to converge?
• What is the mathematical condition for a sequence to
is used for Inlets and Outlets?
be geometric
|𝑟| < 1
Inlet (Source) - Positive rate (+) (Adds to volume) 𝑎𝑛+1
Outlet (Drain) - Negative rate (-) (Removes volume) =𝑟 The absolute value of the common ratio must be less than
𝑎𝑛
1
• What happens to an infinite geometric series if |𝑟| > TRIGONOMETRY – ANGLE MEASUREMENT • What is the difference between a true milliradian and
1 • What is the fundamental unit of the Sexagesimal a NATO mil?
System, and how is a complete revolution defined in
this system? 1
The series diverges. The sum grows without bound or A true milliradian is exactly of a radian (6283 in a
1000
oscillates, and no finite sum exists.
circle). A NATO mil is an approximation that rounds the
The fundamental unit is the degree (°). A complete
circle to 6400 units for simpler binary division.
• Formula for the Sum to Infinity (𝑆∞ ) of a convergent revolution is defined as 360°
geometric series
• Compare the value of One Full Revolution across the
• Define the subdivisions of a degree in the Sexagesimal Degree, Radian, Gon, and Mil systems.
𝑎1 System.
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 360°
1 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 (1°) = 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 (60′ )
ALGEBRA – HARMONIC PROGRESSION 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 2𝜋
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 (1′ ) = 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 (60′′ )
• Define a Harmonic Progression 𝐺𝑜𝑛 = 400 𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑀𝑖𝑙 = 6400 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
• What is the fundamental unit of the Centesimal
A sequence of non-zero numbers is a Harmonic System, and what is its value for a right angle?
Progression if the sequence of their reciprocals forms an TRIGONOMETRY – THE BASICS
Arithmetic Progression (𝐴𝑃) • Define Trigonometry
The fundamental unit is the 𝑔𝑜𝑛 (also called grad or
grade). A right angle is equal to 100 𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑠
• What is the standard procedure for solving problems Trigonometry is the study of triangles and the relationships
involving a Harmonic Progression? between their sides and angles
• Explain the subdivisions of a 𝑔𝑜𝑛 in the Centesimal
System. • What are the two main branches of trigonometry?
Convert the terms to an Arithmetic Progression by taking
their reciprocals. Solve using standard Arithmetic 1 𝑔𝑜𝑛 = 100 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 (100𝑐 )
Progression formulas. Invert (take the reciprocal of) the Plane Trigonometry - Deals with triangles on a two-
1 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 100 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 dimensional plane.
result to return to the Harmonic domain 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 (100𝑐𝑐 ) Spherical Trigonometry - Deals with triangles on the
• Formula for the Harmonic Mean (𝐻𝑀) of 𝑛 numbers surface of a sphere.
• What is the definition of a Radian?
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … . 𝑥𝑛 )
• Define an Oblique Triangle.
𝑛 A radian is the measure of a central angle that intercepts an
𝐻𝑀 = 𝑆
1 1 1 arc equal in length to the radius of the circle (𝜃 = ) A triangle that does not contain a right angle (90°) It can
𝑟
+ + ⋯+ be either acute (all angles < 90°) or obtuse (one angle >
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛
• What is the definition of a Mil in the NATO Military 90°)
• State the mathematical relationship between the System (in terms of a full circle)?
Arithmetic Mean (𝐴𝑀), Geometric Mean (𝐺𝑀), and • State the Pythagorean Theorem and the condition for
Harmonic Mean (𝐻𝑀) or two positive numbers A mil is defined such that a complete revolution equals its use.
6400 mils
(𝐴𝑀)(𝐻𝑀) = (𝐺𝑀)2 In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the legs equals
the square of the hypotenuse
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
where:
𝑐 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
• Define the Sine (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) and Cosine (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) of an acute • What is the sign convention for angles in standard • What are the two scenarios (given information) where
angle in a right triangle. position? you must use the Law of Cosines?

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 Positive (+) - Counter-clockwise rotation Given two sides and the included angle
sin 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 Negative (-) - Clockwise rotation Given three sides

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 TRIGONOMETRY – LAW OF SINES AND • Define Angle of Elevation

cos 𝜃 = COSINES, ANGLE OF DEPRESSION AND
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
ELEVATION The angle formed between a horizontal line and the line of
• Define the Tangent (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) and Cotangent (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃) of • State the Law of Sines formula sight when an observer looks upward at an object.
an acute angle in a right triangle.

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
cot 𝜃 =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
• Define the Secant (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃) and Cosecant (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃) of an = = where:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
acute angle in a right triangle. 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
• What are the two scenarios (given information) where
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
sec 𝜃 = you must use the Law of Sines? • Define Angle of Depression
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Given two angles and one opposite side The angle formed between a horizontal line and the line of
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 Given two sides and an opposite angle sight when an observer looks downward at an object
csc 𝜃 =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
• State the Law of Cosines formula
• Define an angle in Standard Position.

An angle on a Cartesian plane where the vertex is at the

origin (0,0) and the initial side is on the positive x-axis.

where:
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
• What is the geometric relationship between the Angle • What is a Concave Polygon • Define the Apothem (𝑎) of a regular polygon
of Elevation and the Angle of Depression between two
points? A polygon containing at least one interior angle greater The perpendicular distance from the center of the polygon
than 180° to the midpoint of a side. It is also the radius of the
They are equal. Because the horizontal lines of sight are inscribed circle
parallel, the angles form alternate interior angles.
• Define the Radius (𝑅) of a regular polygon
• What is a Subtended Angle?
The distance from the center of the polygon to any vertex.
An angle created when two lines (or the endpoints of an It is the radius of the circumscribed circle.
arc/segment) meet at a specific point.
• Formula for the Central Angle 𝜃 of a Regular Polygon
• Define Reentrant Angle vs. Salient Angle in the
context of polygons 360°
𝜃=
𝑛
Reentrant Angle - An interior angle greater than 180°
• Formula for One Interior Angle (𝛽) of a regular
Salient Angle - An interior angle less than 180° polygon

• Formula for the Number of Diagonals (𝐷) in a (𝑛 − 2)(180°)

GEOMETRY – POLYGONS 𝛽1 =
polygon with 𝑛 sides 𝑛
• Define a Polygon
𝑛(𝑛 − 3) • Formula for One Exterior Angle (𝛼) of a regular
A closed plane figure bounded by a finite number of 𝐷= polygon
2
straight-line segments.
• Formula for the Sum of Interior Angles 360°
Sides - The line segments 𝛼=
𝑛
𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = (𝑛 − 2)(180°)
Vertices - The points where two sides meet. • Formula for the Area (𝐴) of a regular polygon given
• Theorem regarding the Sum of Exterior (Deflection) its Apothem (𝑎) and Perimeter (𝑃)
• What is a Convex Polygon Angles of a convex polygon
1
A polygon where every interior angle is strictly less than 𝐴= 𝑎𝑃
The sum of the exterior angles is constant for any convex 2
180° polygon where:
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚
𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = 360° 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

• What are the two conditions required for a polygon to

be classified as Regular

Equilateral - All sides are congruent (equal length).

Equiangular - All interior angles are congruent (equal

measure).
• To analyze a regular polygon using trigonometry, we • State the Triangle Inequality Theorem regarding the • What is the ASA Congruence condition?
often construct a right triangle. What are the angles difference of side lengths
and sides of this fundamental right triangle? Angle-Side-Angle. Two triangles are congruent if two
The absolute difference between the lengths of any two angles and the included side of one are equal to the
sides is strictly less than the length of the third side corresponding parts of the other.

|𝑎 − 𝑏| < 𝑐 • What is the SSS Congruence condition?

• In a triangle with unequal sides, what is the Side-Side-Side. Two triangles are congruent if the three
relationship between the sides and their opposite sides of one are equal to the corresponding three sides of
angles? the other.

The greater angle is opposite to the greater side. If side 𝑎 > • What is the SAS Similarity condition?
side 𝑏, then angle 𝐴 > angle 𝐵
where: Two triangles are similar if an angle of one is equal to an
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 • What is the Isosceles Triangle Theorem regarding angle of the other, and the sides including these angles are
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 base angles? proportional.
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑥 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 If two sides of a triangle are equal (congruent), the angles • What is the SSS Similarity condition?
opposite these sides are equal. Conversely, if two angles
are equal, the sides opposite them are equal. Two triangles are similar if the ratios of the corresponding
GEOMETRY – PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES sides of the two triangles are equal.
• What is the Angle Sum Theorem for a triangle • Define Congruent Triangles
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is equal to two = =
Two triangles are congruent if they coincide perfectly 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
right angles when superimposed. They have exactly the same size and
shape (corresponding sides and angles are equal) • Define a Median of a triangle
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180°
• Define Similar Triangles A line segment drawn from a vertex to the midpoint of the
• State the Triangle Inequality Theorem regarding the opposite side.
sum of side lengths Two triangles are similar if their corresponding angles are
equal and their corresponding sides are proportional. They
For any triangle with sides 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, the sum of the lengths have the same shape but not necessarily the same size.
of any two sides must be strictly greater than the length of
the third side. • What is the SAS Congruence condition?

𝑎+𝑏 > 𝑐 Side-Angle-Side. Two triangles are congruent if two sides

and the included angle of one are equal to the
corresponding parts of the other.
• What is the Centroid of a triangle? • Define an Angle Bisector of a triangle • Define a Perpendicular Bisector of a triangle side

The point of concurrency where the three medians A line segment drawn from a vertex to the opposite side A line perpendicular to a side of the triangle passing
intersect. It is the center of mass (gravity) of the triangle. that divides the vertex angle into two equal angles. through its midpoint. (Note: It does not necessarily pass
through the opposite vertex).

• What is the geometric property of the Centroid • What is the Incenter of a triangle?
regarding its position on the median?
The point of concurrency where the three angle bisectors • What is the Circumcenter of a triangle
The centroid is located two-thirds of the distance from the intersect.
vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. The point of concurrency where the three perpendicular
bisectors intersect.
• Define an Altitude of a triangle

A line segment drawn from a vertex perpendicular to the

line containing the opposite side.

• What are the geometric properties of the Incenter?

It is equidistant from the three sides of the triangle. • What are the geometric properties of the
It is the center of the inscribed circle (incircle). Circumcenter?

It is equidistant from the three vertices of the triangle.

• What is the Orthocenter of a triangle? It is the center of the circumscribed circle (circumcircle).

The point of concurrency where the three altitudes

intersect.
GEOMETRY – OTHER ELEMENTS AND • Formula: Circumradius (𝑅) of a Triangle • Formula: Exradius (𝑟𝑎 ) corresponding to side 𝑎
PROPERTIES OF A TRIANGLE
• Formula: Area of a Triangle (Given Base and Altitude) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝐴𝑇
𝑅= 𝑟𝑎 =
4(𝐴 𝑇 ) 𝑠−𝑎
1 where: where:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
2 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
• Formula: Area of a Triangle (SAS - Two sides and 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜
included angle) • Definition: Incircle (Inscribed Circle)
1 The unique circle lying within the triangle that is tangent
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
2 to all three sides. Its center is called the incenter denoted
where: by (𝑟).
𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝜃 = 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

• Semi-perimeter of a Triangle

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2
where:
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

• Formula: Heron's Formula (Area of a Triangle given

three sides) • Formula: Inradius (𝑟) of a Triangle

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) 𝐴𝑇

𝑟=
where: 𝑠
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 where:
𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑠 = 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
• Definition: Circumcircle (Circumscribed Circle)
• Definition: Excircle (Escribed Circle)
The unique circle that passes through all three vertices of a
triangle. Its center is called the circumcenter denoted by A circle tangent to one side of the triangle and to the
(𝑅) extensions (prolongations) of the other two sides. A
triangle has three distinct excircles.