MODULE IV

FIRST AID

Module Description

This module equips students with essential knowledge, attitude, and practical skills
to
respond effectively in emergency medical situations. It focuses on recognizing signs
and
symptoms of conditions requiring immediate first aid, assessing a victim’s condition,
managing life-threatening emergencies, handling injured or ill individuals, and
evaluating
a patient's status and first aid needs.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module the student’s will be able to:

• Recognize first aid
• Assess client condition
• Identify medical emergencies
• Provide first aid for individual who seek lifesaving care
• Handle victim
• Perform evaluation of client

UNIT 1
Recognizing First Aid
1.1. Introduction
 First aid is the care given when an accident or sudden illness occurs or
immediate care given to a person who has been injured until he / she is taken to
health facilities.
 Providing proper and timely first Aid in emergency situations requires the ability
to
quickly and effectively recognize a client's condition.

Learning Outcomes

 After completing this unit, the students will be able to:

 Describe first aid
 Explain common terms related to first aid
 Identify key aspects of first aid

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 1.2. Concepts of First Aid
First aid is the initial assistance given to a person who has been injured or suddenly
becomes ill before professional medical help arrives. It is a crucial skill that anyone
can learn and apply, as it can make a significant difference in saving lives and
reducing the severity of injuries.

 The primary goal of first aid is to preserve life, prevent further harm, and

promote recovery.
 First aid is not a substitute for professional medical care, but it plays a vital role
in
providing immediate support in emergency situations.
 In order to provide effective first aid, it is essential to have a basic
understanding of common injuries, illnesses, and medical emergencies. This
includes recognizing signs and symptoms, knowing how to assess the situation,
and applying appropriate techniques to address the specific needs of the
individual

Key aspects first aid include

 Assessing the Situation: The first step in providing first aid is to assess the
situation
and ensure your safety as well as the safety of others. Identify any potential
hazards
or dangers before approaching the injured or ill person.
 Ensuring ABC: The "ABC" of first aid stands for Airway, Breathing, and
Circulation. It involves checking for an open airway, ensuring the person is
breathing,
and assessing their circulation (pulse).
 If any of these are compromised, appropriate actions such as clearing the
airway or performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be necessary.
 Calling for Help: If the situation is serious or beyond your ability to handle, call
the
emergency services or ask someone nearby to do so.
 Professional medical assistance is crucial in severe cases.

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 Providing Basic Life Support: Basic life support techniques, such as
cardiopulmonary resuscitation are used to maintain blood circulation and
oxygenation when a person's heart or breathing has stopped.
 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation involves chest compression and rescue
breaths.
 Managing Bleeding and Wounds: Controlling bleeding is important to prevent
excessive blood loss.
 Techniques such as applying direct pressure, elevating the injured area, and
using pressure dressings can help manage bleeding. Cleaning and dressing
wounds properly can reduce the risk of infection.
 Handling Fractures and Sprains: Immobilizing fractures and supporting
sprained
joints help prevent further injury.
 Techniques like splinting and applying ice packs can aid in reducing pain
and swelling.
 Dealing with Burns and Scalds:
 First aid for burns involves cooling the affected area with cool running
water, covering the burn with a clean cloth, and seeking medical attention
for severe burns.
 Recognizing and Responding to Medical Emergencies:
 First aid also includes recognizing signs and symptoms of medical
emergencies such as heart attacks, strokes, seizures, allergic
reactions, and providing appropriate initial care until professional help
arrives.
 Providing Emotional Support: Offering reassurance, comfort, and staying calm
can
greatly help individuals in distress.
 Ensuring their emotional well-being is an important part of first aid.

COMMON MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY USES IN FIRST AID

 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: is a lifesaving technique performed on

individuals
experiencing cardiac arrest or cessation of breathing.
 It involves a combination of chest compression and rescue breaths to
maintain blood circulation and oxygenation until professional medical help
arrives.
 Hemorrhage: refers to uncontrolled or excessive bleeding from a blood vessel.
 Fracture: is a break or crack in a bone caused by trauma or injury.

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 Sprain: occurs when the ligaments surrounding a joint are stretched or torn due
to
sudden twisting or wrenching movements.
 Anaphylaxis: is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction to an
allergen, such as certain foods, medications, or insect stings.
 Seizure: is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that can
cause a variety of symptoms, including muscle convulsions, loss of
consciousness, and altered behavior.
 Burns: are injuries to the skin and underlying tissues caused by heat, chemicals,
electricity, or radiation.
 Cardiac Arrest: Cardiac arrest refers to the sudden cessation of the heart's
pumping action.
 Stroke: occurs when there is a disruption in the blood supply to the brain,
leading to cell damage and loss of brain function.
 Hypovolemia: refers to a decreased volume of blood circulating in the body,
often caused by severe bleeding or fluid loss.
 Dislocation: A dislocation occurs when the ends of a bone are forced out of
their normal position at a joint.
 Myocardial Infarction: commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the
blood
flow to the heart muscle is blocked, leading to tissue damage.
 Diabetic Emergency: can occur when a person's blood sugar levels become too
high
(hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia).
 Pneumothorax: is a condition characterized by the presence of air in the space
between the lungs and the chest wall, causing lung collapse.
 Heat Exhaustion: is a heat-related illness that occurs due to prolonged
exposure to
high temperatures and inadequate fluid intake. It is characterized by symptoms
such as excessive sweating, weakness, dizziness, and nausea.
 Frostbite: is a condition that occurs when tissues freeze due to exposure to
extremely cold temperatures.
 Concussion: is a mild traumatic brain injury resulting from a blow or jolt to the
head.
It can cause temporary loss of consciousness, confusion, headache, and
dizziness.
 Shock: is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's organs and
tissues do not receive enough blood flow and oxygen .
 It can be caused by various factors, including severe bleeding, trauma, or
severe infection.

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 Choking: happens when an object or food becomes lodged in the throat,
blocking the airway.
 It can lead to difficulty breathing or complete obstruction.
 Hypothermia: occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce,
resulting
in a dangerously low body temperature.
 Hyperthermia: is a condition characterized by an elevated body temperature
due to
excessive heat exposure or strenuous physical activity in hot environments.
 It can range from heat exhaustion to heat-stroke, which is a medical
emergency.
 Drowning: occurs when a person's airway becomes blocked by water or other
fluids, leading to respiratory distress and potential loss of consciousness.
 Asthma Attack: is a sudden worsening of asthma symptoms, such as wheezing,
shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness.
 Allergic Reaction: occurs when the body's immune system overreacts to a
substance, known as an allergen, resulting in symptoms such as itching, hives,
swelling, and difficulty breathing.
 Fainting: also known as syncope, is a temporary loss of consciousness caused
by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain.
 It can be triggered by various factors, such as low blood sugar, dehydration, or
emotional stress.
 Disinfection: is the process of reducing or eliminating microorganisms, such as
bacteria and viruses, from surfaces or objects to prevent the spread of infection.
 Tourniquet: is a device, such as a band or strap, used to compress or constrict
blood vessels to stop severe bleeding from an extremity.
 Applying a tourniquet should be done carefully and as a last resort, as it can
cause tissue damage if left in place for too long.
 Automated External Defibrillator (AED): is a portable device that delivers an
electric shock to the heart in cases of sudden cardiac arrest.
 Secondary Survey: is a systematic assessment conducted after addressing any
immediate life-threatening conditions in a first aid situation.
 Abdominal Thrusts: also known as the Heimlich maneuver, are a technique
used to clear a blocked airway in a conscious person who is choking.
 Sign: Objective, observable, and measurable indication of a disease, condition,
or
injury that can be detected by healthcare providers.
 Symptom: Subjective indication or experience reported by an individual that
cannot
be directly observed by others.

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 UNIT 2
Assessment of Client Condition

2.1. Introduction
 First aid involves a thorough assessment of the client's condition to determine
the nature
and severity of the injury or illness.
 This assessment helps prioritize care and provide necessary support
 to preserve life and prevent further harm.
 to approach the situation with caution and ensure your own safety
 The ABCs of first aid are assessed, including the client's Airway, Breathing, and
Circulation.
 The client's specific injuries or medical conditions are evaluated, including visible
injuries, bleeding, deformities, and complaints of pain.
 If bleeding occurs, direct pressure should be applied, fractures or sprains
immobilized, shock signs should be recognized, and allergic reactions should be
addressed.
 Emotional support is essential during the assessment, and the information
gathered will guide subsequent actions.
 If the client's condition is serious or beyond your expertise, professional medical
help should be sought.

Learning outcomes:
After completing this unit, the students will be able to:
• Identify emergencies problems
• Assess vital signs of the client with emergencies
• Gather information about victim and emergency condition
• Monitor and document the client condition.

2.2. Emergency Assessment and Recognition

The general procedures for determining emergency circumstances are outlined
below.

o Observation: Seek out any overt indications of danger, damage, or distress.

o Gather information: Get as much information as you can about the
circumstances as

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 soon as you can. This may entail conversing with onlookers, victims, or
witnesses.
o Scene safety: Before continuing, make sure that everyone is safe, including
yourself.
 Prioritize your own safety and think about contacting for expert help if the
situation is dangerous.
o Main assessment: Evaluate every person concerned about the emergency in a
main
manner. Check to see if they have a pulse, are breathing, and are cognizant.
This
preliminary evaluation aids in the identification of urgently life-threatening
illnesses,
such as cardiac arrest or serious bleeding, that need for prompt medical
attention.
o Secondary assessment: Carry out a more thorough secondary assessment
after
dealing with any urgent life threats. This is a methodical assessment of the
patient's
wounds or symptoms.
o Recognize symptoms and signs: Heart attacks, strokes, allergic reactions,
respiratory problems, seizures, and severe injuries are among the conditions
covered by this.
o Document and report: It is essential to document the assessment findings and
communicate them to the appropriate authorities or healthcare professionals.
Accurate and timely reporting helps ensure a coordinated response and
continuity of care.
o Ongoing monitoring: Continuously monitor the individuals involved and
reassess their condition as necessary.
 Principle of assessment
 Be calm and confident.
 Talk, listen & reassure the conscious causality.
 Check safety of casualty and of yourself
 Check for breathing, bleeding and level of consciousness
 Get others to help / (Emergency Medical Staff)
 Components of assessment process

2.3. Asses vital signs of client

2.3.1 Introduction

Measuring vital signs in first aid is crucial for:

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  identifying medical emergencies
 assessing severity
 monitoring treatment effectiveness
 making informed decisions
 communicating with healthcare professionals,
 recognizing complications early, and
 providing a baseline for comparison.

Abnormal vital signs can indicate the need for immediate medical attention, while
accurate documentation enables effective communication with healthcare
professionals.

Basic Life Support (BLS) involves the initial ABC assessment and management of
individuals who are sick or injured. This crucial care can be provided by trained
individuals, both medical and non-medical, until the person can receive definitive
medical treatment.

The primary objectives of the BLS primary assessment, often referred to as the “3
Ps,"
are as follows:
• Preserve life: The immediate focus is on conducting a thorough ABCD
assessment and implementing appropriate management techniques. This ensures
that the person's airway, breathing, circulation, and disability are promptly
evaluated and addressed.
• Prevent further injury: In cases of trauma, special attention is given to
protecting the cervical spine (C-spine) to avoid exacerbating any potential spinal
injuries. This precautionary measure helps minimize the risk of additional harm.
• Promote recovery: BLS providers support recovery by administering
supplemental oxygen when necessary, preventing aspiration of fluids or foreign
objects, and managing pain effectively. It is important to note that BLS should
always be complemented by seeking professional medical help as soon as possible
in severe or life-threatening situations.

2.3.2 Vital Signs' Significance in First Aid

 Early Medical Emergency Detection:

 Vital signs that are abnormal may require emergency medical intervention.
 Severity Assessment: Objective information is provided by vital signs to
determine the extent of an illness or injury.
 Tracking Response to Treatment: By tracking vital signs over time,
healthcare

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 professionals may keep an eye on how well interventions and treatments are
working.
 Making Informed judgments in First Aid Situations: Vital signs offer
vital
information that is essential for making well-informed judgments.
 Communication with Healthcare providers: Good communication with
healthcare providers is made possible by accurate vital sign documentation.
 Early Complication Recognition:
 Vital signs aid in the early detection of complications or alterations in a
patient's health.
 Baseline for Comparison:
 Vital indicators offer a starting point for comparisons in the future.

2.3.3 Definition of taking vital signs

Taking vital signs are defined as the procedure that takes the sign of basic
physiology that includes temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure.

If any abnormality occurs in the body, vital signs change immediately.

Vital sign Includes:

1. T (temperature),
2. PR (Pulse Rate),
3. RR (Respiratory Rate), and
4. BP (Blood Pressure)
5. Weight (Wt.) and Height(Ht.), Pain assessment
6. and recently Oxygen saturation is also included.

 Times to Assess Vital Signs

1. On admission – to obtain baseline date

2. When a client has a change in health status or reports symptoms such as

chest pain or fainting

3. According to a nursing or medical order

4. Before and after the administration of certain medications that could affect
RR or BP
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 5. Before and after surgery or an invasive diagnostic procedures

6. Before and after any nursing intervention that could affect the vital signs.
E.g. Ambulation

7. According to hospital /other health institution policy

Equipment required taking vital signs

 Blood Pressure Cuff  Pen and Paper or Vital Signs
 Stethoscope Chart
 Thermometer  Pulse oximetry
 Stopwatch or Timer

Equipment availability and specific requirements may vary depending on school

resources and budget.

I. Measuring Body Temperature

 Body temperature is the measurement of heat inside a person’s body (core

temperature); it is the balance between heat produced and heat lost.

Temperature Measurement Considerations:

• Age-Specific Guidelines: Different methods for infants, children, and adults.
• Infection Control: Proper hygiene, including cleaning and disposable probe
covers.
• Accuracy Verification: Regular checks based on manufacturer's instructions
or
calibration guidelines.
• Documentation: Accurate recording of temperature measurement, time, and
method.
• Professionalism and Communication: Respect for privacy, clear
communication
throughout the procedure.

 Most common Sites to Measure Temperature are : Oral , Rectal ,

Axillary , Tympanic and Temporal artery or forehead temperature
measurement

 Thermometer: is an instrument used to measure body temperature

Oral temperature: it is technique of measuring body temperature through oral

route

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Rectal Temperature: is method of measuring body temperature by inserting
thermometer through the anus into the rectum.

Axillary : it is technique of measuring body temperature on arm pit.

Tympanic temperature: method of assessing body temperature by inserting

thermometer through ear.

Temporal artery or forehead temperature: Follow manufacturer's guidelines,

place probe on forehead or temple area.

General instructions for taking temperature

• Always cheek thermometer before inserting

• Handle thermometers with care

• Hold other thermometers separate from rectal thermometers

• Temperatures are commonly taken by axillary, unless contraindicated

• Axillary temperature are the least accurate.

• Change in vital signs should be reported

Sites to Normal Range Remark

Measure
Temperature
Oral 36.5°C to 37.5°C.
Rectal 36.6°C to 38°C (97.9°F to more accurate, most reliable,
100.4°F)
Axillary 35.9°C to 36.9°C (96.6°F to Safest and most noninvasive.
98.4°F)
Tympanic - It records temperature in 1 to 2
seconds.
Temporal 35.8°C to 37.5°C (96.4°F to Follow manufacturer's guidelines
artery or 99.5°F)
forehead
Precaution: Never use oral thermometer for rectal and vise verse

Change in temperature measurements

o When changing 0F to 0C the formula is;

0
C = (0F-32) X 5/9

o When changing 0C to 0F the formula is;

0
F = (0C X 9/5) + 32

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Self-Check question 2.3.4
1. What is the normal range for oral temperature measurement?
2. How is axillary temperature measured
3. What are some considerations for temperature measurement?

2.3.5. Taking pulse

Taking a pulse measurement is an indispensable skill for health professionals. When

assessing a person's cardiovascular health, a pulse measurement can reveal
important details about their heart rate and
rhythm.

Technique for Measuring Heart Rate

• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water or hand sanitizer.
• Locate the pulse site at radial, carotid, brachial, or femoral arteries.
• Position the individual in a comfortable position and encourage relaxation.
• Find the radial pulse by placing index and middle fingers on the wrist's thumb side.
• Use a stopwatch or timer to count the number of pulsations felt within a specific
time frame.
• Calculate the heart rate by multiplying the number of beats counted by 2 for 30
seconds and
directly representing it for one minute.

Pulse Measurement Considerations

• Accuracy: Ensure fingers are placed over artery without excessive pressure.
• Communication: Explain procedure and provide reassurance.
• Respect privacy and professionalism.
• Recording and Documentation: Accurately record location, time, and heart
rate.
• Use appropriate documentation methods like a pulse log or electronic medical
record
system.

Normal Range

 The normal resting heart rate for adults is typically between 60 and 100 beats
per minute.
 In children, heart rate varies with age
 Newborns (0-3 months): 70-190 beats per minute.

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  Infants (3-6 months): 80-160 beats per minute.
 Babies (6-12 months): 80-140 beats per minute
 Toddlers (1-3 years): 80-130 beats per minute.
 Preschoolers (3-5 years): 80-120 beats per minute.
 School-age children (6-12 years): 70-110 beats per minute.
 Adolescents (12-18 years): 60-100 beats per minute.

2.3.6
Taking
Respiration
Respiration refers to the process of breathing in and out, which gives the
organism oxygen and expels carbon dioxide. It allows the diaphragm and chest
to move, which permits the lungs to
exchange gases.
Assessing Respiratory Rate
 Prepare the Individual: Ensure comfort and cooperation by explaining the
procedure
and arranging for a relaxed position.
 Observe Chest Movements: Visually observe the rise and fall of the chest or
gently feel
the movements.
 Count the Respirations: Use a stopwatch or timer to count the number of
complete
breaths for a specific time frame.
 Document the Respiratory Rate: Accurately record the respiratory rate,
noting the
number of breaths per minute and any irregularities.

Respiratory Rate Assessment in Community Health Nursing

 Normal Respiratory Rate: Adults' resting respiratory rate is 12-20 breaths

per minute.
 Communication: Maintain clear communication with the individual,
reassurance, and
respecting privacy.

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  Accuracy: Focus on chest movements and count each complete breath.
 Recording and Documentation:

Normal ranges for respiratory rate in different age groups

 Newborns (0-1 month): 30-60 breaths per minute

 Infants (1-12 months): 25-40 breaths per minute
 Toddlers (1-3 years): 20-30 breaths per minute
 Preschoolers (3-5 years): 20-30 breaths per minute
 School-age children (6-12 years): 14-22 breaths per minute
 Adolescents (12 years and older): 12-20 breaths per minute

Taking blood pressure

 One of the most important skills for high school students studying community
health services is
taking blood pressure. Assessment of blood pressure aids in the diagnosis of
hypertension and
the assessment of cardiovascular health.

Method for Measuring Blood Pressure

 Prepare the Person: Assure their comfort and cooperation while outlining the
process.
 Pick the Right Cuff: Select a cuff size that covers 80% of the diameter of the
upper arm
and is appropriate for the person's arm circumference.
 Position the Cuff: Center the brachial artery over the lower edge of the cuff,
about 2.5 cm
above the elbow bend.
 Palpate the Brachial Artery: Locate the brachial artery on the inside of the arm
with your
fingertips.
 Inflate the Cuff: Shut off the air valve and continue pumping air until the blood
pressure
rises over the predicted systolic level.
 Deflate the Cuff: To deflate the cuff gradually, slowly open the air valve. Listen
for the
first sound, which indicates the systolic pressure, and keep deflating until the
sounds stop
(this indicates the diastolic pressure).

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 N.B. Take Note of the Blood Pressure Considerations
1. Normal Blood Pressure Ranges:

 The normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg.
 Blood pressure ranges can vary based on age, sex, and individual
circumstances.
2. Age-Specific Blood Pressure Ranges
 Normal blood pressure ranges for different age groups include:
 Newborns (0-1 month): 60-90/20-60 mmHg
 Infants (1-12 months): 70-100/50-70 mmHg
 Children (1-10 years): 80-110/50-70 mmHg
 Adolescents (11-17 years): 90-120/60-80 mmHg
 Adults/older ages :90-139/60-90mmHg

UNIT 3
Providing First Aid for Emergency Conditions

3.1 Introduction
Emergency condition identification is a crucial aspect of community health service.
Even though
high school students may not possess the comprehensive medical training of
healthcare

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professionals, they can still play a vital role in providing immediate first aid during

emergencies. This unit will outline some common emergency conditions that high
school students should know: succh as respiratory distress, blood circulation issues,
and acute diseases.

3.2 Acute respiratory diseases

A. Airway parts and their function

o Mouth to breathe and chew food.

o Nose filtering, heating the air we breathe. Keep it moist
o The throat is divided into two parts.
• One is the alimentary canal, whose function is to transport the chewed food to the
stomach.
• Another one Air pipe. It receives air from the mouth and nose and transfers it to the
lungs.

In order to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream and move air into
the lungs,
humans need a respiratory system.

B. Blood circulation system

The primary function of the tiny, muscular organ known as the heart is to pump
blood to and
from the body's numerous organs. The four chambers make up the human heart.
They are
referred to as the left auricle, left ventricle, right auricle, and right ventricle. The top
chambers
are referred to as the atrium or auricle. The ventricle is the term for the lower
chambers. The way
the blood is pumped is explained as follows:
From the body → Right Auricle → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs →
Pulmonary Vein → Left Auricle → Left Ventricle → To the body

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Heart beat

 When the heart pumps blood, different cardiac chambers contract and relax.
 One heartbeat is indicative of one heart-pumping cycle.
 The heart of a typical human pumps roughly 72 times in a minute. The heart
can pump 70 milliliters of blood to the body in a single beat.

Pulse

 The heartbeat can be heard or felt in certain parts of the body, such as the area around
the wrist, neck, or ankle.
 Pulse is measured using stethoscopes. It consists of two earpieces, a diaphragm, and
long rubber tubing.
 The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away
wastes.
 The heart pumps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood on different sides.
 The types of blood vessels include arteries, capillaries and veins.

3.3. Common emergency respiratory conditions

o Acute respiratory emergencies are sudden, life-threatening conditions that

affect a person's ability to breathe effectively. These conditions require
immediate first aid and medical attention to prevent serious complications or
even death. Providing timely and proper first aid can make a critical difference
in the outcome for the affected individual.

3.3.1 Asthma
Definition
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and

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 narrowing of the
airways, resulting in difficulty breathing. It can be acute, sub-acute or chronic.

 Signs and Symptoms of asthma

• Wheezing or whistling sound during breathing
• Shortness of breath and chest tightness
• Coughing, especially at night or early morning
• Rapid breathing
• Increased heart rate

Management of asthma

 Stay calm and reassure the person with asthma.

 Help them sit upright and encourage them to take slow, deep breaths.
 If the person has a prescribed inhaler, assist them in using it as directed.
 If the symptoms worsen or do not improve after using the inhaler, call for
emergency
medical assistance.
 Avoid triggers such as smoke, strong odors, or known allergens.

3.3.2. Allergic Reaction (Anaphylaxis)

Definition: Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction
that can occur rapidly after exposure to an allergen.

 Signs and Symptoms

• Difficulty breathing or swallowing
• Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat.
• Hives or widespread itching
• Rapid heartbeat
• Dizziness or loss of consciousness
 Management:
• Call for emergency medical assistance immediately.
• If the person has an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen), help them use it as
instructed.
• Assist the person in finding a comfortable position (usually sitting up) to help
with breathing.
• If the person becomes unresponsive and stops breathing, perform CPR until
medical help arrives.

Performing CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)

CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation. ‘Cardio-’ = heart, ‘Pulmonary’ = lungs and

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Resuscitate = to make it work again. By blowing air into patient’s mouth (‘mouth-to-
mouth breathing’) à air forced into patient’s lungs

 Blood circulation is important to reach nervous tissue in brain. Nervous tissue in brain
cannot survive if no blood supply within 4 min i.e. 4 min = ‘CPR golden time’.

 What are the CPR Steps?

Step-1: Check for responsiveness: Shake the person gently and ask loudly, "Are
you okay?"
Step-2: Call for help: If the person does not respond, immediately call for
emergency medical assistance
or ask someone nearby to call.

Step-3 Open the airway: Tilt the person's head back gently and lift the chin to
open the airway. Look,
listen, and feel for any signs of breathing for no more than 10 seconds.

Step-4 Give rescue breaths: Pinch the person's nose shut, place your mouth over
their mouth to create a
seal, and give two rescue breaths. Each breath should last about one second and
make the chest
rise visibly

Step-5: Perform chest compressions: Place the heel of one hand on the center of
the person's chest

(between the nipples) and place the other hand on top. Lock your elbows and
position your
shoulders directly above your hands. Push hard and fast, aiming for a depth of about
2 inches (5
centimeters) and a rate of at least 100 compressions per minute. Allow the chest to
fully recoil
between compressions.

Step -6: Continue cycles of compressions and breaths: Perform 30 chest

compressions, then give two
rescue breaths. Continue this cycle until help arrives, an AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
is available, or the person shows signs of life.

Step-7: Put the victim in Recovery Position: To put the victim in recovery
position, kneel on the side of

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the victim. Extend the arm closest to you at a right angle to their body, with their
palm facing up.
Take the other arm of the victim and fold it, so the back of the hand rests on the
cheek nearest to
you and hold it in place. Monitor the breathing until emergency medical services
arrive to
provide advanced life support.

3.3.3. Choking

Definition

Choking occurs when the airway is blocked, either partially or completely, restricting
airflow.

o Choking cuts off oxygen to lung à not enough oxygen circulated à ↓ oxygen to
brain à may lose consciousness
 What kinds of things can block an airway?
Food is one of the most common causes of choking in adults. An unconscious
person can even
choke on their own tongue or dentures.
 Signs and Symptoms
 Clutching the throat or neck area
 Inability to speak or cough forcefully
 Wheezing or high-pitched sounds while breathing
 Turning blue or pale
 Management of Chocking
• Encourage the person to cough forcefully to try to dislodge the object.
• If the person cannot cough or breathe, perform the Heimlich maneuver.
 5 back blows + 5 abdominal thrusts = ‘five-and-five cycle’
 Applying Heimlich maneuver: the steps to be followed

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 1. Stand behind victim with arms wrapped around waist, as shown in the figure
below
2. Lock hands into a fist
3. Place the thumb side of fist against victim’s abdomen, below rib cage, just
above the navel
4. If the person becomes unresponsive, lower them gently to the ground and
begin Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, starting with chest compressions
based on the information stated above on Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
 Applying for Heimlich maneuver management for conscious person
 Gently lay him or her flat on their back on the floor.
 To clear the airway, kneel next to the person and put the heel of your hand
against the middle of the abdomen, just below the ribs.
 Place your other hand on top and press inward and upward five times with
both hands.
 If the airway clears and the person is still unresponsive, begin CPR.
 For children over 1 year old:
 Stand or kneel behind the child, make a fist, and perform quick, upward
abdominal thrusts.
 For infants under 1 year old:
 Hold the infant face down, place their chest on your thigh or forearm,
deliver firm back blows, turn the infant face-up, and give chest thrusts.

3.4 Acute Circulatory Diseases

3.4.1 Cardiac Arrest
Definition: Sudden loss of heart function, causing the heart to stop pumping blood.
Signs and Symptoms

 Sudden loss of consciousness and responsiveness.

 Absence of pulse or no signs of breathing.
 Pale or bluish skin color.

Management

 Call emergency medical services immediately.

 Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation by providing chest compressions and
rescue breaths.
 Use an automated external defibrillator (AED) if available.

3.4.2. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)

Definition: blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to tissue damage.
Signs and Symptoms

o Chest pain or discomfort, often radiating to the arm, jaw, or back.

o Shortness of breath.

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 o Nausea, vomiting, or cold sweats.

Management

 Call emergency medical services immediately.

 Help the person take prescribed medications like aspirin or nitroglycerin, if
available.
 Keep the person calm and reassure them while waiting for medical assistance

3.4.3. Stroke (Cerebro vascular Accident)

Definition: Stroke is the interruption of blood supply to the brain, resulting in brain
cell damage.
Signs and Symptoms

 Sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body.

 Difficulty speaking or understanding speech.
 Sudden severe headache, dizziness, or loss of balance.

Management

 Call emergency medical services immediately.

 Keep the person calm and in a comfortable position.
 Do not give them anything to eat or drink.

N.B. Note the time of symptom onset, as it is crucial for medical evaluation.

3.4.4. Severe Bleeding

 Definition: Sever bleeding is excessive loss of blood from an injury or

internal source. Based on skin
broken bleeding can be external bleeding or internal bleeding.
o External bleeding: As the name indicates it bleeds externally.
o Internal: bleeding into ;Peritoneal cavity, Pleural cavity and closed
broken bone in to tissue
 Arterial blood is bright red and spurts.
 Venous blood is dark red and does not spurt.
 Capillary blood oozes out and is controlled easily
 Signs and Symptoms
• Profuse bleeding from a wound or injury.
• Rapid heartbeat and breathing.
• Weakness, pale skin, and dizziness
 Management
 Apply direct pressure to the bleeding site using a sterile cloth or bandage.
 Indirect pressure
 Elevate the injured area, if possible.
 Pressure on the Supplying Artery
 Tourniquet

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3.4.5. Shock
A. Definition
Shock is a lack of blood flow to the body can cause shock, a potentially fatal
condition. When
there is insufficient blood flow, cells and organs do not receive enough nutrients and
oxygen to
function correctly. This can lead to harm to numerous organs. Shock can quickly
worsen and has
to be treated right away. Up to 1 in 5 shock patients will pass away as a result of it.

 Signs and Symptoms

• Rapid and weak pulse.
• Cold, clammy skin.
• Confusion, restlessness, or decreased level of consciousness.
 Management
• Call emergency medical services immediately.
• Place the victim in shock position
• Keep the person worm and comfortable
• Turn the victim‘s head to one side if neck injury is not suspected
• Help the person lie down in a flat position with raised legs, if possible.
• Maintain their body temperature and provide reassurance.
• Do not give them anything to eat or drink.

5. Musculoskeletal Injury
Musculoskeletal problems refer to a wide range of conditions and injuries that affect
the bones,
muscles, joints, ligaments, tendons, and other structures of the musculoskeletal
system.
3.5.1. Bone and joint injury
[Link]. Sprain:
Definition:
A sprain occur when the ligaments that connect bones within a joint are stretched or
torn,
typically due to a sudden twist or wrenching motion.

Signs and Symptoms

• Pain, tenderness, and swelling around the affected joint.
• Restricted range of motion.
• Bruising or discoloration around the joint.
• Instability or a feeling of "giving way" in the joint.
• Possible popping or tearing sound at the time of injury
 First Aid Management
• Encourage the person to rest the injured joint and avoid putting weight on it.
• Apply ice to the affected area for 15-20 minutes at a time, several times a day,

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 to help reduce pain and swelling.
• Compression can be applied using an elastic bandage to help control swelling.

3.5.1. Fracture
Definition
A fracture involves a break or crack in a bone. Fractures can be classified as closed
(simple)
fractures, where the skin remains intact, or open (compound) fractures, where the
fractured bone
Pierces the skin

 Signs and Symptoms

• Intense pain at the site of the injury.
• Swelling, bruising, and tenderness around the fractured area.
• Deformity or an abnormal appearance of the affected limb.
• Inability to bear weight or use the injured limb.
• Possible crepitate (make a grating or cracking sound) when the broken ends of
the bone rub against each other.
 First Aid Management
 Stabilize the injured limb and encourage the person to avoid moving it to
prevent further damage.
 If an open fracture is present, cover the wound with a sterile dressing or clean

cloth to prevent infection.

 Apply ice to the area if there is swelling, but be cautious not to apply ice directly
on the skin.
 Support the injured limb with a splint or immobilization device to prevent
further injury
during transportation.
 Encourage the person to seek immediate medical attention for proper
evaluation,
diagnosis, and treatment

[Link]. Strain
Definition: A strain refers to the stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon. It often
occurs due to overuse,
repetitive movements, or sudden forceful exertion.

Signs and Symptoms

 Pain, tenderness, and swelling in the affected muscle or tendon.

 Limited range of motion and difficulty moving the affected body part.
 Muscle spasms or cramping.
 Weakness in the affected area.
 Possible bruising or discoloration.

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First Aid Management
• Encourage the person to rest the strained muscle or tendon and avoid activities
that exacerbate the pain.
• Apply ice to the area for 15-20 minutes at a time, several times a day, to help
reduce pain and swelling.
• Compression with an elastic bandage can be applied to control swelling.
• Advise the person to elevate the injured limb, if applicable, to further reduce
swelling.
• Recommend over-the-counter pain relievers, if appropriate, to alleviate pain and
inflammation.
• Suggest seeking medical attention if the pain is severe, there is significant
swelling, or if the person is unable to bear weight or use the affected limb.

Dislocation
Definition: It refers to the displacement of bones at a joint, causing the articulating
surfaces to
separate and lose their normal alignment. It is musculoskeletal problem that can
occur when the
bones in a joint are forced out of their normal position.

 Signs and Symptoms

 Severe pain in the affected joint.
 Swelling, bruising, and tenderness around the joint.
 Visible deformity or abnormal positioning of the joint.
 Limited or complete loss of joint movement.
 Numbness or tingling in the area distal to the dislocation (if nerves are
affected)

First Aid Management

• Encourage the person to remain still and avoid moving the injured joint.
• Support the injured limb in the position found, as long as it does not cause further
pain or discomfort.
• Apply ice wrapped in a cloth to the affected area to help reduce pain and swelling.
• Immobilize the joint using a splint or improvised materials (such as a rolled-up
newspaper or rigid object) to prevent further movement.
• Advise against attempting to relocate the dislocated joint as this should be done
by a healthcare professional.
• Elevate the injured limb, if possible, to reduce swelling.
• Provide pain relief, if appropriate, with over-the-counter medications under
medical guidance.

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