Scribd
Upload
2 views5 pages

Programing SQL Cheat Sheets

This document is a SQL interview cheat sheet focusing on essential concepts, commands, and queries for backend or Java senior positions. It covers topics such as basic SQL concepts, DDL vs DML commands, differences between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP, as well as JOIN types and NULL handling. The cheat sheet also includes common interview queries and one-liners for quick revision before an interview.

Uploaded by

Lucas Sachini Canno
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views5 pages

Programing SQL Cheat Sheets

This document is a SQL interview cheat sheet focusing on essential concepts, commands, and queries for backend or Java senior positions. It covers topics such as basic SQL concepts, DDL vs DML commands, differences between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP, as well as JOIN types and NULL handling. The cheat sheet also includes common interview queries and one-liners for quick revision before an interview.

Uploaded by

Lucas Sachini Canno
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

🗄️ SQL – General Interview Cheat Sheet

Revisão rápida para entrevistas técnicas (Backend / Java Senior). Foque em conceitos + exemplos
simples. SQL costuma ser decisivo.

1️⃣ Basic Concepts

Tables & Rows

●​ Table: structured data storage


●​ Row: single record
●​ Column: attribute of the record

Primary Key (PK)

●​ Uniquely identifies a row


●​ Cannot be NULL
●​ One per table

Foreign Key (FK)

●​ References a primary key in another table


●​ Enforces referential integrity

2️⃣ Basic Commands (DDL vs DML)

DDL (Data Definition Language)

●​ CREATE
●​ ALTER
●​ DROP
●​ TRUNCATE

DML (Data Manipulation Language)

●​ SELECT
●​ INSERT
●​ UPDATE
●​ DELETE
3️⃣ DELETE vs TRUNCATE vs DROP
●​ DELETE
○​ Removes rows
○​ Can use WHERE
○​ Can be rolled back (transactional)
●​ TRUNCATE
○​ Removes all rows
○​ Faster than DELETE
○​ Cannot use WHERE
○​ Usually not transactional
●​ DROP
○​ Removes the table structure entirely

4️⃣ SELECT Basics


SELECT column1, column2

FROM table

WHERE condition;

●​ WHERE filters rows


●​ SELECT * selects all columns (avoid in production)

5️⃣ WHERE vs HAVING


●​ WHERE
○​ Filters rows before aggregation
●​ HAVING
○​ Filters groups after aggregation

SELECT department, COUNT(*)

FROM employees

GROUP BY department

HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;


6️⃣ GROUP BY & Aggregation
Common aggregate functions:

●​ COUNT()
●​ SUM()
●​ AVG()
●​ MIN()
●​ MAX()

Rule:

●​ Columns in SELECT must appear in GROUP BY or be aggregated

7️⃣ JOIN Types

INNER JOIN

●​ Returns matching records only

LEFT JOIN

●​ Returns all rows from left table


●​ NULL when no match on right

RIGHT JOIN

●​ Opposite of LEFT JOIN

FULL JOIN

●​ Returns all rows from both tables

8️⃣ NULL Handling


●​ NULL means unknown, not zero or empty

Common functions:

●​ IS NULL / IS NOT NULL


●​ COALESCE(value, default)
9️⃣ Indexes
●​ Improve SELECT performance
●​ Speed up searches and joins

Trade-offs:

●​ Slow down INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE


●​ Use only when needed

🔟 ACID vs BASE
ACID (Relational DBs)

●​ Atomicity
●​ Consistency
●​ Isolation
●​ Durability

BASE (NoSQL)

●​ Basically Available
●​ Soft state
●​ Eventually consistent

1️⃣1️⃣ Transactions
BEGIN;

UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE id = 1;

UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 100 WHERE id = 2;

COMMIT;

●​ COMMIT saves changes


●​ ROLLBACK undoes changes

1️⃣2️⃣ Common Interview Queries

Find duplicates

SELECT column, COUNT(*)

FROM table
GROUP BY column

HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;

Top N results

SELECT *

FROM employees

ORDER BY salary DESC

LIMIT 5;

Count records per category

SELECT category, COUNT(*)

FROM products

GROUP BY category;

🎯 Interview One-Liners
●​ "Indexes improve read performance but slow down writes."
●​ "HAVING filters groups, WHERE filters rows."
●​ "LEFT JOIN keeps all rows from the left table."
●​ "NULL means unknown, not empty."

✅ Revise this cheat sheet 10–15 minutes before the interview.

You might also like