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Grammar Notes 4

The document provides a comprehensive overview of English grammar, focusing on the past simple and present continuous tenses, including their formation and usage. It includes examples of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences, along with spelling rules for regular and irregular verbs. Additionally, it offers practice exercises for learners to reinforce their understanding of these grammatical concepts.

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12 views13 pages

Grammar Notes 4

The document provides a comprehensive overview of English grammar, focusing on the past simple and present continuous tenses, including their formation and usage. It includes examples of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences, along with spelling rules for regular and irregular verbs. Additionally, it offers practice exercises for learners to reinforce their understanding of these grammatical concepts.

Uploaded by

freethyme247
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PAST SIMPLE

Completed/Finished actions in the past

yesterday.
Subject Verb 2 complement last week.
five years ago.

I watched TV last night .


He listened to music for an hour yesterday.
She bought a birthday present for you two days ago.
They went to the cinema last weekend.

yesterday.
Subject didn’t Verb 1 complement last week.
five years ago.

I didn’t watch TV last night .


He didn’t listen to music for an hour yesterday.
She didn’t buy a birthday present for you two days ago.
They didn’t go to the cinema last weekend.

yesterday?
Did subject Verb 1 complement last week?
five years ago?

Did you watch TV last night?


Yes, I did.
No, I didn’t.

Did Jenny buy a birthday present for me?


Yes, she did.
No, she didn’t.

Where did they go?


They went to the cinema.
PAST SIMPLE

was / were Other Verbs

Regular Irregular
listen – listened go - went

He was at school. He listened to the radio. He went to school.


He wasn’t at school. He didn’t listen to the radio. He didn’t go to school.
Was he at school? Did he listen to the radio? Did he go to school?

They were in the garden. They played football. They swam in the pool.
They weren’t in the garden. They didn’t play football. They didn’t swim in the pool.
Were they in the garden? Did they play football? Did they swim in the pool?

How long …?

We played chess for two hours.


How long did you play chess?

How long ago …?

We played chess two hours ago.


How long ago did you play chess?

We played chess two hours ago.


When did you play chess?

When did you last …? = When was the last time you …?

When did you last listen to the news on the radio?


When was the last time you listened to the news on the radio?

When did you last go to the cinema?


When was the last time you went to the cinema?
SPELLING RULES

•Verbs ending in –e.

live – lived Attention! (Irregular Verbs)


phone – phoned come – came
invite – invited have – had
dance – danced see – saw
die – died take – took
lie (= deceive) – lied lie (X sit/stand) – lay

•Verbs ending in consonant + -y = y –ied.

study – studied
cry – cried
copy – copied
marry – married

Attention! (Irregular Verbs) Attention! (vowel + -y = –ed) Attention! (Irregular Verbs)


fly – flew play – played buy – bought
obey – obeyed lay (= put down) – laid
enjoy – enjoyed pay – paid
say – said
slay – slew

•Verbs ending in a consonant + a vowel + a consonant. (Stress on the last syllable.)

stop – stopped
plan – planned
prefer – preferred

Attention! (Irregular Verbs)


begin - began
cut - cut

Attention! (Verbs ending in –w / –x / –y)


allow – allowed
fix – fixed
stay – stayed

Attention! (If the stress is NOT on the last syllable.)


visit – visited
open – opened
listen – listened
happen – happened Exception! (Stress on the first syllable.)
discover – discovered travel – travelled
remember – remembered cancel – cancelled
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Actions at the time of speaking

I am
He
She is
It sleeping.
We
You are
They

 I’m doing my homework.


 My brother is eating a sandwich.
 Jill and Brian are playing chess.

I am not
He
She isn’t
It sleeping.
We
You aren’t
They

 You can turn the television off. I’m not watching it.
 It isn’t raining. We can go out.
 You aren’t listening to me.

Am I
he
Is she
it sleeping?
we
Are you
they

 Is she crying?
 Are you going out?
A) Positive – Negative – Question

1- I play chess every day.


..............................................................
2- Sally is usually late for the lesson.
..............................................................?
3- They understand me.
..............................................................
4- She doesn’t know Spanish.
..............................................................
5- I like walking in the forest.
..............................................................?
6- Our teacher wants us to study hard.
..............................................................?
7- I don’t take the dog for a walk every morning.
..............................................................
8- I know her telephone number.
..............................................................?
9- He goes fishing in the afternoon.
..............................................................
10- She goes shopping on Mondays.
..............................................................?
11- I don’t like Turkish pop music.
..............................................................?
12- He doesn’t get up at half past four.
..............................................................
13- They aren’t usually very tired after work.
..............................................................
14- She works in a cafe.
..............................................................
15- Do they listen to their teacher?
..................n’t.......................................
16- Does he ask difficult questions in the exam?
..................n’t.......................................
17- Do you always get up at half past seven?
..............................................................
18- Does he climb the mountain in the morning?
..............................................................
19- Does your teacher give you much homework?
..............................................................
20- He doesn’t cook dinner at five o’clock in the afternoon.
..............................................................
21- Does your mother make cookies every week?
..............................................................
22- Do you know how to swim?
..................n’t.......................................
23- He sits on the beach under a palm tree every night.
..............................................................
24- My student has a lot of free time.
..............................................................
25- She doesn’t sometimes do her homework.
..............................................................
26- My father doesn’t always drive to work.
..............................................................
27- Does he get up at half past four?
..............................................................
28- Does she usually wear a skirt?
..................n’t.......................................
29- I’m interested in Judo.
..............................................................?
30- I don’t understand you.
..............................................................?
31- Mary doesn’t have a bath every day.
..............................................................
32- Is he usually late for work?
..................n’t.......................................
33- Do you go for a walk every Sunday?
..............................................................
34- My brother believes in life after death.
..............................................................?
35- Do your father and you always have a cup of coffee after work?
..............................................................
36- He never comes to school without wearing his tie.
..............................................................
37- They are always too tired to go out at night.
..............................................................?
38- She has a lot of books in her bookcase.
..............................................................
39- She does her homework every day.
..............................................................?
40- Does your father have a shave every morning?
..............................................................
41- I want you to help me with my assignment.
..............................................................?
A) Make sentences. (Volume 1)

1- get / I / late. / never / up

2- eat / often / out. / They

3- him. / lies / never / She / to

4- don’t / her / I / know / name.

5- carrots. / eat / Rabbits

6- always / ill. / is / My / sister

7- a / ever / hardly / lie. / She / tells

8- a / breakfast / day. / have / I / once

9- football. / play / sometimes / We

10- angry. / is / mother / My / never

11- always / novels. / reads / She

12- a / dinner / has / in / often / restaurant. / She

13- play / seldom / table / tennis. / They

14- every / listen / teacher / their / They / time. / to

15- always / listens / music. / pop / She / to

16- dinner. / for / go / never / out / They

17- a / all / for / job / looks / new / She / the / time.

18- and / Arthur / cook. / never / Sheila

19- friends. / her / My / sister / usually / visits

20- go / I / never / the / theatre. / to


21- asks / easy / My / questions. / sometimes / teacher

22- dinner. / eats / for / Mary / meat / usually

23- Adams / every / go / The / the / theatre / to / week.

24- an / English / Friday. / has / lesson / on / She

25- call / day? / Does / every / her / husband / she

26- her / husband / Nalan / up. / usually / wakes

27- a / day. / Evren / his / in / on / puts / raincoat / rainy

28- Akçay. / holiday / I / in / my / spend / usually

29- every / goes / Meltem / shopping / week.

30- always / at / eight / get / I / o’clock. / up

31- answer / Does / phone? / secretary / the / your

32- always / He / his / patients. / treats

33- 8.30. / arrive / at / at / I / school / usually

34- a / an / hour / It / learn / me / new / subject. / takes / to

35- a / a / have / holiday / several / times / We / year.

36- Girls. / I / meet / really / Spice / to / want

37- A / dentist / out / people’s / pulls / teeth.

38- him / let / never / They / TV. / watch

39- always / awful / cooks / meals. / My / wife

40- a / day. / maths / Nancy / once / studies

41- bananas. / eating / He / likes / never

42- hate / I / listening / music. / to


A) Positive – Negative – Question

1- I play chess every day.


..............................................................
2- Sally is usually late for the lesson.
..............................................................?
3- They understand me.
..............................................................
4- She doesn’t know Spanish.
..............................................................
5- I like walking in the forest.
..............................................................?
6- Our teacher wants us to study hard.
..............................................................?
7- I don’t take the dog for a walk every morning.
..............................................................
8- I know her telephone number.
..............................................................?
9- He goes fishing in the afternoon.
..............................................................
10- She goes shopping on Mondays.
..............................................................?
11- I don’t like Turkish pop music.
..............................................................?
12- He doesn’t get up at half past four.
..............................................................
13- They aren’t usually very tired after work.
..............................................................
14- She works in a cafe.
..............................................................
15- Do they listen to their teacher?
..................n’t.......................................
16- Does he ask difficult questions in the exam?
..................n’t.......................................
17- Do you always get up at half past seven?
..............................................................
18- Does he climb the mountain in the morning?
..............................................................
19- Does your teacher give you much homework?
..............................................................
20- He doesn’t cook dinner at five o’clock in the afternoon.
..............................................................
21- Does your mother make cookies every week?
..............................................................
22- Do you know how to swim?
..................n’t.......................................
23- He sits on the beach under a palm tree every night.
..............................................................
24- My student has a lot of free time.
..............................................................
25- She doesn’t sometimes do her homework.
..............................................................
26- My father doesn’t always drive to work.
..............................................................
27- Does he get up at half past four?
..............................................................
28- Does she usually wear a skirt?
..................n’t.......................................
29- I’m interested in Judo.
..............................................................?
30- I don’t understand you.
..............................................................?
31- Mary doesn’t have a bath every day.
..............................................................
32- Is he usually late for work?
..................n’t.......................................
33- Do you go for a walk every Sunday?
..............................................................
34- My brother believes in life after death.
..............................................................?
35- Do your father and you always have a cup of coffee after work?
..............................................................
36- He never comes to school without wearing his tie.
..............................................................
37- They are always too tired to go out at night.
..............................................................?
38- She has a lot of books in her bookcase.
..............................................................
39- She does her homework every day.
..............................................................?
40- Does your father have a shave every morning?
..............................................................
41- I want you to help me with my assignment.
..............................................................?
A) Positive – Negative – Question

1- I like cats. 11- I like riding a bike.


a) a)
b) b)

2- He speaks French. 12- She often visits us.


a) a)
b) b)

3- I know him. 13- I always work late.


a) a)
b) b)

4- She works in an office. 14- He likes maths very much.


a) a)
b) b)

5- I speak Spanish. 15- I usually get up at half past seven.


a) a)
b) b)

6- He usually asks easy questions. 16- She likes eating at home.


a) a)
b) b)

7- I like studying English. 17- I want to give up smoking.


a) a)
b) b)

8- She goes shopping every week. 18- He likes swimming in the lake.
a) a)
b) b)

9- I want to play table tennis. 19- I read a newspaper every day.


a) a)
b) b)

10- He drives to work every day. 20- She likes playing billiards.
a) a)
b) b)
21- I want to watch TV. 32- I want to be an English teacher.
a) a)
b) b)

22- My father has a driving licence. 33- They usually go to school by bus.
a) a)
b) b)

23- My sister wants to be a teacher. 34- He has lunch in the dining room.
a) a)
b) b)

24- They study French at school. 35- I have a dictionary in my bag.


a) a)
b) b)

25- My students understand me easily. 36- Timmy eats a hot dog for lunch.
a) a)
b) b)

26- We usually play volleyball. 37- Mr. Keating teaches us English.


a) a)
b) b)

27- Katy has an expensive car. 38- Mr. Brown likes running.
a) a)
b) b)

28- Tom often visits his grandmother. 39- I come to school by bus.
a) a)
b) b)

29- People speak French in Canada. 40- He plays football every day.
a) a)
b) b)

30- I always do my homework. 41- My sister eats cereals for breakfast.


a) a)
b) b)

31- He studies at university. 42- The Browns eat dinner at home.


a) a)
b) b)

Common questions

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The past simple tense describes completed actions at a specific time in the past (e.g., 'I watched TV last night'). In contrast, the present continuous tense describes ongoing actions happening at the moment of speaking (e.g., 'I am watching TV'). The past simple provides a record of a past event, whereas the present continuous focuses on immediacy and temporal progression of actions .

The placement of stress in a verb affects its conjugation in the past simple tense primarily for verbs ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant pattern. If the stress is on the last syllable, the final consonant is typically doubled before adding -ed (e.g., 'prefer' changes to 'preferred'). However, if the stress is not on the last syllable, the consonant is not doubled (e.g., 'visit' becomes 'visited'). This rule applies mainly to certain one-syllable verbs and some multi-syllable verbs .

Verbs ending with a consonant + -y change the -y to -ied in the past tense (e.g., 'study' becomes 'studied'), reflecting a distinct spelling transformation. Conversely, verbs ending with a vowel + -y simply add -ed without altering the y (e.g., 'play' becomes 'played'). This difference in treatment is due to phonetic rules aiming to maintain pronunciation consistency without altering the fundamental sound structure of the verb .

Stress patterns play a crucial role in forming the past simple tense for verbs with a consonant-vowel-consonant ending. If stress falls on the final syllable, the final consonant is doubled before adding -ed (e.g., 'prefer' becomes 'preferred'). However, if the stress is not on the last syllable, the consonant is not doubled (e.g., 'open' becomes 'opened'). This distinction is significant as it affects spelling and pronunciation, thereby impacting grammatical accuracy .

Exceptions to the typical spelling rules for forming the past simple tense include verbs that end in -c, which require the addition of -k before -ed (e.g., 'panic' becomes 'panicked'). Furthermore, verbs with stress on the first syllable, such as 'travel', double the final consonant in British English ('travelled'), whereas in American English, they typically follow the standard without doubling ('traveled'). Verbs with irregular vowel patterns, such as 'begin' (which becomes 'began'), also do not adhere to typical -ed changes and alter the main vowel sound .

In the past simple tense, questions are formed by inverting the subject and the auxiliary verb 'did' followed by the base of the main verb (e.g., 'Did you watch TV?'). For negatives, 'did not' (often contracted to 'didn't') precedes the base form of the verb (e.g., 'I didn’t watch TV'). This structure differentiates between positive and negative statements and questions, highlighting that 'did' shifts the tense to past regardless of the main verb's base form .

To identify whether a verb is regular or irregular for past simple formation, one must memorize certain irregular verbs as they do not follow typical -ed conjugation rules. Instead, they undergo vowel changes or entirely change form, such as 'go' becoming 'went', 'come' becoming 'came'. Regular verbs, conversely, simply append -ed to the base form, with consistent spelling rules applied depending on endings (e.g., 'play' to 'played'). Consulting an irregular verb list is a practical way to differentiate these verbs .

Consistency in using regular and irregular verbs in the past tense ensures grammatical accuracy and clarity in communication. Regular verbs follow predictable patterns, ending in -ed, which simplifies learning and usage. Irregular verbs, lacking such patterns, require memorization to avoid errors. Inconsistent use can obscure meaning, confuse temporal context, and imply incorrect grammatical structure, affecting both comprehension and credibility of communication in English .

The past simple tense of regular verbs in English is formed by adding -ed to the base form of the verb. For verbs ending in -e, only -d is added (e.g., 'live' becomes 'lived'). Verbs ending with a consonant followed by -y change the -y to -ied (e.g., 'study' becomes 'studied'). For one-syllable verbs ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant pattern, the final consonant is doubled before adding -ed if the syllable is stressed (e.g., 'stop' becomes 'stopped'). Conversely, verbs ending in -w, -x, or -y simply add -ed (e.g., 'play' becomes 'played').

When forming the past tense of verbs ending in -e, the modification involves adding only -d to the base form rather than the full -ed suffix. This applies to verbs like 'live', which becomes 'lived', and 'invite', which becomes 'invited'. This rule simplifies the verb transformation process by leveraging the existing -e ending, optimizing the resulting past form .

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