CAN
Ability
I
You
We swim.
They can run fast.
He climb a tree.
She
It
I can speak English.
She can play the violin.
Cats can climb trees.
I
You
We swim.
They can’t run fast.
He climb a tree.
She
It
I can’t run ten kilometres.
My wife can’t cook.
Blind people can’t drive.
I
you
we swim?
Can they run fast?
he climb a tree?
she
it
Can you swim?
Can you play a musical instrument?
Can you speak any foreign languages?
- Yes, I can.
- No, I can’t.
GOING TO
Predictions based on evidence
I am
He
tomorrow.
She is
next week.
It going to verb 1 complement
soon / shortly.
We
before long.
You are
They
Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain soon.
Jenny is five months pregnant. She’s going to have a baby in September.
The birds are migrating south early this year. It is going to be a cold winter.
Future plans, intentions
I’m going to spend my holiday in Hawaii this summer.
Jenny is going to get married next month.
We’re going to have a picnic on Sunday.
I made my decision yesterday. I’m not going to accept their offer.
Paul isn’t going to drive to work tomorrow morning.
The Flintstones aren’t going to eat at home tonight.
Are you going to watch the football match tomorrow evening?
Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
What are you going to do at the weekend?
We’re going to clean the house.
Attention!
He is going to the library. (Present Continuous)
He is going to study in the library. (Future)
GOING TO or Present Continuous
I’ve got toothache. I’m going to see the dentist tomorrow. (plan / intention)
I’m seeing the dentist at 4:30 tomorrow. (appointment)
Jack doesn’t want to travel by bus. He is going to fly to Chicago next week. (plan / intention)
Jack bought his plane ticket yesterday. He is flying to Chicago next week. (arrangement)
Come & Go
We’re going to a wedding on Saturday.
Are you coming to the party with us next week?
HAVE GOT
Possession
I
You
have got
We
They brown eyes.
He
She has got
It
I’ve got a bicycle.
Peter has got a new car.
Mary and John have got a big problem.
I
You
haven’t got
We
They brown eyes.
He
She hasn’t got
It
You haven’t got a daughter.
Harry and Bert haven’t got a brain.
Our house hasn’t got a garden.
I
you
Have got
we
they brown eyes?
he
Has she got
it
Have you got a dog?
- Yes, I have. / Yes, we have.
- No, I haven’t / No, we haven’t.
Has your dog got a kennel in the garden?
- Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES
a) one syllable adjectives (–er)
old older (than)
cheap cheaper (than)
new newer (than)
big bigger (than)
hot hotter (than)
Adana is hotter than Edirne.
Her shoes are much cheaper than my shoes.
b) consonant + -y (–ier)
dirty dirtier (than)
easy easier (than)
friendly friendlier (than)
noisy noisier (than)
pretty prettier (than)
English is easier than French.
Nick is much friendlier than his brother.
c) two or more syllable adjectives (more)
comfortable more comfortable (than)
expensive more expensive (than)
dangerous more dangerous (than)
interesting more interesting (than)
crowded more crowded (than)
Istanbul is more crowded than Ankara.
A limousine is much more comfortable than a taxi.
d) Irregular Adjectives
good better (than)
bad worse (than)
far farther/further (than)
little less (than)
many/much more (than)
My English is better than your English.
Your exam results are much worse than my results.
SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES
a) one syllable adjectives (–est)
old (the) oldest
cheap (the) cheapest
new (the) newest
big (the) biggest
hot (the) hottest
My grandfather is the oldest person in our family.
This is the newest album of your favourite band.
b) consonant + -y (–iest)
dirty (the) dirtiest
easy (the) easiest
friendly (the) friendliest
noisy (the) noisiest
pretty (the) prettiest
He is the funniest man I know.
Laura is the prettiest girl in our class.
c) two or more syllable adjectives (the most)
comfortable (the) most comfortable
expensive (the) most expensive
dangerous (the) most dangerous
interesting (the) most interesting
crowded (the) most crowded
This car is the most expensive of all.
She's the most beautiful girl I've ever seen.
d) Irregular Adjectives
good (the) best
bad (the) worst
far (the) farthest/furthest
little (the) least
many/much (the) most
George is the worst student in the class.
Who is your best friend?
IRREGULAR VERBS
Positive
I
You
We
drank
They milk.
(V 2 )
He
She
It
I did my homework.
We went to the cinema yesterday.
She had breakfast in bed this morning.
Base form Past Simple Base form Past Simple
be (am/is - are) was - were lose lost
begin began make made
break broke meet met
bring brought pay paid
build built put put
buy bought read /riːd/ read /red/
can could ride rode
catch caught ring rang
come came run ran
cost cost say said
cut cut see saw
do did sell sold
draw drew send sent
drink drank sing sang
drive drove sit sat
eat ate sleep slept
fall fell speak spoke
feel felt spend spent
find found stand stood
fly flew swim swam
forget forgot take took
get got teach taught
give gave tell told
go went think thought
grow grew understand understood
have had wear wore
hear heard win won
hit hit write wrote
keep kept
leave left
PAST SIMPLE
Completed/Finished actions in the past
yesterday.
Subject Verb 2 complement last week.
five years ago.
I watched TV last night .
He listened to music for an hour yesterday.
She bought a birthday present for you two days ago.
They went to the cinema last weekend.
yesterday.
Subject didn’t Verb 1 complement last week.
five years ago.
I didn’t watch TV last night .
He didn’t listen to music for an hour yesterday.
She didn’t buy a birthday present for you two days ago.
They didn’t go to the cinema last weekend.
yesterday?
Did subject Verb 1 complement last week?
five years ago?
Did you watch TV last night?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn’t.
Did Jenny buy a birthday present for me?
Yes, she did.
No, she didn’t.
Where did they go?
They went to the cinema.
PAST SIMPLE
was / were Other Verbs
Regular Irregular
listen – listened go - went
He was at school. He listened to the radio. He went to school.
He wasn’t at school. He didn’t listen to the radio. He didn’t go to school.
Was he at school? Did he listen to the radio? Did he go to school?
They were in the garden. They played football. They swam in the pool.
They weren’t in the garden. They didn’t play football. They didn’t swim in the pool.
Were they in the garden? Did they play football? Did they swim in the pool?
How long …?
We played chess for two hours.
How long did you play chess?
How long ago …?
We played chess two hours ago.
How long ago did you play chess?
We played chess two hours ago.
When did you play chess?
When did you last …? = When was the last time you …?
When did you last listen to the news on the radio?
When was the last time you listened to the news on the radio?
When did you last go to the cinema?
When was the last time you went to the cinema?
SPELLING RULES
•Verbs ending in –e.
live – lived Attention! (Irregular Verbs)
phone – phoned come – came
invite – invited have – had
dance – danced see – saw
die – died take – took
lie (= deceive) – lied lie (X sit/stand) – lay
•Verbs ending in consonant + -y = y –ied.
study – studied
cry – cried
copy – copied
marry – married
Attention! (Irregular Verbs) Attention! (vowel + -y = –ed) Attention! (Irregular Verbs)
fly – flew play – played buy – bought
obey – obeyed lay (= put down) – laid
enjoy – enjoyed pay – paid
say – said
slay – slew
•Verbs ending in a consonant + a vowel + a consonant. (Stress on the last syllable.)
stop – stopped
plan – planned
prefer – preferred
Attention! (Irregular Verbs)
begin - began
cut - cut
Attention! (Verbs ending in –w / –x / –y)
allow – allowed
fix – fixed
stay – stayed
Attention! (If the stress is NOT on the last syllable.)
visit – visited
open – opened
listen – listened
happen – happened Exception! (Stress on the first syllable.)
discover – discovered travel – travelled
remember – remembered cancel – cancelled